Wh y We ’r e A b l e to Dr. Alfred Z. Spector VP, Research and Special Initiatives Google, Inc. Internet and the World Web Panel, March 25, 2009 Computing Research that Changed the World Why We Are Able to Google Internet and the World Web Panel, March 25, 2009

Why We’re Able to Google ABSTRACT Dr. Alfred Z. Spector
 Vice President, Research and Special Initiatives
 The technology underlying the modern web is based on decades of research in a diversity of fields, ranging from computer algorithms, to computer architecture and networking, to distributed systems, and to information retrieval. This presentation will illustrate many of the key research ideas that have led to the world wide web, "cloud computing," pervasive search, and other capabilities that we now take for granted. And, technical challenges still abound providing a fertile ground for further advances.

Why We’re Able to Google Internet and the World Web Panel, March 25, 2009

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Outline •  To Google •  Technology architecture •  Key ideas •  Research bases •  Conclusions

Why We’re Able to Google Internet and the World Web Panel, March 25, 2009

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“To Google”: Examples of Contemporary Capability

4

All, at planetary scale

5

Cloud Computing Architecture The “Cloud” Apps,…

Translate

Maps

Search

Apps,…

Translate

Maps

Search

Apps,…

Translate

Maps

Search

Distributed Computing Infrastructure Operating System

Operating System

Operating System

Computer Cluster

Computer Cluster

Computer Cluster

Internet

All manner of networking hardware

6

Why We’re Able to Google Internet and the World Web Panel, March 25, 2009

Billions of endpoints

Converging Progress from Government& Industry-sponsored Research

The Modern Web

Human Interface Technologies (broadly construed)

Capability

Information sharing and retrieval Web technologies Distributed computing Security Technologies

Algorithms and Theoretical Results

Why We Are Able to Google Internet and the World Web Panel, March 25, 2009

Programming Languages & methodologies Networking Open systems Operating approaches Systems

Long Term Geometric Growth in Processing, Network, Storage

Time

Examples of critical contributions • 

Programming Languages, Compilers, Formal Languages, and Computability, Abstraction, Object-orientation

• 

Operating Systems (Timesharing, Open Systems)

• 

Personal Computer Paradigm

• 

Networking: Arpanet, Internet, NSFNet (TCP/IP)

• 

Large Scale & Global File Sharing (xFS)

• 

Distributed and parallel systems

• 

Hypertext and the World Wide Web (Memex, HTTP, HTML)

• 

Information Retrieval (Vector Space Model, Page Rank, )

• 

Security (Public key cryptography)

• 

Statistical Speech Recognition and Machine Translation

• 

Machine Learning (Perceptrons, Support Vector Machines)

• 

Analysis and Creation of scalable algorithms

Why We Are Able to Google Internet and the World Web Panel, March 25, 2009

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Turing Award Year

Awardees

Contribution

2008

Barbara Liskov

Practical and theoretical foundations of programming language and (distributed) system design…

2007

Edmund M. Clarke, E. Allen Emerson & Joseph Sifakis

Developing Model-Checking into a highly effective verification technology…

2006

Francis E. Allen

Theory and practice of optimizing compilers…

2005

Peter Naur

Language specification, compiler design, and ALGOL 60 …

2004

Vinton G. Cerf and Robert E. Kahn

Internetworking, including TCP/IP…

2003

Alan Kay

Object-oriented programming and contributions to the personal computer…

2002

Ronald L. Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard M. Adleman

Public Key cryptography…

2001

Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard

Object-oriented programming through Simula I & Simula 67…

2000

Andrew Chi-Chih Yao

Contributions to theory of computation…

1999

Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.

Slide 9 of 12 Computer Architecture, Operating Systems, and Software Engineering…

ACM Software Systems Award: 1994 - present 2008 - Gamma Parallel Database System: David DeWitt, Robert Gerber, Murali Krishna, Donovan Schneider, Shahram Ghandeharizadeh, Goetz Graefe, Michael Heytens, Hui-I Hsiao, Jeffrey Naughton, Anoop Sharma 2007 - Statemate: David Harel, Hagi Lachover, Amnon Naamad, Amir Pnueli, Michal Politi, Rivi Sherman, Mark Trakhtenbrot, Aron Trauring 2006 - Eiffel: Bertrand Meyer 2005 - The Boyer-Moore Thm Prover: Robert S. Boyer, Matt Kaufmann, J Strother Moore 2004 - Secure Network Programming: Raghuram Bindignavle, Simon S. Lam, Shaowen Su, Thomas Y. C. Woo 2003 - make: Stuart Feldman 2002 - Java: James Gosling 2001 - SPIN model checker: Gerard Holzmann 1999 - The Apache Group: Brian Behlendorf, Roy Fielding, Rob Hartill, David Robinson, Cliff Skolnick, Randy Terbush, Robert S. Thau, Andrew Wilson 1998 - S: John Chambers 1997 - Tcl/Tk: John Ousterhout 1995 - NCSA Mosaic: Marc Andreessen, Eric Bina 1995 - World Wide Web: Tim Berners-Lee, 10Robert Cailliau 1994 – Remote Procedure Call: Andrew Birrell, Bruce Nelson

The Field is Wide Open: Vast changes still to occur

User interface technology Machine learning, Statistics, Information retrieval, AI Compilers, Programming languages Networking, Distributed systems, Fault tolerance, Security Hardware, Mechanical engineering

Note, all now at truly global scale Why We Are Able to Google Internet and the World Web Panel, March 25, 2009

Algorithms & Theory

Product innovation …and much, much more!

Conclusions •  The PC, Internet, & World Wide Web were built on decades of diverse work in computer science. Both: –  Industry-funded –  Government-funded: DoD, NSF, NIST, and more •  Government- sponsored research has been of far more than theoretical interest to industry •  There has been significant fluidity between academe, government, and industry: –  Ideas, people, collaborations, standards activities, ventures •  There is every reason to feel C.S. remains a young field with great basic research, applied research, and enormous economic impact yet to come.

Why We Are Able to Google Internet and the World Web Panel, March 25, 2009

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Thank you very much!

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