Piers Ruston Messum University College London April 2007
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Abstract Timing patterns and the qualities of speech sounds are two important aspects of pronunciation. It is generally believed that imitation from adult models is the mechanism by which a child replicates them. However, this account is unsatisfactory, both for theoretical reasons and because it leaves the developmental data difficult to explain.
I describe two alternative mechanisms. The first explains some timing patterns (vowel length changes, ‘rhythm’, etc) as emerging because a child’s production apparatus is small, immature and still being trained. As a result, both the aerodynamics of his speech and his style of speech breathing differ markedly from the adult model. Under their constraints the child modifies his segmental output in various ways which have effects on speech timing; but these effects are epiphenomenal rather than the result of being modelled directly.
The second mechanism accounts for how children learn to pronounce speech sounds. The common, but actually problematic, assumption is that a child does this by judging the similarity between his own and others’ output, and adjusting his production accordingly. Instead, I propose a role for the typical vocal interaction of early childhood where a mother reformulates (‘imitates’) her child’s output, reflecting back the linguistic intentions she imputes to him. From this expert, adult judgment of either similarity or functional equivalence, the child can determine correspondences between his production and adult output. This learning process is more complex than simple imitation but generates the most natural of forms for the underlying representation of speech sounds. As a result, some longstanding problems in speech can be resolved and an integrated developmental account of production and perception emerges.
Pronunciation is generally taught on the basis that imitation is the natural mechanism for its acquisition. If this is incorrect, then alternative methods should give better results than achieved at present.
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Table of Contents ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................................................2 ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................................................8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................................................9
CHILDREN ..............................................................................................................................................41
CONCEPTS IN SOCIAL LEARNING ..........................................................................................................129
13.2.1
Distinguishing mimicry, pantomime and ‘purposive’ copying ..................................................130
13.2.2
Two types of ‘imitation’: how a model might be used to solve the correspondence problem when
signals are transparent.................................................................................................................................133 13.3
‘IMITATING’ SPEECH SOUNDS (1): PROBLEMS WITH LEARNING TO IMITATE BY MIMICRY .....................136
13.4
‘IMITATING’ SPEECH SOUNDS (2): PROBLEMS WITH RE-ENACTMENT BASED ON JUDGMENTS OF
APPENDICES ......................................................................................................................................................206 APPENDIX A KNEIL (1972) “SUBGLOTTAL PRESSURES IN RELATION TO CHEST WALL MOVEMENT DURING SELECTED SAMPLES OF SPEECH”...................................................................207 APPENDIX B CALEB GATTEGNO (1911-1988)..........................................................................................212 APPENDIX C GATTEGNO (1985:6-21), EXTRACT FROM “THE LEARNING AND TEACHING OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES”.................................................................................................................................214
adult judgment of either similarity or functional equivalence, the child can determine correspondences ...... Analysis (probably) of variable data of this kind from a range of speakers. 3. .... that ultimately produce them, including changes in respi
I, Piers Ruston Messum, declare that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where ... both for theoretical reasons and because it leaves the developmental data difficult to explain ...... Motor, auditory and proprioceptive (MAP) information.
The second mechanism accounts for how children learn to pronounce speech sounds. ...... In the next chapter, I will describe a number of mechanisms which account ...... (Spanish, for example, showing a reduced effect compared to English.) ...
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Embodiment, not imitation, leads to the replication of timing phenomena ... The developmental data does not support these assumptions, and an imitative ...
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