Transportation Planning and Infrastructure Delivery in Major Cities and Megacities: Selected Issues for Shaping Solutions to the Emerging Urban Form

Adjo A. Amekudzi, Linda Thomas-Mobley, Catherine Ross

Georgia Institute of Technology

Outline „

Background/Motivation

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Pressure points in urban landscape

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Opportunities for change

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Conclusions

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Background „

Two out of three people will live in urban areas by 2030. – The world’s population, 6.5 billion, is increasingly concentrated in urban areas.

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Megacities are cities with over 10M people. – Tokyo, Mexico City, Sao Paolo, New York, Bombay.. – 5 megacities in 1975 vs. 26 megacities in 2015

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A megaregion is a contiguous region that comprises multiple major cities or megacities. Transportation Planning and Infrastructure Delivery in Major Cities and Megacities

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Motivation „

Current infrastructure planning and procurement approaches may outgrow their effectiveness. – In terms of preserving the quality of life gains in megacities and some major cities where growth rates are the highest

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The emergence of megacities and megaregions may call for a broader vision and planning framework. Transportation Planning and Infrastructure Delivery in Major Cities and Megacities

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Objectives „

To articulate major pressure points expected with the emergence and growth of major and megacities – Scope (physical and temporal) for long-range transportation planning – Approaches used for reporting on the quality of infrastructure – Public-private partnerships and their legal obstacles in moving toward a megacity/regional paradigm for infrastructure planning and delivery Transportation Planning and Infrastructure Delivery in Major Cities and Megacities

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Need for Supra-Regional Planning Efforts „

Transportation systems in megacities/regions – Urban Growth and Quality of Life – Planning at a Supra-Regional Level – Assessing and Reporting on Infrastructure Quality – Infrastructure Finance and Public Private Partnerships

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Urban Growth and Quality of Life „

U.S. has at least two megacities and several major cities. – New York-New Jersey-Pennsylvania (18 million) – Los Angeles–Long Beach–Santa Ana (12 million)

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“Transportation agencies in major, highlycongested metropolitan areas will need to fundamentally rethink the kinds of solutions that make sense.” – Public-private-partnership models for road pricing and bus rapid transit (BRT) initiatives Transportation Planning and Infrastructure Delivery in Major Cities and Megacities

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Urban Growth and Quality of Life „

Infrastructure challenges will appear/intensify with the growth of megacities. – Average congestion cost of $325M in 13 largest metropolitan areas, as of 2003. – 25% of children live in areas regularly exceeding the U.S. EPA’s ozone limits – Water conflicts in Georgia, Florida, and Alabama

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Need supra-regional efforts in search of fartherreaching or more sustained solutions not only preserving but enhancing the quality of life of growing urban communities Transportation Planning and Infrastructure Delivery in Major Cities and Megacities

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Planning at a SupraRegional Level (1) „

Evolution of Transportation Planning (TP) – – – – –

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Classical TP (50s and 60s) Neoclassical or Open TP (early 70s) Fragmented TP(1975 - 80s) Consolidated TP (From the mid-80s onward ) Congestion reduction and quality of life improvement through integrated transportation and land use planning and decision making (90s - )

Planning approaches must evolve over time to meet changing needs. – May require a paradigm shift Transportation Planning and Infrastructure Delivery in Major Cities and Megacities

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Planning at a SupraRegional Level (2) „

Application of scenario planning methods – –

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Incorporating uncertainty Used to develop plausible scenarios and plan for robust outcomes independent of which scenario actually emerges in the future.

Several states and MPOs are undertaking incremental innovations to visioning, goals and objectives setting, performance measurement, application of emerging analysis tools, and development of formal and informal partnerships. Transportation Planning and Infrastructure Delivery in Major Cities and Megacities

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Planning at a SupraRegional Level (3) „

Longer timeframes and broader geographic scopes in Megacities/regions – 40 years for sustainability-oriented planning

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6,400-km (4,000-mi) Trans-Texas Corridor – 145-billion dollar megaproject – Public-private partnership (PPP) taking 50 years – Addresses both passenger and freight needs and opportunities for multiple metropolitan areas

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Collaborative planning between/among multiple states is necessary to fully address transportation needs and opportunities. Transportation Planning and Infrastructure Delivery in Major Cities and Megacities

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Assessing and Reporting on Infrastructure Quality „

Common Infrastructure Reporting Initiatives – ASCE Infrastructure Report Card – Government Performance Project (GPP)

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Should incorporate planning elements (inputs and outcomes) in infrastructure evaluation – Include the range of inputs considered critical to

achieve intended goals for the infrastructure system – Address not only the symptoms but dominant causes or influences of infrastructure performance

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In an era of rapid change, performance measurement systems must include both inputbased and output-based indicators and measures. Transportation Planning and Infrastructure Delivery in Major Cities and Megacities

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Infrastructure Finance and Public Private Partnerships (1) „

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Demographic trends increase pressures on the public funds available for providing infrastructure and public services. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are becoming more common for financing or otherwise procuring infrastructure facilities. – – – –

Chicago Skyway Orange County SR 21 (California) Virginia Interstate Routes for Asset Management Atlanta I-75 HOT Expansion

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Infrastructure Finance and Public Private Partnerships (2) „

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PPPs involve long term relationships between the public and private sector to accomplish explicit objectives. Growing number of states have enacted or are in the process of enacting supporting legislation for PPPs. – Alabama, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia…

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Changing PPP legal framework reflects a growing general willingness to create legal environments that support PPPs. Transportation Planning and Infrastructure Delivery in Major Cities and Megacities

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Criteria for Adaptation (1) „

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Current transportation-related quality of life of the major city or megacity community Willingness of planning officials to take leadership in developing formal/informal measures or partnerships Extent to which the current performance measures used in evaluating the system capture appropriate planning inputs Proactive leadership taken by executive-level transportation officials and their political decision makers Transportation Planning and Infrastructure Delivery in Major Cities and Megacities

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Criteria for Adaptation (2) „

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Current and expected growth rates of the metropolitan areas Initiative of planning leaders with their political decision makers to identify supra-regional opportunities Broader federal role for establishing a new vision for the nation’s transportation system – Recognizing the efforts of different regions – Providing cohesive guidance and standards

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Conclusions „

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Infrastructure demands will continue to outpace the ability of traditional systems of long-range transportation planning and funding mechanisms. A paradigm shift is needed beyond piecemeal and transient improvements to address congestion. – Broader geographic and temporal frames of reference for planning – Broader range of performance measures and indicators – Public sector’s clear commitment to PPP – Leadership at federal and state levels Transportation Planning and Infrastructure Delivery in Major Cities and Megacities

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