Building Materials and Specification

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Understand The Factors That Affect The Specification Of Materials And Building Services BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (CIVIL ENGINEERING) Submitted by: E.Belsitha Christy Under Guidance Of Lecturer’s Name: Keith Gillard

Annamalai University (Faculty Of Engineering And Technology) Date of completion: 23-Jan, 2014

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Building Materials and Specification

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Abstract The main aim of the project is to identify and analyze the factor that affects the specification of building services and materials. Due to the influence of factors in specifying the materials and building services there will be some fluctuation happens in their cost. This project also explains the financial implications that are involved in the material and building services specifications. There are number of building materials are available in the market which creates a vast optional space for selecting the materials. It is the most complex work to do. An architect should consider all the factors while selecting the building services and materials. To train up the new management trainee this report has been developed. It is created to make the new trainee to understand the design and planning work for a new building. The specification and selection of materials and building services are also mentioned. The influence of factor in Vernacular Building has been discussed in this report. The materials that are selected already and the factors that influenced those selected materials are discussed with the new trainee.

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Building Materials and Specification

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Title Cover Abstract 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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Introduction Requirements of Clients Materials specified by our Client Specification of Design for a New Building Task A 5.1 Discussion with Trainee 5.2 Factors affecting the specification of building materials 5.2.1 Geographical location 5.2.2 Material testing 5.2.3 Storage and Handling 5.2.4 Tolerance Task B 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Factors Affecting the specification of Building services 6.2.1 Water 6.2.2 Gas Services 6.2.3 Electricity services 6.2.4 Drainage 6.2.5 Telecommunication Systems Task C 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Financial implications of selecting building materials and services 7.3 Factor influencing the overall cost of the building 7.3.1 Material Selection 7.3.2 Incorrect Planning 7.3.3 Poor Financial control on site 7.3.4 Quality and Quantity Conclusion References

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1. Introduction: This report is been discussed and developed with the influence of management trainee. The Design specifications and the materials used for constructing the building are also mentioned. The building materials used and the financial implications involved are also discussed. The report is about that our company involved in training a new persons. As a mentor the new trainee can develop their knowledge using this report. The future trainees can also use this report to improve their knowledge. The main objectives are: 1. To find the factor affecting the specifications of the building materials 2. To find the factors affecting the specification of the building services 3. To find the factors that affect the overall cost of the building 4. To find the financial implications by selection of materials and building services. These are the main objectives that are discussed in this report. 2. Requirements of Clients: The clients those who are from the same field will suggest some alternative materials for their structure. It is necessary to satisfy our client’s requirements. The aesthetic view about their building may be different from our architecture aesthetic sense. Even though we should give first preference to our clients’ requirements and their ideas. The fundamental aim of this project is our client’s words. The perception of the clients should be evaluated during the preconstruction period. The later influence of the client in design and selection of materials will not be encouraged by our company. The client’s expectations are compared with the resulting structure for better improvement. Our client’s impression and feeling about our work is important for our company’s further establishment. “The client should get impressed and feel the aesthetic experience which we gave should fulfill their expectations and perceptions. Client should think that his money is 100 percent worth by achieving this structure.” This should be the overall phrase of our service. 3. Materials specified by our client: Our client preferred for a Second hand yellow stock brick instead of ordinary clay brick or a fly ash brick. Yellow stock bricks are usually had made. Raw clay is used to make this brick. It is used to resist continuous frost and heat. These yellow stock bricks are also known as unburnt bricks. The roofing should be as a natural slate type of roof. Slate is a kind of metamorphic rock. These rocks are sliced into thin tiles and used for roofing, flooring, interior and exterior wall cladding. He suggests that his structure should have maximum number of columns. Natural Stones should be used. 4. Specification of Design for a New Building: Foundation is the first step for designing the building structure. Before designing the foundation structure we should prepare for a soil test, to check the safe bearing capacity of the soil. This gives that how much of weight is capable for the soil. The weight of the building also influences the depth of the foundation. There are different types of foundations like trench, strip, pad, reinforced mass concrete or pile foundation. The type of foundation is chosen according to the weight of the building and the capacity of the soil. The suitable foundation type is used from the result of soil report.

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The building should be designed with a traditional look. As we know that the proposed building is for the development near Beauty Park. Hence the building should give aesthetic look and also it should be very pleasant to attract public. The flooring can be made by concrete or a precast block. If the proposed grounds is a slope or fill then beam floor is recommended. The upper floor of the building can be made of traditional timber. Prefabricated joists made by man, or wooden joists can be used for the flooring. The slopping roof is selected. The timber roof can be laid for the newly proposed building. Asphalt or Trocal can be selected for finishing the roof structure. 5. TASK A. 5.1 Discussion with trainee: The selected building materials influence the design of the building. As per the requirements of the client specified in the section (2) the mentioned materials are not used in the design specifications. The building is for the use of public services hence the load acting on the building may vary. Hence the timber flooring for the upper floor is not suitable. This will not support the load with greater extent. The selection of timber roof is not good for the proposed new building. If it is chosen then the design of the structure should be modified. The design is made with concrete reinforced structure. Hence the selection of materials does not suitable for this type of building design. The material selection is the toughest job to do. Large care should be taken into an account. If mistakes are done while selecting the materials, then the full design will collapsed as like this. The client specified that he needs more number of columns in the structure. For this we can choose concrete reinforcement method. The buildings floors and roofs are built with beams and columns. Hence the client requirement will be fulfilled. Then the walls can be built by using the second hand yellow stock bricks. The design made as per the client requirements. Hence, you should keep in mind that client words are more important while selecting the materials. The proposed building materials are not suitable for providing better building services. The action of wiring for providing electricity is not easy in timber structure. The source of natural light gets reduced by using the specified building materials. 5.2 Factors affecting the specification of Building materials: The specification of the building materials are affected by the following reasons.  Geographical Locations  Materials Testing  Storage and Handling of materials  Tolerances 5.2.1 Geographical Locations: Geographical location affects the specification of building materials. The area of the new building should be located with minimum exposure. The availability of the building materials should be easily done. It helps to reduce the transportation cost. The area should not be liable for flooding. The new buildings site location should be encountered for its current environmental condition. The sustainable materials should be used in the construction of building. They can be recycled and used. 5.2.2 Materials Testing: The materials should be tested by the supplier or manufacturer before delivering it to the site. For example a stress test should be done for the timber to check the durability and strength of the specified 5

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timber. During the time of construction the supplier or manufacturer should carry out an formal inspection. The clearance of the materials supplied should be recorded. Concrete is the only material that a field test can be done. For example a slump cone test that can be performed in the site. A compressive strength test should be done in the laboratory before supplying it to the construction site. Laboratory tests should be performed for other materials like steel, glass, paints and adhesives. As a Management Officer you should know about all the materials that are used for the building. A proper record should be maintained with the details specifying, installations, storage, handling and warranties. This will help for you to avoid the future problems. 5.2.3 Storage and Handling: The storage and handling of the materials in the site location is important for a management officer. Materials can often be damaged if it is not maintained properly. For example, if cements are exposed to moisture then we cannot able to use the cement. It will get more harden. If a steel is exposed to moisture then it will for a rust. This will starts corrosion of the steel. The storage of materials should be done as per the instructions of the manufactures. The use of equipments while unloading should be given more attention. 5.2.4 Tolerances: The design codes of UK is already specified some tolerance for the use of material types. Our design requirements should satisfy the specified tolerances. The application of installation and testing are pre defined in the design codes. 6. TASK B 6.1 Introduction: Building services are the types of services provided for the peoples those who live in that building. It gives services like water supply, Electric supply, Gas supply, Drainage facility, Telecommunication facilities, ventilation, and heating. It is providing all the facilities for their surveillance. If the design and installation were done incorrectly then it cause nuisance or damage for the building owners. The main aim of this report is to identity the factors affecting the specification of building services. 6.2 Factor Affecting the Specification of Building Services: 6.2.1 Water: The building is classified according to their use. There are two types of buildings Domestic and Commercial. The size of the building should be accurately known for the installations of any type of building services. For Domestic Buildings: The installation of water supply design is simple for the domestic buildings. The use of water is for only bathroom and Kitchen. A specific size of the pipe that is suitable for the building purpose has been installed underground surface. From there it can be distributed using the distribution channel to the areas that uses water supply. The size of the water supply pipe and the personal choice should be the secondary while selecting the appropriate pipe channel. 6

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In modern technologies companies are providing condensing type of boiler for the supply of hot water to bathroom and cold water to kitchen. Hence the combination of hot and cold water in the same channel is little easy and simple in the case of larger domestic dwelling. This type is used in the apartments and flats buildings. The occupants can also store the water for their use. Storage system is also combined with the installation of the water supply system. For Commercial Buildings: Hotels, Hospitals and Care Homes: Providing the building service within the hotels are complicated design and installation. Water should have to be supplied for each and every available room. The individual room should be designed with a supply of heat, cold, and fresh water. Water for shower in bath and for toilets is necessary. Communal areas should have heat water supply and the combination of cold and hot water for bathrooms and washing hand. Hospitals and Care homes are same like the hotels. Individual rooms should be served with all the available building service. The homely presence of the rooms is must. It is necessary to maintain the proper building services. Offices and Factories: For singular office space the installation would be simple and for multiple office space it would quite difficult for the installation of water services. The workers should be provided with both heat and cold water. Factories are also similar to the office structure. Some of the factories will involve in the manufacturing process with the use of water. Such industry should be designed with more distribution channels. 6.2.2 Gas Services: The final size and use of the building should be taken carefully for providing this service. The gas service is also classed again as domestic and commercial purpose. Domestic: The direct supply of gas to the kitchen is made through the supply pipe. In modern construction the meter to notice the usage of gas amount is been installed outside, where in older buildings it was installed inside the building. The supply is from the ground surface. Commercial: In commercial buildings the supply of gas should be designed with the maximum load. For this the nob of all the gas inlets should be opened at the same time to calculate the maximum load of supply. This load should be taken into account for selecting the size of the pipe. 6.2.3 Electricity: Domestic: A common meter box is provided at the outside of the building and the total usage of electricity is determined. Then the 60 amp fuse is fixed with a users meter to monitor the single consumer usage. Providing electricity is similar as the gas service. There are three types of circuits available they are ring 7

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circuits, lighting circuits and radials. The supply of power should be made using these circuits. These circuits are also use to control the supply of electricity. Commercial: It is same as the gas service. The maximum load should be calculated to meet the high usage of power supply. According the maximum load the company should decide about the installation of new substation. A large cable is used and it connected with the consumer meter for the further supply. 6.2.4 Drainage: Domestic: There are two type of water collected in the drainage system. They are foul water and surface water. Domestic foul water is collected using 32 mm sized pipes from bathrooms, kitchens, and wash basins. The water is collected to the underground pipe and passes through the big sewage pipes that reaches the sewage treatment plant. Commercial: It is same as like the other services. The maximum demand should be calculated before designing the size of the drainage system. The material of the pipe will also influence the building service specifications. The choice of materials should be done with greater care. Some of the materials that are used in current period are UPVC, Clay and Salt Glazed pipes. Surface water: It is similar in both domestic and commercial dwellings. The catchment area is to calculated to choose the suitable pipe size. The collected water should be run through the surface water collection pit. If the surface water links with the drainage system then it would be in a greater risk during the period of rainy season. 6.2.5 Telecommunication Systems: All the telecommunication systems are built in a same manner as like other services. The domestic and commercial purpose may change the design and installation method. 7. TASK C 7.1 Introduction: The larger construction methods influence the cost of the construction and the quality of the building. The clients are not ready to trust any of the consultants and the constructors. It is all because of the compromise in quality of the building and expecting for a larger profit. The main of this task C is to find out the financial implications in selecting materials and building services. How the selection of materials and building services, quality, quantity of the materials influence the overall cost of the building is also discussed in this report. The objectives are: 1. To identify the financial implications. 2. To identify the influence of selection of materials and services in overall cost. 8

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3. To identity that how the building quality and quantity affects the overall cost of the building.

7.2 Financial Implications of selecting building materials and Services: The construction budget of the client should be noticed. The designed structure and the specification of building services and the selection of materials should satisfy the budget of the client. At the same time the quality of the construction should not be satisfied of using low cost materials that are without specific range of design code qualities. If the material and services selected with higher cost that is 2 to 3 times more than a client specified cost, then the client will reject the work immediately. The compromised price should be quoted and it should also satisfy the client’s requirements. The client is mentioned to use second hand yellow stock bricks for the brick work involved in the structure. If we choose the first hand yellow stock brick or any other types of bricks it will influence the estimated cost of the building. The selection of building service may be lowered in the case of domestic dwellings. The building services mentioned in the section () are the options with specified features. It can be used for selecting the service of the building. 7.3 Factor Influencing the Overall Cost of the Building: There are several factors that affects the overall cost of the building, they are: 7.3.1 Material Selection: The selected materials for the construction process should be done with the nearby available materials from the location of the site. The maximum transportation cost should be reduced to control the overall cost of the building. The structural engineer and an architect should analyze for the nearby available materials. Then the design should be developed for the new building. Our client requirement is also important in selecting the building materials. The demand of materials should be fulfilled within a short period. Poor purchase plan will affect the overall building cost. The suppliers will influence the supply in a larger extent. Some of the members will create the scarcity of the materials to increase the market price. This should be carefully managed by the data management sector. 7.3.2 Incorrect Planning: It is the important factor that affects the cost of construction. The contractors should be aware of all the available resources and the materials and services that are used in the project. The need of materials and the availability of the used materials should be recorded carefully. Proper maintenance is necessary regarding the materials and building services. 7.3.3 Poor Financial Control on Site: On site the project finance should be in control even though it is not an easy task. The resources like material availability, good and effective methods, labor productivity, use of effective tools, proper project scheduling and planning. 7.3.4 Quality and Quantity: The quality of the building materials and the services should be maintained. The compromise in the building quality will give bad result for our company name. The quantity of selecting the building materials is important task. The selection of building material should meet all the demand of the building services. 9

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8. Conclusion: The factor affecting the specification of building materials and the services will result in the bad reputation for our company. It would not be able to secure the finance of the project because of the implications of the high cost constructions. The clear understandings of both larger and smaller building structures are made in this report. The used services to construct the building is also specified and clearly explained. How the specification of the building gets affected by the final cost is clearly mentioned and summarized. The selection of materials and services are also justified using the source of internet. Effective and creative thinking has been done for developing the report. The problems are explained and an alternative choice of service or building material is suggested by providing more than one choice of material or a service. References: 1. Factors Affecting Cost Of Construction. [Online source] http://eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/346/1/PAT_MSc_1.pdf 2. Saaty, T.L. The Analytic Hierarchy Process, McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1980. 3. Rahman S. Perera S. Proceedings of 24th Annual ARCOM Conference, Cardiff, UK.

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