International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

The Quality Of Nutrients Floc To Performance Catfish In Technology Biofloc Nadya Adharani1*, Kadarwan Soewardi2, Agung Dhamar Syakti3, Sigid Hariyadi4 1

Fisheries Product Technology, Faculty Of Agriculture, PGRI Banyuwangi University, Banyuwangi 68416, Indonesia 2,4 Aquatic Resources Management Department , Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia 3 Marine Sciences Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto 53122, Indonesia * The author of Correspondence: E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Aquaculture sector in Indonesia with bioflok technology, continues to evolve until this day, one of the purposes of the application of bioflok is the national food reinforcement efforts. These efforts were supported by making short process of the cultivation until produce fish which is ready to consume, so it needed good nutrition to support the performance of the fish in its growth. The purposes of bioflok technology in the research are to knowing the quality of the flok as source of feed to the performance of the best fish, such as growth, survival rate (SR), food chain ratio (FCR), and feed efficiency. The object of the test is the catfish and Consortium bacteria Bacillus megaterium, (BM), Supernit (SP), Depok165 (DP165), Kayajaga (KJ), by comparing the cultivation without biofloc technology. The results of research showed that with technology bioflok growth of catfish better than without biofloc technology. SP is the best Consortium produces levels of proksimat such as protein and fat, with each score 25.3% and 21%, therefore catfish grow with the best performance compared to other treatments, the average growth of catfish is 136.99 gr, SR is 83.3%, FCR is 0.89 and EP is 111% whereas cultivation without bioflok technology produces the lowest growth 109.74 gr. Keywords : The quality of floc, performance fish, biofloc

INTRODUCTION Catfish cultivation is familiar fresh water aquaculture in Indonesia. That is because catfish can give high productions in quict time and has rapid growth. The supporting factor for catfish aquaqulture are quality quantity size and sheep of feed. Nutritional content of food is influence the quality of food. That is because it serves as the main source of energy and it is expected to enhance fish growth and optimize the survival rate. One of the effort to improve the quality and quantity of feed is biofloc technology by optimizing nutrition floc as natural feed. Biofloc technology was instrumental for growing bacteria autotroph or heteretrof in outdoor cultivation to utilize nitrogen wastes into high-protein food feed by adding carbon sources in order to increase the ratio C/N (Rosenberry 2006). If carried out intensive cultivation then it will cause the high ammonia-nitrogen metabolism of biota and feed become the limiting factor to increase production (Ebeling et al. 2006), so that the role of bacteria is able to transform waste ammonia-nitrogen into bacterial biomass potential as a natural feed. In this system, heterotrophic bacteria that grows with high

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International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

density as a bioreaktor that control water quality especially concentrations of N and as a source of protein for the organisms observed. The formation of biofloc with bacteria aims to improve nutrient utilization, avoid stress environment and predation (de Schryver et al. 2008). Floc formed over a mixed type of microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoa, rotifers, filaments, suspended particles, the various organic polymers and colloids, even various cations and dead cells (de Schryver et al. 2008, Verstraete et al. 2007; Azim et al. 2007; Ekasari 2008, Adharani et al. 1999). The composition of organisms in floc will affect the structure and the content of nutritional floc (Izquierdo et al. 2006; Ju et al. 2008). Ju et al. 2008 reported that bioflok dominated by bacteria and green microalga contain higher protein (38 and 42% protein) than the biofloc dominated by diatoms (26%). Biofloc technology's role in improving the quality and quantity of feed nutrient through flok, one of which happened because the role becteria. Heterotrophic bacteria autotroph and incorporated in media water cultivation have mechanisms in generating some digestive enzymes to feed such as amylase, protease, lipase and selulose. These enzymes hydrolyze nutrient which will help feed (complex molecules), such as breaking down carbohydrates, proteins and fats into simpler molecules that will ease the process of digestion and absorption in the digestive tract of fish. One of the types of bacteria are used in the bioflok to maintain water quality and improve the quality of feed is Bacillus megaterium (Otari & Gosh 2009; Suprapto & Samtafsir 2013; Adharani et al. 2016), therefore the research done was maintenance of catfish (Clarias sp.) in biofloc technology. The purpose of this research is to analyze the quality of floc as efforts improving the quality and quantity of natural feed so that nutrients are expected to enhance growth in order for fish and cerna survival be optimum, so as to speed up the activities of cultivation, reduce operational costs, and economic value. The bacteria used are single isolates, cultures of B. megaterium and several commercial probiotic ((a) P165; (b) the SP; (c) KJ) as well as comparison is the maintenance of the catfish without biofloc technology.

MATERIALS AND METHOD This research was carried out in November 2014 – April 2015 in the laboratory of physiology of aquatic animals, laboratory Productivity and environmental Resource 178

International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Management

Department

Waters

Waters,

Laboratory

Animal

Biotechnology

PPSHB-PAU Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. Preparation of container-sized Aquarium Fish maintenance using a length of 29 cm, 29 cm wide and 40 cm high which has been washed clean, then filled the water approximately 15 liters and equipped the installation aerator. Catfish used measures 4-5 cm with a tail 30 density per Aquarium. Fish kept for 42 days with the frequency of twice a day feeding with the feeding rate of 5% in the morning and in the afternoon of 3% of the biomass of fish weights. Stages of research consists of several stages of another description, preliminary study and research. Preliminary research consists of several stages, among other 1) growth curve of B. megaterium to get death phase, where the death is a phase reference time that is in the process of making media liquid bacteria as the addition of probiotics in the treatment (Anggraeni 2014). This process is done because the frequency of addition of commercial probiotics (SP, P165, KJ) follow the directions of the respective packaging. Knowing the growth curve of B. megaterium with TPC method every 12 hours for 72 hours (Adharani, 1999); 2) manufacture of liquid culture i.e. stock of b. megaterium dikultur akuades TSB media and then incubated using waterbath shaker during the time taken in the death curve results obtained from pertumbuh; 3) determination of addition of molasses refers to Avnimelech et al. 2012, with a value of protein feed used 29.35%, amounting to the value of carbon used molasses of 66.01% and C: N ratio (15:1). The experiment consists of five treatments with 3 repeats, including: control (without the use of molasses and bacteria); liquid culture of B. megaterium and molasses; Probiotics 165 (L. plantarum, B. subtilis, B. lichenoformis) and molasses; Probiotic supernit (Nitrobacter sp., Nirosomonas sp., and Bacillus sp.); and molasses; Probiotic kayajaga (B. aquimaris, B. megaterium, B. subtilis, B. pumillus) and molasses. Some of them, analysis of test perameter proksimat floc, growth, viability (SR), food chain ratio (FCR), feed efficiency, and kepadaan bacteria, as well as the observed water quality measurements are dissolved oxygen, temperature and pH. Floc proksimat analysis carried out at the end of the study. Floc water deposition results obtained from the use of maintenance as much as 2 Liters falcon tubes. Analysis of proksimat include: protein, fat content, BETN (material extracts without nitrogen), water levels, and the levels of ash (AOAC 1995). Growth of fish include measurements

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International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

of length and weight of the fish, while survival to find out the percentage of the number of fish that died and was still alive until the trial is completed, calculation using the equation based on Zonneveld et al. 1991, i.e. as follows : SR =

No − Nt X 100 % No

Description : Nt = The number of individuals day t No = The initial number of individuals (g) Calculation of the food conversion ratio (FCR) to know the effectiveness of the feed given to fish against growth, calculation using the equation based on pleasure and Cruz (2001) namely the following: FCR =

∑P Wt − Wo

Description : FCR = Food chain ratio (g) ∑P = The amount of feed for maintenance (g) Calculation of efficiency of fodder for to know the effectiveness of the feed given to the biota of the relationship the conversion ratio of feed, the calculation using NRS 1979 based on equations, namely the following: EP =

Wt − Wo ∑P

Descripstion: EP = Feed efficiency (%) Wt = Weight of fish of day t (g) Wo = Initial weight of fish (g) ∑P = Amount of feed given during the research (g) Data processing with the help of SAS 9.2 software and data obtained using the method of RAL in time because the experiment is performed repeatedly at different times during the trial period, where the observations are considered as a factor of additional observations (Widiharih 2001).

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International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

RESULTS AND DISCUSION Performance Of Flok Here is a picture of the performance of flok formed was 30 days:

Description :

b

a

c

a. b. c. d.

Control Supernit Probiotik-165 B. megaterium e. Kayajaga

e

d

Figure 2. Floc performance maintenance day 30 Observation on growth of floc progresses daily and increasingly enlarged floc over maintenance occurs. Like floc formed on the 30th day of observance, manifest the presence of lumps in some treatments except the control treatment (a) (Figure 1), the formation of flok (Tufts) on the treatment of bioflok showed that the bacteria in pond maintenance can form floc next can be used as fish feed (Crab et al. 2010), so that the system can be used as an alternative to biofloc as natural feed. Following are the results of the analysis of proksimat water media floc maintenance Table 1. Floc proksimat media analysis results of the water cultivation Treatment K BM P165 SP KJ

Proksimat analysis Kadar Abu 25.4 22.3 27.1 22.6 23.1

Protein 17 36 31.3 40.7 33.9

Fat 2.7 15.2 15.2 21 8.1

Rugged fiber 32.8 4.5 4.2 3.5 11.8

BETN 22.1 22 22.2 12.2 23.1

Description : BETN = Berat Ekstrak Tanpa Nitrogen

Based on table 1, unknown protein treatment was highest floc SP amounted to 25.3% followed by KJ's treatment amounted to 33.9%. De schryver et al. (2008) explains that the floc contain protein, unsaturated fatty acids, and lipids so it can be used as feed for fish. The quality of protein biofloc protein with almost the same feed, and accumulation of PHB (Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate) which can serve as the value added content of proteins. That is because, PHB or poly beta hydroxy butyric intracellular polymer is produced from several types of microorganisms as a store of energy, rain-like 181

International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

shape or PHB granule surrounded protein and fat (De Schryver and Verstraete 2008). This is evident in the biomass of fish at the treatment end SP is greater compared to the other treatments (table 2). The higher the value the better then flok protein source for fish natural feed so that the impact on the weight of larger fish (Purnomo 2012). The Performance Of A Fish The average biomass catfish per treatment for 42 days has increased over time for maintenance. All the treatment influence different real (P < 0.05) on the increase in weight of the fish (table 2). The end of observation, treatment SP produces biomass of fish with the highest average of 136.99 grams per 25 tail, followed by treatment of 130.92 BM gr per 24 tail, KJ's treatment of 125.59 grams per 10 P165 treatment of tail, 120.98 gr per 21 tail, whereas the control treatment produces fish weights with the lowest average value of 109.74 grams per 23 tail. The high growth of the seed of catfish with SP's treatment is influenced by the higher protein levels compared to other treatments (Tabel1). The following is a table of growth seeds catfish during research in progress. Table 2 Growth of seeds of catfish during research Treatment

Uni t

K

BM

P165

SP

KJ

ΣFish early

tail

30

30

30

30

30

ΣThe final fish The weight of fish early The weight of fish final

tail

23

24

21

25

22

gr

1,18±0,13

1,43±0,24

1,27±0,03

1,44±0,03

1,36±0,14

gr

4,77±0,77

5,46±0,53

5,26±0,60

5,48±0,15

5,23±0,53

The first biomass

gr

The final biomass

gr

35,39±3,97 109,74±17,82

42,82±7,25 130,36±12,82

38,11±0,89 120,98±13,76

43,24±0,93 136,99±3,64

40,94±4,32 125,59±12,64

∆ Biomass

gr

74,35

87,54

82,87

93,75

84,65

Parameters

b

a

c

a

b

Superscript symbols indicate different degrees of real test 0.05%

Every treatment appears to be that the growth of catfish grow normally until the end of the study. The magnitude of the weight of fish in each grant of bacteria than the control indicated that with the implementation of the biofloc, the presence of microbial in floc can improve the utilization of natural feed and survival of fish so that the energy obtained from fish feed can be used in optimum (Assaduzzaman et al. 2008). Powered by Fujaya (2004) that the energy produced is used for basal metabolism, activity and growth. Biofloc technology in aquaculture is an effort combining the technique of formation of biofloc as a source of feed for fish. Molasses as carbon source for the bacteria causing flok formed containing a high amount of protein in compare fat, this affect that biofloc 182

International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

can provide essential nutrients to improve fish growth (Crab et al. 2007). Survival Rate The calculation result shows that all treatment occurs a decrease percentage of the day until the 28th day ranges between 83-93%, entered day 42 percentage decline in individual treatment ranged from 70 to 83,3%. But the end of observation of treatment SP shows high survival percentage of 83.3% compared to other treatments (Figure 3). Fish deaths which occurred in this study allegedly due to exposure to ammonia during periods of maintenance. Meanwhile, the high percentage of survival on the SP treatment allegedly due to the influence of the protein treatment SP is high compared to the other treatments (table 8). Azim and Little (2007) confirms that the content of the proksimat value of the floc can raise fish health status so that impact both to the survival. 120%

Prosentase (% SR)

100% K

80%

BM

60%

P165

40%

SP

20%

KJ

0%

(H0-H14)

(H14-H28) Day to-

(H28-H42)

Figure 3 percentage of fish survival rate The Food Chain Ratio and Efficiency of Food Here is a picture 4. The graph of the relationship between the food chain ratio and efficiency of food

Nilai FCR

0.97 0.95

112%

FC R

0.99

111% 110%

0.95

0.93

109% 108%

0.93

107%

0.91 105%

0.89

0.93

106%

0.916 0.89

106% 104%

0.87 0.85

102% K

BM

P-165 Treatment

SP

KJ

Figure 4. The food chain ratio and Efficiency of Food 183

International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Based on Figure 4, giving the bacteria in each treatment has a lower FCR values compared to controls, as well as higher feed efficiency percentage on the grant of preferential treatment compared to control bacteria. The lowest FCR is present on the SP treatment of 0.89 supported with the highest percentage of the value of the EP of 111%. The highest FCR are present in the control treatment of 0.95 with low EP amounting to 105%. The feed conversion ratio or FCR is ratio of number of feed required to produce 1 kg of meat, while fish feed efficiency (EP) is an indicator to find out the effectiveness of a given feed, where both are very concerned against the growth of fish. The lower the value of the FCR also is getting a little fish feed required to produce 1 kg of weight, it is assumed that the more efficient feed is converted into meat (de Scryver et al. 2008). the more affirmed that with the high protein content flok (table 1) produced at the treatment of bacteria, that with bioflok able to depress production costs against fish, whose performance as seen from the results of the value of the feed conversion ratio and efficiency of the feed.

CONCLUSSION Based on the results of research, it can be concluded that the application of the biofloc technology in aquaculture are able to give a positive impact to the fish, as seen from the produce quality flocs with protein and fats are high so that the catfish has such excellent performance rapid growth, low feed conversion ratio, high feed efficiency. Therefore, technology bioflok strongly support activities in strengthening national food.

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International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Ghent University. 178 pp. De Schryver P, Verstraete W. 2008. Nitrogen removal from aquaculture pond water by heterotrophic nitrogen assimilation in lab-scale sequencing batch reaktors. Bioresource Technology. (100): 1162-1167. Ebeling JM, Timmons MB, Bisogni JJ. 2006. Enginering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic and heterotrophic removal of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture 257: 346-358. Fujaya Y. 2004. Fisiologi Ikan. Rineka Cipta, Jakarta Izquierdo M, Foster L, Divakaran S, Conquest L, Decamp O, Tacon A. 2006. Effect of green and clear water and lipid source on survival, growth and biochemical composition of Pasific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannmei. Aquaculture Nutrition 12:192-202. JU ZY, Forster 1, Conquest L, Dominy W, Kuo WC, Horgen FD. 2008. Determination of microbial community structures of shrimp floe amino acid profiles. Aquaculture 39:118-133 Otari SV, Ghosh JS. 2009. Production and characterization of the polymer Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-polyhydroxyvalerat by Bacillus megaterium NCIM 2475. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences. 1(2): 23-26. Suprapto, Samtafsir SL. 2013. Biofloc-165 Rahasia Sukses Teknologi Budidaya Lele. AGRO 165, Depok. Widiharih T. 2001. Analaisis ragam multivariat untuk rancangan acak lengkap pengamatan berulang. Jurnal Matematika dan Komputer. 4(3):139-150. Zonneveld A, Huisman EA, Boon JH. 1991. Prinsip-prinsip Budidaya Ikan. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

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