ThorCon: Powering Up Our World Status Report Service ship Can  Turbine/generator halls Decay heat passive cooling Underground fission plant ThorCon, http://thorconpower.com/, [email protected] Dane Wilson presenting October 5, 2016 Molten Salt Reactor Workshop 2016

ThorCon Is a Block Constructed, Passively Safe, Molten-Salt, Fission Power Plant  Based on MSR technology, proven in the 1960s  Uses low-cost shipyard block construction

Hellespont Fairfax 1 GW ThorCon size compared

Devanney Ultra Large Crude Carrier cost $89 million, built in 10 months

1 GWe fission island consisting of 4 paired Cans ThorCon 2

Low Cost, Rapid Construction Is Essential To Meeting Growing Electricity Consumption 1500

1250

Per capita electricity use (watts)

 Power needs of 5,040 GW  High-precision steelfabrication builds ships for $2,000 per ton  A small shipyard can build 10 1-GW ThorCon power plants a year

North America 1509 watts/person 350 million people

7200 M people x 700 W = 5,040 GW

1000

750

500

5 2 8

European Union 701 W 510 M

G W

250

0

World Bank data

China 397 W 1360 M 35 8 G W 540 GW

700 W EU lifestyle

Mid East & N Africa 321 W Lat Amer & Carib 420 M 236 W 630 M India 85 W 1300 M

South Asia 75 W 1720 M

Sub S Africa 58 W 970M

World population 7200 million people

http://www.shiptechnology.com/projects/hyundaiheavy-industries-ulsankorea/hyundai-heavy-industriesulsan-korea1.html

ThorCon 3

Base Cost* Is Estimated To Be Less Than For Coal Westinghouse Electricity Project AP1000 Interest rate 8.00% Capital cost, $millions 16000 Generating capacity, MW 2200 Lifetime, years 40 Capacity factor 0.9 Capital cost per kWh** $0.077 Operating cost estimate Fuel cost Total cost per kWh

0.01 0.007 $0.094

ThorCon 8.00% 1200 1000 40 0.9 $0.013

Coal (high) 8.00% 2200 800 40 0.8 $0.033

Coal (low) 8.00% 1800 1200 40 0.8 $0.018

0.0056 0.005 $0.024

0.0049 0.0145 $0.052

0.0049 0.0145 $0.037

* Base cost: power only; excludes fees, taxes, licenses, R&D, corporate management, investor return, … ** Excel PMT function (interest rate, lifetime, cost) / capacity factor ThorCon 4 Riau 800-1200 MW coal plant $1.8-2.2 billion www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2015/11/10/indon-coal-plant-for-msia/

“Can” Modularity (250 MWe) Is Integral To ThorCon And Allows Materiel Transport Shipyard builds new power plants (PP) Barge to PP site (around 20 barge loads per GW) http://www.shiptechnology.com/projects/hyundaiheavy-industries-ulsankorea/hyundai-heavy-industriesulsan-korea1.html

PP sites (1 GW site shown) 1,000-20,000 GW total

Canship delivers new Cans and takes old Cans back for recycling. Also transports new fuel and returns spent fuel. One round trip every four years to each 1GWe site. Can recycling center cleans and inspects cans, replace graphite, stores offgas and graphite wastes. Similar to a shipyard.

Secure site stores spent fuel (dry cast) for possible future processing.

ThorCon’s Heart Is The Can Which Contains: 7m

 Pot ♦ Pressure: 3.5 bar ♦ Temperature: inlet of 564°C and outlet of 704°C ♦ Graphite moderator ♦ Some Th converts to U-233, U-238 to Pu-239

 Pump

Pump

P H X

12 m

POT

♦ Fuelsalt pumped at ~ 3000 kg/s • 14 sec loop time

 Primary Heat Exchanger (PHX) ThorCon 6

ThorCon Employs Three Salt Loops

supercritical turbine 44% thermal efficiency

ThorCon 7

ThorCon Is Fuel And Salt Flexible Mission

Salt 12% HM

Startup Heavy metal (%)

Makeup Th plus

U distribution (%)

U distribution (%)

Th

U

U233

U235

Other

U233

U235

U238

Self generated fuel (%)

1) Initial tests

NaBe

0

100

0

3

97

0

5

95

30

2) Economic baseline

NaBe

82

18

0

20

80

0

20

80

50

3) Better fuel utilization

FLiBe

82

18 0 20 80 Near future. No changes to system.

0

20

80

60

4) Best fuel utilization *

FLiBe

82

18 12 0 88 12 0 More distant future. Changes to system required.

88

Almost 100

* Possible future: Separate of seeker fission products + Pu, Am, Cm. Plutonium goes to a fast reactor and LEU U233 returns. Makeup is almost all thorium.

Neutronics Modeling Is In A State Of Flux  Neutronics and burnup modeled with both MCNP and Serpent  ThorCon DNA design control system allows changes to flow to documentation and model preprocessors, facilitating design experimentation  Moderator mounting system allows graphite changes with temperature and fluence  Strongly negative temperature coefficient throughout fuel cycle, even on NaBe  Load response via pump speed confirmed ThorCon 9

Fission Product Removed Via Off-gas System  Recovery involves He sweep, hold-up tanks, charcoal delay ♦ Low turbulence flows

 Gases (Kr, Xe)

♦ Removed by spray bubbling ♦ 216 kg/GWe-yr

 Noble metals (Nb-Te)

♦ Plate out into OGR and PHX ♦ 234 kg/GWe-yr

 Solubles (Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Cs-Gd, Pu-Cm)

P H X

Pump

POT

O G R

♦ Stay in the salts ♦ 409 kg/GWe-yr

 Trifluorides approach saturation in fuel salt after 8 years ThorCon 10

ThorCon Design Allows For Tritium Control  Beryllium is the tritium source: 9Be(n,alpha)  6Li(n,alpha)  3H + alpha  Tritium migrates through hot metal surfaces such as the PHX  Tritium is gettered in each sealed gas space  Solar salt (NaNO3, KNO3) third loop will capture the last of the tritium ThorCon 11

ThorCon Is Walk-away Safe Safety is intrinsic from physics, not addon safety systems

Pump

Low pressure reactor vessel

♦ Even in power blackout

Radioactive fuel salt at low pressure ♦ No energy for significant dispersion

Fluoride salt chemically locks up hazardous fission products Cs-137, Sr-90

Fuelsalt drain tank ThorCon 12

Silo cooling wall

Any break will drain reactor fuel to cold shutdown Fuelsalt Drain Tank (FDT) Decay heat is removed by silo cooling wall continuous passive water circulation

Heat exchanger

♦ Overheating stops chain reaction

Layered, Passive Decay Heat Cooling Is Employed  On station black-out ♦ Sentry turbine handles decay heat • Avoids drain

 On Sentry turbine failure ♦ Loop overheats, fuse valve thaws, primary loop drains to FDT  On drain at full power to FDT ♦ Always-on membrane wall cools • After ~3h, temperature peaks at 975°C – 450°C below boiling point

 Nothing the operator can do to prevent the drain and cooling

975°C @ ~ 3h T e m p e r a t u r e

H e a t

K W

° C

Time ThorCon 13

Additionally, The Silo Wall Is Continuously Passively Cooled  Silo wall can cool 30 MWt ♦ Max decay heat is 5 MWt

 Pond has 72 days worth of water ♦ 180 days with wet towers

 Basement water adds over a year of walkaway safety ThorCon 14

ThorCon Has 3 To 4 Radioactivity Transport Barriers

1. 2. 3. 4.

Primary Loop Piping Can/Drain Tank Silo Cavity Silo Hall 3’ 2’

1’

3 2

1

4

1’ Primary HX 2’ SHX Loop 3’ SHX Cell

Likely Demonstration Site Is Indonesia  ThorCon discussing test-then-license with regulator  Site selection initiated by Indonesia  ThorConIsle prototype will be built on a hull, pretested, towed to Indonesia, settled near shore, and powered up ♦ Water depth 5-10 m ♦ Allows for changes to prototype at shipyard and siting flexibility ♦ Lower-cost land-based version will be available http://endcoal.org/tracker/

Passive cooling

Turbine hall

Bangka ThorCon site?

Fission reactors ThorCon 16

The ThorCon Indonesia Project Has 6 Phases Phase

Task

Milestone

Bid

Complete engineering

Bids in hand

Pre-fission

Build, test unfueled prototype on hull in shipyard

Tests complete

$120 million

Construction

Add turbine-generator, switchgear, Cans; contract fuel

Ready to tow hull

$520 million

Prototype

Tow to Indonesia, fuel, test

Power to grid

$65 million

Power-up

Increase power to 250+ MW

License for +3 GW

$65 million

Production

Build 3 GW more plants

Revenue from +3 GW

Bid

Month 0

6

Pre-fission

12

18

24

Construction

30

36

42

48

Prototype

54

Investments $10 million

Power-up

60

66

borrowing

Production

72

78

84 1790 ThorCon

Summarizing As Two 500 MW ThorConIsles Are Serviced by a CanShip

Can  turbine/generator halls

underground fission plant

ThorCon 18

ThorCon: Powering Up Our World Status Report

Oct 5, 2016 - ThorCon 2. ThorCon Is a Block ... 2. 8. G. W. 35. 8. G. W. World population 7200 million people. P er c apita elec tric ity us ... ulsan-korea1.html ...

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