WEED MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON EARTHWORMS IN A BANANA PLANTATION IN DAVAO CITY, PHILIPPINES Eufemio Rasco Jr., Abegail Fusilero, Hanna Mia Monica Taya, Mikko Lacsamana, Richie Eve Ragas, Georgianna Kae Oguis

The Philippine Banana Industry

LIGHT

WEEDS

NUTRIENTS

CROP

WATER Manual WEED (tilling, use of tools and machinery, manual weed extract MANAGEMENT Chemical ( herbicides)

me n o r i env nt economi cs

effective weed manageme nt

STABILIZE SOIL OM LEVELS

SOIL ENGINEERS

BIOINDICATORS

PREVENT SOIL EROSION

Objectives (1)

(2)

(3)

compare the effects of two weed management systems on earthworms in a banana plantation: the manual weeding employed in conventional farming and the application of herbicides paraquat and glyphosate; determine the effect of weed and mulch cover, soil organic matter content, soil pH and rainfall on earthworm populations in a banana plantation; evaluate the effect of paraquat and glyphosate on earthworms’ survival, growth, reproduction and behavior in laboratory experiments.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Field Experiments SUMIFRU Banana Plantation † Cavendish banana † established 2-5 years before the start of the experiment † RCB Design †

„

2 sites „ „

2treatments 3 replicates

Paraquat Glyphosate

Schematic Diagram of Weed Management Program

2m

2m

1m

1m

…

plot size: 10 x 25 m

…

Factors affecting Earthworm Populations Slope † Weed management † Mulch and Weed Cover † Rainfall † Organic Matter † Soil pH †

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

15% slope: Caparoso and Jimenez Farm

15% slope. (A) Pontoscolex corethrurus (B) Metapheri spp.; (C) Pithemera bicincta. (Lifted from Fusilero, 2008)

Species/Category

15% Manual

Chemical

P-value

Pontoscolex corethrurus

127.40 ± 3.61

124.03 ± 3.12

0.39

Pithemera bicincta

112.98 ± 2.21

115.40 ± 2.60

0.49

Metaphire spp.

103.26 ± 1.31

103.05 ± 1.08

0.77

Immature (no clitellum)

122.92 ± 2.93

122.31 ± 3.27

0.75

Mature (with clitellum)

109.02 ± 1.65

108.90 ± 1.55

0.93

Total

108.70 ± 1.49

107.59 ± 1.35

0.43

Effect of treatment: manual (P=0.47) & chemical (P=0.35)

25% slope: Bringas Farm

25% slope. (A )Perionyx excavatus, ventral side (B)Perionyx excavatus, dorsal side; (C) Metaphire infla cai (D) Metapheretima sp. (Lifted from Fusilero, 2008)

Species/Category

25% Manual

Chemical

P-value

Metaphire inflata cai

115.29 ± 2.31

114.62 ± 2.34

0.46

Metapheretima sp.

104.99 ± 1.31

101.33 ± 0.64

0.02*

Perionyx excavatus

104.92 ± 1.22

103.74 ± 1.09

0.34

Immature (no clitellum)

118.84 ± 3.11

115.39 ± 3.24

0.34

Mature (with clitellum)

105.19 ± 1.13

103.83 ± 1.03

0.02*

Total

106.60 ± 1.20

104.24 ± 1.17

0.06

Effect of treatment: manual (P=0.54) & chemical (P=0.40)

Ground Cover Slope

15%

25%

Mulch Cover

Weed Cover

Total Ground Cover (Mulch+Weed)

Manual

Chemical

Manual Chemical Manual Chemical

Pearson correlation

-0.71

-0.05

0.21

-0.07

0.10

-0.12

Sig. (2-tailed)

0.75

0.83

0.33

0.74

0.66

0.59

Pearson correlation

-0.12

0.07

0.28

-0.14

0.15

-0.07

Sig. (2-tailed)

0.58

0.76

0.20

0.53

0.49

0.76

Rainfall:15% slope Manual: P=0.22 Chemical: P=0.30

Rainfall: 25% slope Manual: P=0.88 Chemical: P=0.54

Organic matter

Site 15% slope

January Treatment 2006 Manual

3.85

July 2007 4.67

January February 2009 2010 4.58

4.51

Grand Mean

P-value

4.40 0.44

Chemical 25% slope

Manual

4

4.28

4.46

4.4

4.29

3.13

2.86

3.34

3.22

3.14 0.95

Chemical

2.8

2.93

3.48

3.29

3.13

Soil pH

Site

Treatment

15% slope

25% slope

Jan-06

Jul-07

Jan-09

Feb-10

Manual

5.55

5.69

5.33

4.97

Chemical

5.36

5.09

4.97

4.86

Manual

6.8

6.56

6.42

6.11

Chemical

6.64

6.74

6.46

6.05

P-value

0.20

0.96

LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

control

2 mm

Avoidance Test

treated

Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

Paraquat

0.55

Glyphosate

0.03

Reproduction Test

after 28 days.. Juvenile hatching •

P. corethrurus cocoon

…

…

…

Mature worms were removed and weighed Juveniles and cococoons were already present Counted after another 28 days

Paraquat: survival (P=0.05) and growth (P=0.08)

Paraquat: fecundity (P=0.39)

Glyphosate: survival (P=0.60) and growth (P=0.42)

Glyphosate: fecundity (P=0.93)

Summary and Conclusion …

…

Differences in earthworm population counts under manual and chemical weed management systems in the 15% and 25% site were not significant. Metapheretima sp. and total mature counts for 25% slope with significantly lower counts is due to avoidance responses, which in turn, exposed them worms to predation and other mortality factors.

…

…

…

Earthworm populations were on a declining trend in both treatments for both sites, but regression analyses show that these trends are not significant. Rainfall, organic mulch and weed cover were not significantly correlated with the earthworm counts. declining pH in both sites could help explain the decline in earthworm populations.

…

…

P. corethrurus showed significant avoidance response to normal concentrations glyphosate but not to paraquat. The reproduction test failed to show significant effects of paraquat and glyphosate, up to 16x the normal rate, to survival, growth and reproduction of earthworms.

…

…

The results of the field and laboratory test indicate that both weed management treatments do not pose a significant threat to earthworms under the conditions studied. It is recommended that further studies should be conducted if pH is indeed related to the decline of earthworm populations in the field, as our results suggest.

weed management effects on earthworms in a banana plantation in ...

Field Experiments. □ SUMIFRU Banana. Plantation. □ Cavendish banana. □ established 2-5 years before the start of the experiment. □ RCB Design. ▫ 2 sites.

4MB Sizes 2 Downloads 225 Views

Recommend Documents

Impact of banana plantation on the socio-economic status and ...
3rd Agri-Business Economics Conference, Apo View. Hotel, Philippines ... only to very few individuals/company ... of biodiversity. •destroyed some infrastructure ...

Spacing and weed management in transplanted ...
at 6 DAT supplemented with hand weeding at 20 DAT and anilofos+2,4-DEE. (readymix) 0.40+0.53 kg ha-1 at 6 DAT supplemented with 2,4-D sodium salt 1 kg ha-1 at 20 DAT). Grasses were the predominant weed species observed in the experimental field. Unch

Inference on Causal Effects in a Generalized ...
The center is associated with the University of. Bonn and offers .... We present a generalization of the RKD – which we call a “fuzzy regression kink design” – that.

influence of weed management techniques on maize ...
University experimental farm and in a farmer's field at Vallampadugai to study the ... Key Words: Soil solarization, weed management, yield and nutrient uptake.

influence of weed management techniques on maize ...
soil solarization in combination with various weed control measures on nutrient uptake by weeds and ... Necessary irrigation and need based plant protection ...

Adaptative Strategies of Mediterranean Flora in a Weed ...
In this way, it is possible to establish which are the models, life cycles, origin, evolution and ... The other two have more intensive agricultural development.

A lawn weed detection in winter season based on color ...
in agriculture fields, lawn fields, or golf course is pre- ferred. Presently, an ... e.g., using an electric spark discharge for destroying weeds, also becomes ...

Weed Management Options on the Dynamics of ...
Thus mechanical weed control offers wider scope in .... combined with water saving irrigation significantly .... seeding a best substitute for transplanted rice.

Standards and guidelines for forest plantation management: A global ...
Jan 26, 2015 - In the last twenty years efforts have increased to develop standards and guidelines as ... On the one hand, although plantation forests are typically assumed ... children's education (schools, etc.), assuring .... 1 As reported by Bosc

Standards and guidelines for forest plantation management: A global ...
Jan 26, 2015 - dressing the establishment, management, monitoring and ...... management, it requires the availability of historical data on forest man- agement ...

Standards and guidelines for forest plantation management: A global ...
Jan 26, 2015 - (such as ISO 14001 on Environmental Management System), there are several indicators requiring the presence of management tools such as management plans, monitoring systems, and data file systems (without specifying the quality of such

Effects of dry-ageing on pork quality characteristics in different ...
Effects of dry-ageing on pork quality characteristics in different genotypes.pdf. Effects of dry-ageing on pork quality characteristics in different genotypes.pdf.

Effects of direction on saccadic performance in relation ...
Apr 25, 2003 - visual stimulus presentation and the onset of the response results in the reduction of ... The data presented in this study stem from the ASPIS ... appear on an imaginary horizontal line either at the center of the screen or at a ...

Zeeman effects on the impurity-induced resonances in ...
Jan 31, 2002 - impurity site with local maxima on the second-neighbor Cu sites i.e., along the ..... ty , and after some algebra the resulting spin-orbit part of the.

Changes in the polar vortex: Effects on Antarctic total ozone ...
polar vortex: Effects on Antarctic total ozone observations at var- ious stations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L01805, doi:10.1029/. 2010GL045542. 1. Introduction. [2] The discovery of significant stratospheric ozone depletion in the mid‐1980s [e.g.,

Effects of development and enculturation on number representation in ...
There was a problem previewing this document. Retrying... Download. Connect more apps... Effects of dev ... the brain.pdf. Effects of dev ... the brain.pdf. Open.

The Effects of Ethical Climates on Bullying Behaviour in ... - CiteSeerX
study is to explore the effects of bullying behaviour upon ... Journal of Business Ethics (2009) 86:273–295. © Springer 2008 .... affect the definition of their workplaces (Altmann,. 2000). ...... Manchester Institute of Science and Technology,.

Effects of direction on saccadic performance in relation ...
Received: 27 September 2002 / Accepted: 26 February 2003 / Published online: 25 April 2003 ... good indicators of lateral preferences in these tasks. Other oculomotor tasks ... programming and execution of saccadic eye movements has been studied both

Catalytic Effects of Dioxygen on Intramolecular Electron Transfer in ...
radical ion pairs. The rate constant of BET increases linearly with increasing oxygen concentration without, however, forming reactive oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen or superoxide anion. When ferrocene (Fc) is used as a terminal electron dono

Effects of Population Size on Selection and Scalability in Evolutionary ...
scalability of a conventional multi-objective evolutionary algorithm ap- ... scale up poorly to high dimensional objective spaces [2], particularly dominance-.

On the non-linear effects in graphene devices
Feb 12, 2014 - 1. Introduction. The exceptional intrinsic electronic properties of graphene as ... weakly sensitive to the doping profile and to the atomic disorder.

Multimedia systems in distance education: effects of usability on learning
Multimedia systems are more and more used in distance learning. Since these systems are often structured as a hypertext, they pose additional problems to the ...