UIDAD: 6.- ECOSISTEMAS ¿QUÉ SO ECOSISTEMAS TERRESTRES? Los ecosistemas terrestres son ecosistemas donde los organismos pueden vivir en la tierra, rodeados por aire. La distribución de organismos en el ecosistema depende principalmente de factores relacionados con el clima: temperatura, luz, humedad, etc. Los principales tipos de ecosistemas terrestres se clasifican en: zona ártica, zona templada, zona tórrida y los ecosistemas hechos por los humanos.

Zona ártica

Zona templada

Zona tórrida

ECOSISTEMAS DE LA ZOA ÁRTICA (ZOA FRÍA): • Tundra: La tierra está permanentemente congelada. Los inviernos son largos y muy fríos. Los veranos son cortos y frescos. Su flora está compuesta principalmente por musgos y líquenes. Su fauna está compuesta por renos, caribúes, zorros blancos, lemingos, etc. •

•

Taiga: Los inviernos son largos, oscuros y fríos, con abundante nieve. Los veranos son cortos, templados, y húmedos. Su flora está compuesta por pinos, abetos, etc. Su fauna está compuesta por osos, linces, lobos, etc.

Alta montaña: Las temperaturas varían enormemente entre el invierno y verano. En invierno, las montañas están cubiertas con nieve, así que hay poca comida. Esto ocasiona que muchos animales migre a zonas más templadas. Su flora está compuesta principalmente por pinos. Su fauna está compuesta por alcones, rebecos, pájaros, etc.

ECOSISTEMAS DE LA ZOA TEMPLADA: • Bosque caducifolio (de hoja caduca): Los inviernos son fríos y los veranos son templados. Hay abundante lluvia. Su flora está compuesta por robles, hayas, castaños, etc. Su fauna está compuesta por osos, zorros, ardillas, pumas, etc. • Bosque mediterráneo: Los inviernos son suaves y los veranos cálidos y secos. Poca lluvia. Su flora está compuesta por encinas, alcornoques, etc. Su fauna está compuesta por conejos, reptiles, jabalíes, pájaros, etc.

ECOSISTEMAS DE LA ZOA TÓRRIDA (ZOA CÁLIDA): • Pradera (sabana): El clima varia dependiendo de la latitud y consiste en una muy corta y húmeda estación y una larga y seca estación. Los cambios entre la estación húmeda y seca son drásticas y las plantas y animales se deben adaptar para sobrevivir. Su flora está compuesta por hierbas, arbustos, algunos árboles, etc. Su fauna está compuesta por cebras, girafas, gacelas, leones, etc. • Desierto: Tiene temperaturas muy altas durante el día, y temperaturas muy bajas por la noche. Extremadamente poca lluvia. Su flora está compuesta principalmente por cactus. Su fauna está compuesta por camellos, lagartos, pájaros, pequeños mamíferos, etc. • Selva tropical: Mucha lluvia y altas temperaturas todo el año. Diferentes estratos de flora y fauna. Su flora está compuesta por árboles desde pequeños a muy altos. Su fauna está compuesta por serpientes, iguanas, murciélagos, pájaros, monos, etc. y una amplia variedad de insectos.

ECOSISTEMAS HECHOS POR LOS HUMAOS: • Tierras cultivadas: Las características de estos ecosistemas dependen del clima. Su flora y fauna varía dependiendo del clima y del tipo de cultivo. La flora puede estar formada por cereales y otros cultivos, otras plantas son árboles, arbustos y maleza crecen alrededor de los campos. La fauna puede estar formada por conejos, ratas de campo, zorros, ratones de campo, aves de presa, otros pájaros, insectos, etc. • Parques y jardines: Estos ecosistemas se encuentran en zonas urbanas. Las estaciones dependen del respectivo clima. La flora está compuesta por árboles, arbustos, plantas con flores, etc. La fauna ha adaptado su comportamiento, así pueden vivir cerca de los seres humanos, por ejemplo: palomas, patos, insectos, mariposas, etc.

¿QUÉ SO ECOSISTEMAS ACUÁTICOS? Ecosistemas acuáticos son ecosistemas donde las criaturas pueden vivir rodeadas de agua. Los factores abióticos que más influyen en la distribución de los organismos son: luz, temperatura, presión, salinidad y nivel de oxígeno. Los principales tipos de ecosistemas acuáticos se clasifican en: ecosistemas de agua dulce y ecosistemas marinos.

Ecosistema de agua dulce

Ecosistema marino

ECOSISTEMAS DE AGUA DULCE La salinidad del agua dulce es muy pequeña. • Ríos y arroyos: Se caracterizan por la abundante luz y arroyo el alto contenido de oxígeno del agua. Cuando el agua se para, la temperatura aumenta, y la cantidad de oxígeno disminuye. La flora está formada por carrizos, río algas y muchos árboles y plantas in las orillas. La fauna está compuesta por aves acuáticas, cigüeñas, nutrias, libélulas, truchas, y otros peces, etc. marisma laguna • Lagunas y marismas: El agua en los lagos es dulce, pero el agua puede ser salada si están cerca de la costa (marismas). Las marismas son normalmente poco profundas y pueden secarse. Estas zonas son muy sensibles a la contaminación. La flora está compuesta por eneas, carrizos, y muchos árboles y plantas en las orillas de las lagunas. Fauna: ranas, serpientes, garzas, peces, etc.

ECOSISTEMAS MARIOS: La salinidad del agua es alta. Zona intermareal: Este es la zona entre las mareas alta y baja. Están afectadas por los movimientos de las olas. Están sumergidas en la marea alta y expuesta en la marea baja. Muchas criaturas viven en la arena o en las charcas. Los pájaros buscan su comida aquí. • Zona nerítica: Este zona recibe mucha luz del Sol. El fondo del mar está cubierto con algas marinas y es muy rico en vidas. Arrecifes de coral: Son hábitats oceánicos cálidos y claros, con gran cantidad de seres vivos. Están normalmente cerca de la costa, y se encuentran generalmente en los trópicos. Los arrecifes de coral son el hogar de una amplia variedad de seres vivos. Son muy sensibles a la contaminación. •

•

• •

Zona pelágica: Es la parte del mar abierto, la cual está alejada de la costa. Zona abisal: La presión en esta profundidad es increíblemente alta. La temperatura es muy baja (2 ó 3 ºC). Hay una pequeña cantidad de luz alcanza el fondo del mar. Las criaturas que viven en esta zona son muy extrañas.

AME:_________________________________________ DATE:__________ 2º ESO___ (Bilingual)

UIT: 6.- ECOSYSTEMS WHAT ARE TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS? Terrestrial ecosystems are ecosystems where organisms can live on land, surrounded by air. The distribution of organisms in the ecosystem depends mainly on factors related to the climate: temperature, light, humidity, etc. The main types of terrestrial ecosystems are classified as: Frigid zone, temperate zone, torrid zone and man-made ecosystems.

Frigid zone 1.- Copy this text:

Temperate zone

Torrid zone

2.- Translate these words: Ecosystem: Temperature: Light: Humidity: Frigid zone: Temperate zone: Torrid zone: Man-made ecosystem: 3.- What are terrestrial ecosystems?

4.- What factors do the distribution of organisms in the ecosystem depend on? 5.- What are the main types of terrestrial ecosystems? FRIGID ZOE (COLD ZOE) ECOSYSTEMS: •

Taiga: The winters are long, dark, and cold with abundant snow. The summers are short, warm, and humid. Its flora is composed of pines, fir trees, etc. Its fauna is composed of bears, lynxes, wolves, etc. High mountains: Temperatures vary greatly between the winters and summers. In the winter, the mountains are covered with snow, so there is little food. This causes many animals to migrate to warmer areas. Its flora is composed mainly of pines. Its fauna is composed by falcons, chamois, birds, etc. •

•

Tundra: The soil is permanently frozen. The winters are long and very cold. The summers are short and cool. Its flora is composed mainly of mosses and lichens. Its fauna is composed of reindeer, caribou, white foxes, lemming, etc.

6.- Match the columns with arrows: The temperatures vary greatly between the summers and the winters. Tundra The summers are short, warm, and humid. The winters are long and very cold. Taiga Permanent frozen soil. The winters are long, dark, and cold. High Mountain In winter there is little food. The summers are short and cool. 7.- Complete: Ecosystems

The winters are… The summers are…

Fauna

Tundra Taiga High Mountain

8.- Below each picture label with ‘Tundra’, ‘Taiga’, or ‘High mountain’

9.- Match with arrows:

Tundra Taiga High mountain

10.- Correct the mistake: a) The soil is permanently frozen in taiga. b) The winters are long and very hot in tundra. c) Lemming, lynxes and wolves live in taiga. d) Falcons, chamois and birds are animals in taiga.

Flora

AME:_________________________________________ DATE:__________ 2º ESO___ (Bilingual) TEMPERATE ZOE ECOSYSTEMS: • Deciduous forest: The winters are cold and the summers are warm. There is abundant rainfall. Its flora is composed of oaks, beech trees, chestnut trees, etc. Its fauna is composed of bears, foxes, squirrels, mountain lions, etc. • Mediterranean forest: The winters are mild and the summers are warm and dry. Low rainfall. Its flora is composed of holm oaks, cork oaks, etc. Its fauna is composed of rabbits, reptiles, wild boards, birds, etc.

1.- Copy the text in the box

2.- Translate these words Mediterranean forest: Deciduous forest: Rabbit: Mountain lion:

fox: birds:

oak: bear: squirrel: holm oaks

beech trees: chestnut tree: wild boards: cork oaks:

3.- What are the characteristics of the Mediterranean forest?

4.- What are the characteristics of the Deciduous forest?

5.- Complete: Ecosystems Deciduous forest Mediterranean forest

The winters are… The summers are…

Fauna

Flora

6.- Complete: a) In _______________________ the winters are mild and the summers are warm and dry. b) In ________________________ the winters are cold and the summers are warm. c) In ________________________ there are holm oaks, cork oaks, etc. d) In ________________________ there are oaks, beech trees, etc. e) In ________________________ there are bears, squirrels, etc. f) In ________________________ there are rabbits, birds, etc.

7.- Match with arrows

Deciduous forest

Mediterranean forest

8.- Do you think there are birds in a deciduous forest? Why?

9.- Look at the fauna of a Mediterranean forest. Which animals do you think, also live in deciduous forest?

10.- Write ‘F’ for false or ‘T’ for true. Then correct the false sentences to make them true. a) The winters in deciduous forest are mild. b) The summers in Mediterranean forest are warm and cold. c) The summers in deciduous forest are warm. d) There is abundant rainfall in a Mediterranean forest.

AME:_________________________________________ DATE:__________ 2º ESO___ (Bilingual) TORRID ZOE (HOT ZOE) ECOSYSTEMS: • Grassland (savannah): The climate varies according to latitude and may consist of one very short, wet season and one long, dry season. The changes between the wet and dry seasons are drastic and plants and animals must adapt to survive. Its flora is composed of grass, shrubs, some trees, etc. Its fauna is composed of zebras, giraffes, gazelles, lions, etc. • Desert: Very high daytime temperatures, and very low night time temperatures. Extremely low rainfall. Its flora is composed mainly of cacti. Its fauna is composed of camels, lizards, birds, small mammals, etc. • Rainforest: High rainfall and high temperatures all year round. Different layers of flora and fauna. Its flora is composed of small to very large trees. Its fauna is composed of snakes, iguanas, bats, birds, monkeys, etc. and by a wide variety of insects. 1.- Copy this text in the box

2.- Translate these words: Desert: Savannah: Giraffe: Cacti: Snake:

Grassland: Grass: Gazelle: Camel: Bat

Shrub: Zebra: Lion: Lizard: Monkey:

3.- The ecosystems of the torrid zone are: __________________________, _________________________ and ______________________. 4.- Complete: a) There are warm temperatures all year round in ______________________. b) There are very high daytime temperatures, and very low night time temperatures in _______________. c) There are camels, lizards, birds, small mammals, etc. in __________________________. d) There are different layers of flora and fauna in _______________________.

5.- Complete: Ecosystems

The winters are… The summers are…

Fauna

Flora

Grassland

Desert

Rainforest

6.- Match with arrow

Grassland

Savannah

Desert

Rainforest

7.- Complete with the missing vowels: a)

__n

gr__ssl__nd,

g__z__ll__s,

b)

__n

sm__ll

c) b__ts,

d)

l__ __ns,

d__s__rt,

m__mm__ls,

__n

tr__ __s,

f__ __n__

c__mp__s__d

by

z__br__s,

g__r__ff__s,

__s

c__mp__s__d

by

c__m__l,

l__z__rds,

b__rds,

__tc.

m__nk__ys,

gr__ssl__nd, __tc.

__s

__tc.

r__ __nf__r__st,

b__rds,

__n

f__ __n__

f__ __n__

__s

c__mp__s__d

by

sn__k__s,

__g__ __n__s,

__tc.

fl__r__

__s

c__mp__s__d

by

gr__ss,

shr__bs,

s__m__

8.- What are the differences between the grassland and the rainforest?

9.- Are there any differences between the grassland and the savannah?

10.- Look at the worksheets of this unit and colour this map a) Taiga of blue color. b) Tundra of brown color. c) Deciduous forest of red color. d) Mediterranean forest of light blue color e) Grassland (savannah) of pale green color. f) Desert of yellow color. g) Rainforest of green color.

AME:_________________________________________ DATE:__________ 2º ESO___ (Bilingual) MA-MADE ECOSYSTEMS: • Cultivated lands: The characteristics of these ecosystems depend on the climate. Its flora and fauna vary depending on the climate and the type of crop. The flora can be formed by grains and other crops, other plants are trees, bushes and weeds grow around the fields. The fauna can be formed by rabbit, vole, fox, field mouse, bird of prey, other bird, insects, etc • Parks and gardens: These ecosystems are found in urban areas. The seasons depend on the respective climate. The flora is composed of trees, bushes, plants with flowers, etc. The fauna has adapted their behaviour, so they can live near human beings, for example: pigeons, ducks, insects, butterflies, etc. 1.- Copy this information:

2.- Translate these words Cultivated lands: Parks and gardens: Human beings: Urban areas: Field mouse:

Crop: Bush: Weed: Insect: Fox:

Butterfly: Pigeon: Duck: Vole: Bird of prey:

3.- Why are ‘cultivated lands’ and ‘parks and gardens’ named ‘man-made ecosystems’?

4.- Is the flora the same in all cultivated lands? Why? Do all cultivated lands have the same flora? Why?

5.- Is the flora the same in all parks and gardens? Why?

6.- Is the fauna the same in all parks and gardens? Why?

7.- Match with arrows:

Cultivated lands

Parks and gardens

8.- Complete: a) _____________________: Flora can be formed by cereals and other crops. b) _____________________: Bushes and weeds grow around the fields. c) _____________________: Fauna has adapted their behaviour to live near human beings. d) _____________________: These ecosystems are found in urban areas. 9.- Complete the chart: Ecosystems The winters are… The summers are…

Fauna

Flora

Cultivated land Parks and gardens 10.- Complete with the missing vowels: a) C__lt__v__t__d l__nd: Th__ d__p__nd

b) th__

c)

__n

th__

C__lt__v__t__d cl__m__t__

P__rks

__nd

r__sp__ct__v__

__f

th__s__

__c__syst__ms

cl__m__t__.

l__nd:

__nd

__ts

th__

g__rd__ns:

fl__r__

typ__

__f

Th__

__nd

f__ __n__

v__ry

d__p__nd__ng

__n

cr__p.

s__ __s__ns

d__p__nd

__n

th__

cl__m__t__.

d) P__rks

__nd

g__rd__ns:

s__

c__n

l__v__

th__y

ch__r__ct__r__st__cs

F__ __n__

n__ __r

h__s

h__m__n

__d__pt__d

b__ __ngs.

th__ __r

b__h__v__ __ __r,

AME:_________________________________________ DATE:__________ 2º ESO___ (Bilingual) WHAT ARE AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS? Aquatic ecosystems are ecosystems where creatures can live surrounded by water. The abiotic factors which most influence the distribution of organisms are: light, temperature, pressure, salinity and oxygen level. The main types of aquatic ecosystems are classified as: freshwater ecosystems and marine ecosystems.

Freshwater ecosystem

Marine ecosystem

1.- Copy the text in the box

2.- Translate these words: Aquatic ecosystems: Freshwater ecosystems: Organism: Light: Salinity:

Abiotic factors: Marine ecosystems: Creature: Pressure: Oxygen:

3.- Match with arrows:

Freshwater ecosystems

Marine ecosystems

FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS The salinity of fresh water is very little. • Rivers and streams: These are characterised by stream abundant light and high oxygen content in the water. When the water is still, the temperature increases, and the amount of oxygen decreases. The flora is formed by river reed, algae and a lot of trees and plants in the banks. The fauna is composed by aquatic birds, storks, otter, lagoon dragonflies, trout and other fish, etc. marsh • Lagoons and marshes: The water in lagoons is fresh but the water may be salty if they are near the coast (marshes). The marshes are usually shallow and can dry up. These areas are very sensitive to pollution. The flora is composed by cattails, reed, and many trees and plants at the shores of lagoons. The fauna: frogs, snakes, herons, fish, etc. 4.- Translate these words: River: Lagoon: Marsh: Cattail: Dragonfly: Otter: Storks: Trout:

Stream: Reed: Aquatic birds: Frog:

Snake: Heron: Bank: Shore:

5.- Label ‘river’, ‘stream’, ‘lagoon’ or ‘marsh’ below each picture.

6.- Label ‘river’, ‘stream’, ‘lagoon’ or ‘marsh’ below each picture.

7.- What are the differences between a river and a tream?

8.- What are the differences between a lagoon and a marsh?

9.- Complete the chart: Ecosystems The winters are… The summers are… Rivers and streams Lagoons and marshes 10.- What is the difference between a ‘bank’ and a ‘shore’?

Fauna

Flora

AME:_________________________________________ DATE:__________ 2º ESO___ (Bilingual) MARIE ECOSYSTEMS: The salinity of water is high. • Intertidal zone: This is the area between high and low tides. They are affected by the movement of waves. They are submerged at high tide and exposed at low tide. Many creatures live in the sand or in pools. Birds look for food here. • eritic zone: This area receives ample sunlight. The sea floor is covered with seaweed and is very rich in life. • Coral reefs: These ocean habitats are warm and clear, with a large amount of living beings. They are normally near the coast, and are usually found in the tropics. Coral reefs are home to a wide variety of living beings. They are very sensitive to pollution. • Pelagic zone: This is the part of the open sea, which is far away from the coast. • Abyssal zone: Pressure at this depth is incredibly high. The temperature is very low (2 or 3º C). There is little light that reaches the sea floor. Creatures that live in these areas are very strange creatures. 1.- Copy the correspondent information about ‘intertidal zone’, ‘neritic zone’, and ‘pelagic zone’

2.- Translate these words: Intertidal zone: Pelagic zone:

Neritic zone: Abyssal zone:

Coral reefs: High tide:

Waves: seaweed:

3.- What is the differences between ‘pelagic zone’ and ‘abyssal zone’?

4.- Correct the mistakes: a) Abyssal zone receives ample sunlight. b) In coral reefs, the sea floor is covered with seaweed, but it is not very rich life. c) The fauna in pelagic zone are very strange. d) Pelagic zone is the area between high and low tides. 5.- Complete with vowels: C__r__l r__ __fs __r__ n__rm__lly n__ __r th__ c__ __st, f__ __nd __n th__ tr__p__cs. Th__y __r__ h__m__ t__ __f l__v__ng b__ __ngs.

__nd __r__ __s__ __lly __ w__d__ v__r__ __ty

6.- Match with arrows:

Intertidal zone

eritic zone

Coral reefs

Pelagic zone

Abyssal zone

7.- Complete: a) ______________ zone: This is the part of ______________, which is _____________ from the _____. b) ______________ zone: The ______ floor is covered with _________ and _____________________. c) ______________ zone: ___________ at this depth ________________. d) ______________ zone: This is the area between _________ and _____________. 8.- Label this picture:

10.- The marine ecosystems are:

9. Draw an abyssal fish