Intro1: MeqTree Basics

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Intro1: MeqTree Basics

System Issues? What System Issues?

Hello World



Today's Menu  Introductions What's a MeqTree and what's a Timba?  Building simple trees  Exploring the system  Working with Measurement Sets  Generally messing about  Dinner!

5. Linux/Unix... [ 1] heard of it, use Windows [17] is my primary working environment [ 3] I'm a [former] sysadmin [ 0] I'm Linus Torvalds



NOT On Today's Menu  Measurement Equations  Simulation or calibration  The Meaning Of Life

Intro1: MeqTree Basics

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System Issues $ slogin -Y username@host ... $ xclock # just to test X $ cd Workshop2007 $ svn up $ cd Intro1 $ meqbrowser.py

Your host & username is: (note temporary pairings for first 2days) birch: oosterlo/boomsma kemper/butcher rnijboer/hamaker bemmel/jmiller lofar9: omar/strom brentjens/vogt lofar10: bernardi/pandey panos/thomas cedar: vjelic/mohan kieviet/usov ger/saleem jop01 (10.87.10.1): reynolds/sundaram jop03 (10.87.10.3): loose/zwieten

Please change password both on your host and on lofar9! (“$ passwd ; ssh lofar9 passwd”)

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If you have any problems, just ask any of the 3 guys up there for help...

Intro1: MeqTree Basics

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General Structure 9:00 ~ 10:30 10:30 ~ 11:00 11:00 ~ 12:30 12:30 ~ 13:30 13:30 ~ 15:30 15:30 ~ 16:00 16:00 ~ 17:30 17:30 ~ 9:30

session 1 coffee session 2 lunch session 3 coffee session 4 beer & homework

Intro1: MeqTree Basics

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Intro1: MeqTree Basics

Special Events, Week 1 





General Structure II

Tuesday Workshop dinner in Dwingeloo Wednesday 20:00 Bridge, world politics & cross-cultural alcohol tasting –



–



no prior skills required 

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no questions implies a lack of understanding, therefore the material will be repeated in an infinite loop until you DO ask questions.

Intro1: MeqTree Basics

What's MeqTrees? E!

TIL U “...a flexible system to implement SF I E! and E arbitrary Measurement Equations L I C UT to solve for (subsets of) Ftheir AN T E! S IS parameters.” I L I S T CE “...a and fitting REmodel construction U N F toolkit...” STA IS I E S not a package...” “A module, NC RElight at the Aend “The of the tunnel...” T S Iperverts Mathlab for S RE

PLEASE only ONE running demo per team (use either login)

...and occasional exercises, which teams do on their own Please interrupt with questions at any time –

prior skills not encouraged indoor (non-marking) shoes required

Intro1: MeqTree Basics

During each session, presentations will be interspersed with demos, which you run via your laptops... –

Friday 17:00 Indoor football –

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MathLab For Perverts 









In a nutshell, you build MeqTrees to evaluate mathematical expressions. Today, we're going to keep it simple and play with basic things. The things we do today you could probably do much faster in something like MathLab. So lots of what you see will seem to be an overly elaborate way to achieve rather simple results. ...but be patient, by tomorrow these will turn into complex radioastronomical simulations.

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Intro1: MeqTree Basics

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Intro1: MeqTree Basics

A Basic Tree 

The World Of Nodes

Any mathematical expression can be represented by a tree.

  

f =sinbx cy 1 b

x

b c



x y



*

*

1



+ sin



10



A single tree element is a node. A parent node operates on its child nodes. A node belongs to a class. This determines the kind of operation it performs – e.g.: Add, Multiply, Sin. A leaf node has no children (“top” of tree) A root node has no parents (“bottom” of tree) A subtree is any complete part of a tree, rooted at a specific node. – a subtree evaluates some compound function of its leaf nodes. A forest has many (1+) trees.

*

Intro1: MeqTree Basics

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Intro1: MeqTree Basics

Our First Tree... cd Workshop2007/Intro1 



 

Run meqbrowser.py, press “OK” to “connect to a kernel”. From the menu, choose “TDL | Load & compile TDL script” (or just press Ctrl+T). Select demo1-first-tree.py Observe....

MeqBrowser and MeqKernel 







The GUI you're looking at is called the meqbrowser There's also something called a “meqkernel” – which runs in a separate process and talks to the browser Trees are built inside the kernel... – ...according to commands from a TDL script, which is loaded by the browser. – a tree in the kernel is like an “evaluation machine” The browser provides a graphical representation of the trees in the kernel.

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Intro1: MeqTree Basics

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Intro1: MeqTree Basics

TDL     





Running The Tree

Tree Definition Language TDL is Python ...with some “magic” objects for declaring trees. ns.xxx declares a node named “xxx” all nodes must have unique names – this is not the same thing as their class! (ns.xxx << ...) binds the named node to a definition of what that node is and does. TDL provides shortcuts for implicit naming and binding of intermediate nodes.

Intro1: MeqTree Basics



 

 

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Load demo2-improved-tree.py. Execute “test forest” Look at Bookmarks | Result of 'f'. And Bookmarks | Result of 'f1' Observe the difference... The crucial difference are the Meq.Time and Meq.Freq nodes.

From the “TDL Exec” drop-down, choose “test forest” Observe... From the “Bookmarks” menu, select “result of 'f'” Observe... A long way to go for a simple answer...

Intro1: MeqTree Basics

A More Interesting Tree 

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Dealing In Functions 

MeqTrees are designed for evaluating functions, not just single scalars. Start with the following expression: f = sin  xcos2 y

If x and y are functions of time t and frequency  , then f t , = sin x t , cos y t ,  In our tree, we used x t , =t and y t , = , thus ending up with f t , = sintcos

Intro1: MeqTree Basics

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Intro1: MeqTree Basics

Functions Everywhere 

– – 

Grids

Most concepts we deal with are a function of something. –



the visibility observed by an interferometer is a function of frequency and time. images are functions of l,m (or RA/Dec, ...) the Fourier Transform turns a function of l,m into a function of u,v.





Numerically, we represent a function by a set of values on some grid



e.g. for a set of {t 1 ...t n } and {1 ...m }, we represent f as an n×m array {f ij =f t i ,  j }

Intro1: MeqTree Basics

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r =  t 2 2 

here we use t and  from 1 to 10

in this case, we specify a regular 100x100 grid over the given domain

Then, we put the cells into a request. We execute the root node with the given request. Try changing the grid...

r

C t , =cosr e 3 0 f t , =C t ,  C t , 

Then, we make a cells object. This represents our grid. –

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Exercise 1: Basic Trees

Look at _test_forest First we make a domain object. –



Numerical code is often filled with for statements iterating over grids... With MeqTrees, you instead build up a compound function (f) from its constituent parts... ...then you give it a grid, and get back the values of the function on that grid. This happens at every level of the tree – every subtree can be considered to represent some function.

Intro1: MeqTree Basics

Supplying a Grid 

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Implement tree for f above (use demo2 as starting point) Evaluate over a 100x100 grid, with time/freq from [-30,30] Plot results & cross-sections

Intro1: MeqTree Basics

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Intro1: MeqTree Basics

A Node's Life 







Botany For Beginners

A node just sits there, until its parent gives it a request – in the case of a root node, the request is supplied from somewhere else, via execute() If it has children, it sends the request up to its children (by calling their execute()) A leaf node (Freq, Time, Constant) can evaluate a request directly and return a result. Once a parent has collected results from its children, it performs some operation on them – according to its class -- and returns a result of its own.

Intro1: MeqTree Basics









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Each node has a state record. You can see it by clicking on a node. This tells you way more than you wanted to know about that node. The request field contains the most recently executed request. Note that just about data object in the system is a record – or at least can be viewed as a record request.cells contains the grid of the request. – also the domain, cell sizes, and other stuff...

Intro1: MeqTree Basics

The Result Cache cache.result contains the last result returned by the node. Important for two reasons: lets you see what's been going on in the tree; speeds things up, because often intermediate results can be reused. – In real life, a tree deals in millions of values, so caching everything would use too much memory;  nodes are smart enough to cache only those results that are actually reused. – For small demos, having everything cached is instructive, so we change the cache policy...

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Dissecting a Result 

 

A Result object represents a real or complex-valued function on an N-dimensional real grid. It contains a copy of the Cells, giving the grid. The function value is found inside a VellSet: – – –



as result.vellsets[0].value the value is a Vells object -- a glorified array VellSets can also contain optional flags and derivatives, but we won't be meeting them soon.

A Result with one VellSet ([0]) represents a scalar function, but later on we'll meet vector and tensor functions. e.g. f t , =f 1 t ,  , f 2 t ,  , f 3 t , 

Intro1: MeqTree Basics

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Intro1: MeqTree Basics

The Priciple of Informational Greediness 





P.I.G. In Essense

SKA source subtraction requires 47 million laptops (J. Bregman): – SKA a contributor to global warming? Redundant computations and redundant information should therefore be avoided as much as possible MeqTrees does a lot of this for you – environmentally-minded people use MeqTrees







Intro1: MeqTree Basics

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P.I.G. In Action 



 

The node knows its function best... – some nodes return constant values – some nodes return things variable in time only – some nodes return things variable in frequency When you combine an Nx1 (i.e. time-variable only) value with an 1xM (freq-variable only) value in, e.g., a Multiply node, the result is NxM. The tree does the “right” thing regardless. So in fact you don't need to worry about this at all... – unless you're Tony; – unless you're optimizing for calculations.

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A Vells may contain only as many axes as actually needed to represent the function. E.g. for an NxM grid, a node may return a result with an NxM Vells, or an Nx1 Vells, or an 1xM Vells, or even a 1x1 Vells – Nx1 is the same thing as N – but 1xM is not the same thing as M – the order of the axes is fixed. We refer to the missing axes as collapsed. A collapsed axis simply means that the function is NOT variable over that dimension, i.e. not variable in freq or time or whatever.

Intro1: MeqTree Basics

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TDL Is Python 4. Python... [ 1] never heard of it [14] vaguely familiar [ 5] I write Python scripts regularly [ 1] I develop Python packages [ 0] I'm Guido van Rossum

Intro1: MeqTree Basics

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Intro1: MeqTree Basics

Node Names & Qualifiers

Exercise 2: A Fourier Series

Let's make a Fourier series: n

f  x , y =

n

n

 

Let's add an extra term:

n

n

f kl  x , y = e 2 i  kx ly

k = n l = n

f  x , y =

k = n l= n

– –



note how we create nodes “f:k:l” to represent fkl note how n became a GUI option We use Python list comprehension and the *syntax to specify a large number of children with one compact statement.

Intro1: MeqTree Basics

 



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A Menagerie Of Nodes 

Let's make a slightly different series: f  x , y =

n

f

k = n l = n

 



n

2 kl

 x , y =

n

e

Start with Intro1/demo3-quals.py Modify it to compute the series above. Make a and b GUI options, with possible values of, e.g., [0, 5, 10]. What have we demonstrated?

Intro1: MeqTree Basics

Passing Nodes Around n

n

e i a kbl  e 2 iix  jy

k = n l = n

Load Intro1/demo3-quals.py This makes a tree to sum the series above. –

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2 ikx ly 2





k = n l= n

Load Intro1/demo4-more_quals.py This has functions sum_series() and sum_sq_series() to sum a series and the square of a series. Check both bookmarks. Note how “collections” of nodes, and “undefined” nodes, may be passed around.





At the moment, there's ~100 node classes available in the system. See wiki: http://lofar9.astron.nl/meqwiki for not-quite-complete documentation. Most current needs are catered for, but it is always possible to add new ones (yourself, too) We're now going to go in random directions with various demos and exercises, so I'll try to introduce the new nodes as they come up.

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Intro1: MeqTree Basics

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Intro1: MeqTree Basics

Building An Ionosphere  



Ionosphere 1

Let's make a tree to model an ionosphere. Assume a “flat world” model, and a twodimensional ionospheric “blanket”, i.e. Total Electron Content is then just TEC(x,y,t). A number of sine waves to model Travelling Ionospheric Distrubances (TIDs).

Intro1: MeqTree Basics

 



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Load up Intro1/example5_iono.py Run “test forest” and look at bookmarks. – this gives us TECs at two x,y points Lots to be learned from this script, so take it home to study: – passing nodes in and out of functions – using qualifiers (“rate”) on top of existing nodes to avoid naming conflicts – making vectors, using matrix multiplication – ...and generally making your code assumption-free – Hence, example5 and not demo5.

Intro1: MeqTree Basics

Ionosphere 2    

Let's get a more elaborate picture... Load up Intro1/example6-iono2.py Run “test forest” and look at “tec:2” More to be learned from this script: – – –



we import the TID function from demo5 the “xy” nodes can be functions of anything, our tree doesn't care so we can form up a request in t,l,m

Bonus question: why is “tec:2” only twodimensional?

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Ionosphere 3  

OK, let's make a truly 3D picture... Load up Intro1/example7-iono3.py – –

 

this adds a second sine wave moving in a different direction note the use of another qualifier

Run “test forest” and look at “tec:2” If you're lucky, you can access the “Warped surface” and “3D display” options via rightclick.

Intro1: MeqTree Basics

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Exercise 3: Ionospheric Phase  







Start with Intro1/example7-iono3.py Add nodes to compute ionospheric phase delays (see below) Add a frequency axis of 30-200MHz to the domain. – use 30 points per each axis, or you WILL run us out of memory!!! Display the “phase screen” in l,m, as a function of frequency. Ponder on the joys of LOFAR calibration c Ionospheric phase delay is =2 2 5 TEC 

What System Issues? System Issues General Structure - GitHub

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