Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

The factors Affecting Citizens’ Adoption of E-government System in Developing Countries. Nigeria case Study

AnekeO Sampson, Dr. Humayun Bakht, Dr Amare Desta Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Abstract Among the many promises of the egovernment evolution is its potential to strengthen social equality among citizens and make governments service oriented to the needs of their citizens. The purpose of using ICTs in government is to provide information and services online and also to support

consultation

processes

that

encourage active participation of citizens in governance. Citizen requirements are important part of e-government which is the desire to change the way businesses, citizens and tourist interact with government agencies (Mundy and Musa, 2010). It is therefore important to determine the expectations and

desires

of

citizens

from

their

government. This paper presents an assessment of

Technology (UTAUT) model. Out of the 1100 potential respondents, 989 were usable responses and were used for subsequent analysis. The

empirical

data

reveal

that

performance expectancy was considered an insignificant influence on the citizens’ behavioural

intention

government

systems,

to

adopt

while

e-

effort

expectancy and social influence factors have significant positive influence on citizens’ behavioural intention to adopt egovernment. Additionally, this study findings

reveal

that

the

facilitating

conditions are insignificant to the citizens in adopting the e-government system. The implications for decision makers and suggestions for further research are also considered in this study.

factors that affect the adoption of egovernment system in Nigeria using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

governance

readiness

in

developing

countries. 1.0

Introduction

Hence, the implementation and adoption

The importance of the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to improve the efficiency, accountability and transparency of government processes, achieve better public service delivery, and empower citizens by enabling them to participate

in

the

decision-making

promotes important technological, cultural, social,

citizen

participation

and

organisational re-engineering which must be considered and handled carefully by any

government

considering

its

implementation especially in developing countries.

processes of governments through the

Thus, user awareness of these services,

acronym e-governance can never be over

their willingness to use them, and ease of

emphasised.

use all are important factors for the further development

E-government requires a fundamental change

in

the

whole

public

sector

structure, values, culture and the ways of conducting business by utilizing the potential of ICT as a tool in the government

agencies.

Citizens’

requirements for e-government services should be determined and utilised in making decisions over services to be provide via information Technology as against internal choice made with limited consultation (Mundy and Musa, 2010). Efficient e-governance solution potentially transforms the traditional method of government and citizens’ co-operation by creating a new virtual government and citizen

interface

which

poses

more

challenge on citizens’ awareness and e-

of

e-government

(CEC,

2003). In addition to understanding how best to integrate various technologies to supply egovernment services, government leaders also face a second challenge of meeting the demand for citizens that will use the egovernment services. What are the typical behaviours of citizens online? Who is likely to go online to use government services? What types of barriers and obstacles turn people away from going online to use government services? What factors encourage users to feel comfortable with e-government services? Once a person makes a visit online, will they return? Will they encourage other people to use the site or not? Government leaders can only expect to realize the benefits from

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

cost-savings or better service quality if the

government

usage population grows.

developed. The results of this study will

Government organizations are entrusted

help decision makers to gain a better

with responsibilities to be good stewards

understanding of the factors that determine

of information and develop cost effectives

citizens’

means to capture, store, process, and

services.

communicate

information

for citizens

irrespective of skills, language abilities, education religion

level, and

demographic

income.

region,

According

to

services

adoption

are

of

still

being

e-government

2.0 E-government in Nigeria Nigerian government is constantly making efforts

at

achieving

the

millennium

Prattipati (2003), Successful e-government

development goals but lack of probity,

depends on two factors – the willingness

accountability and transparency as well as

of citizens to adopt and use the online

lack of the basic infrastructure is a major

service and the ability of the government

hindrance. Thus, the global and continental

to implement e-government to match the

ranking of Nigeria is abysmally low that

needs of the citizen and web visitor.

smaller countries are high up on the ladder. It is thus obvious that the size of the

Government decision makers, therefore, need an understanding of the factors that would encourage use of electronic service delivery

channels

rather

than

more

traditional service delivery methods. To date,

there

exploring

has

factors

been

little

research

that determine

the

adoption of e-government services by citizens in developing countries, especially in West Africa, and this research aim to address this gap. The study adopted the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model to explore factors that determine the adoption of egovernment services in Nigeria as an example of a developing country where e-

country and her wealth had not translated to

the

However,

well-being the

of

current

the

citizenry.

efforts

of

government as contained in vision 2020 is a

clear

indication

of

her

further

commitment not only to eradicate poverty by 2020 but to have the nation listed among the top 20 economies of the world (Ayo, C. K. 2010).

Nigeria government has since 2001 taken noticeable steps to put the country on track in the area of ICT development and utilization in governance. In March 2001, the Nigeria government launched her National information technology Policy

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

and thereafter began the implementation

The launching of the e-registration of

with

teachers in

the

establishment

Information

Technology

of

National

Development

Nigeria in May 2006 was

the first project undertaken by NeGSt

the

(Adeyemo, 2011). Before 2011 different

private sector in Nigeria was not left

agencies were responsible for various

behind

In

aspects of ICT development in Nigeria.

demonstration of government recognition

But recently, in 2011 Nigeria created a

of private sector as partner in progress a

new

joint venture known as National e-

Technology at the Federal level. The

government

was

ministry is charged with the responsibility

formed. This agency was mandated to

of co-ordinating ICT development, and

create a practical strategy and single

drive the nation’s e-government agenda. It

architecture to guide the evolution of

is noteworthy to state here that many

digital

with

government ministries and department

consistent standards, operating platforms

now have websites even though most of

and

this websites are simply at publishing

Agency

(NITDA).

in

Furthermore,

ICT

integration.

Strategies

government

application

across

Limited

solution

agencies

and

In an effort to enhance e-governance in the

National

e-governance

Strategies Ltd was created in 2004 to oversee the national e-governance project. It is a partnership between NITDA and the private sector, whose goal is to implement the backbone of the Nigerian e-governance infrastructure. (PPP) as a special purpose vehicle. NeGSt’s mandate is to drive the development of Nigeria’s e-governance initiatives, create a practical strategy and single architecture to guide the evolution of digital government solutions with consistent standards, operating platforms and applications across agencies and government systems.

of

Communications

stage which rarely gets updated.

government systems.

Nigeria,

Ministry

Some other components of e-governance have already commenced in Nigeria e.g. the

Nigerian

Customs

Assycuda

Programme, the computerization Resident Permit by the Nigerian Immigration Service, computerization of land and Certificate of Occupancy in the Federal Capital Territory Administration (FCTA). The payroll of some organizations are also being

computerized

online

checking

i.e. of

(e-Payment), West

Africa

Examination Council (WAEC), National Examination Council (NECO) and Joint Admission

and

Matriculation

Board

(JAMB) result as well as National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) postings are part of

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

real time and cost effective services which

infrastructure

are part of e-government. There is

Despite

therefore the need to consolidate and

telephony; most countries in Africa remain

spread it to other services that have not

at the tail end of the digital divide.

been incorporated as well as to the rural areas in Nigeria. NITDA maintained that e-governance reduces waste, saves time and

encourages

simple,

moral,

accountable, responsive and transparent conduct in the delivery of government services.

and

recent

functional

expansion

literacy.

in

mobile

United Nations e-government Survey for 2012, states Nigeria has dropped in egovernment global development index from 0.2687 in 2010 to 0.2676 in 2012, which indicates a decrease in the level of the acceptance by both government and private individuals in the country (UN,

Despite the huge amount of resources that been channelled to the development of egovernment in Nigeria since 2001, there is

2012). 3.0 Literature Review

little evidence or research to suggest that a

The major visitor is the citizen. And

clear framework for the adoption of e-

citizen

government is being followed. According

employees,

to (Yusuf, 2006), e-government activity in

society organizations, non-governmental

Nigeria is low. Most government websites

organizations, media organizations, the

are in the publish stage and a few

international donor community and many

government

the

additional sub-groups. It is difficult to

transact stage. Like many other African

understand the needs of the citizen as a

nations, there are some clear problems

“customer.” Additionally governments are

which influence the implementation of e-

different from commercial organizations

government in Nigeria (Mundy, D., &

and must provide services to all of its

Musa, B. 2010).

citizens instead of to certain privileged

organisations

are

at

African Countries are far behind the rest of the world in e-government readiness. The major challenge for the e-government development in Africa according to United Nation

report

widespread

of

(2012) lack

remains of

the

adequate

can

individuals organizations

be

other

private

or

businesses,

group. are

government civil

Government

entrusted

with

responsibilities to be good stewards of information and develop cost effectives means to capture, store, process, and communicate

information

for citizens

irrespective of skills, language abilities,

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

education religion

level, and

demographic

income.

region,

According

and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and

to

Use of Technology (UTAUT), which

Prattipati (2003), Successful e-government

provide useful insights and implications

depends on two factors – the willingness

for understanding an individual’s intention

of citizens to adopt and use the online

of using e-government services (Titah and

service; and the ability of the government

Barki, 2006).

to implement e-government to match the needs of the citizen and web visitor. It is therefore, important to understand the factors that influence citizens’ adoption of e-government services.

Ajibade et al (2017) investigated egovernment implementation and public service

delivery

Technology

in

Nigeria

Acceptance

using Model

(TAM).They found that Infrastructural deficit, Digital divide, Incessant Power

User acceptance of IT is deemed a

failure,

necessary condition for the effective

Manpower, are the obstacles that hinder

implementation of any IT project. User

the adoption and effective implementation

acceptance is defined as an “initial

of

decision made by the individual to interact

engendered qualitative service delivery in

with the technology” (Venkatesh et al.,

public

2004).

direct

Nigeria(Ajibade, Ibietan and Ayelabola,

experience with the technology and after

2017). They concludes that tackling the

an individual has decided to accept the

obstacles

technology. A number of studies have

implementation is key to the achievement

investigated the adoption of e-government

of better public service delivery. They

services in developed countries (Titah and

recommends that the sensitization of

Barki, 2006), whereas relatively little has

public servants on the importance and

been undertaken in developing countries

benefits of adopting and implementing e-

especially in West African region. Many

governance in their administrative and

prior

organizational

Adoption

studies

are

comes

based

after

mainly

on

and

Low

e-governance

that

sector

to

lead

IT

professional

would

have

organisations

e-governance

processes to

in

adoption,

that

improved

will

technology acceptance theories and models

ultimately

service

such as the Theory of Reasoned Action

delivery in Nigeria among others(Ajibade,

(TRA), the Theory of Planned Behaviour

Ibietan and Ayelabola, 2017). However, in

(TPB), the Technology Acceptance Model

their work they used only qualitative

(TAM) , the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI)

method and relied solely on secondary

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

sources for data collection, and as such, no

However, in the main study, in which

direct encounter with the citizens who are

another group of adults aged 14 to 83 years

the main users of e-government services to

was surveyed, Carter and Belanger (2005)

ascertain the factors that influence their

found

adoption of e-government.

compatibility and trustworthiness were

Carter and Belanger (2003), surveyed 140 students in the US to investigate factors that influence citizens’ adoption of egovernment services. They adopted the DOI and examined what they thought were the most relevant constructs, namely, relative advantage, compatibility, ease of use and image, which affect the intention of citizens to use e-government services. The findings showed that higher levels of relative

advantage,

compatibility

and

image are significantly associated with an increased intention to adopt e-government services. In another study, Carter and Belanger (2003) studied citizens’ adoption of e-government services based on an

that

perceived

ease

of

use,

significant indicators of citizens’ intentions to

use

e-government

services.

A

comparison of the findings of the pilot study with those of the main study showed that

there

were

differences

in

the

determinants of intention to use egovernment

services.

Citizens’

demographic attributes had a strong impact on the factors indicating intention. For example, the findings of the pilot study were influenced by students’ Internet and computer experience, whereas, in the actual study, the familiarity of respondents with

the

e-services

on

which

the

questionnaire questions were based had an influence on the findings.

incorporated

Another study, based on technology

constructs from the TAM and DOI

adoption theories, was undertaken by

theories, and from the Web trust model. In

Hung,

a

was

investigated the public’s acceptance of the

undergraduate

online tax filing and payment system

students in the US. The findings revealed

(OTFPS), an e-government service in

that

relative

Taiwan. Based on TPB, the researchers

were

proposed a comprehensive model to elicit

integrated

pilot

model

study,

administered

to

perceived

advantage,

and

a

that

questionnaire 140

usefulness, compatibility

Chang and Yu (2006),

salient

attitudes

they

significant in increasing citizens’ intention

users’

towards

e-

to use e-government services.

government services using an e-mail questionnaire survey. The study found that perceived

usefulness,

ease

of

use,

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

compatibility,

and education had a significant impact on

external influence, interpersonal influence,

the adoption of e-government services.

self-efficacy and facilitating conditions

The researchers found that males used e-

were critical factors in the adoption of

government information and services more

OTFPS(Hung, Chang and Yu, 2006.

than females, and as the level of education

perceived

risk,

trust,

Dimitrova and Chen (2006) examined the effects of socio-psychological factors on the adoption of e-government in the US by

of survey participants increased, the interaction

with

e-government

also

increased.

combining two theoretical perspectives,

In conclusion, while the literature review

TAM and DOI. The researchers identified

has identified a number of factors that

perceived

determine the adoption of e-government

usefulness,

perceived as

services in developed countries, such as

adoption factors. An online questionnaire

usefulness, ease of use, perceived risk,

was posted to a census-balanced sample of

trustworthiness,

Internet users in the United States. The

influence, Internet safety, interpersonal

findings showed that perceived usefulness,

influence, relative advantage, image and

perceived uncertainty and prior interest in

facilitating conditions, relatively little is

government were associated with the

known about whether these factors apply

adoption of e-government in the US

to developing countries. To address this

(Dimitrova and Chen, 2006).

gap, this study aimed to investigate the

uncertainty

and

civic-mindedness

According to Akman et al (2005), fewer egovernment technology studies have been undertaken

in

developing

compatibility,

external

factors that influence the adoption of egovernment services in Nigeria.

countries

(Akman et al., 2005). They investigated

4.0

the impact of gender and education in the

of Innovations model

Research Model: The Diffusion

use of e-government services in Turkey. The researchers argue that there are differences in gender, education and occupation between people using ICT. Different groups of people were surveyed in the public and private sectors. The findings showed that differences in gender

The Diffusion of Innovations model examines how the use of an innovation such as the Internet to access government services, spreads among a population of users over time. Typically this model distinguishes the general population based

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

on whether an individual dual decides to use egovernment when a service is first introduced or after it has become very popular (Venkatesh et al., 2003). 2003) Early adopters tend to be risk takers and also have the means to be the first to use an egovernment service. Late adopters te tend to be very risk averse and may also lack the means to use an e-government government service. This model is effective to understand how fast different segments of the population are choosing to use an innovation. Figure 1. UTUAT model(Venkatesh (Venkatesh et

In many instances, policy makers would

al., 2003)

like to understand erstand why there are different segments of the population using an egovernment innovation. To help policy makers and government leaders understand more about its citizens, the Unified Theory of the Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) reveals how certain tain individual level factors influence whether or not a citizen will use an e-government government site (Venkatesh et al., 2003).

These theories suggest that among many factors such characteristics as age, gender, income and education play a role in explaining whether web visitor will use an e-government service depending on the extent to which he or she feels comfortable based on: • How likely that using the e-government e service will help an individual to meet their needs (Performance Expectancy); • How easy the site is to use, how motivated they are to use the site versus using other means such as accessing a service in-person (Effort rt Expectancy); • How much family, friends, and others influence his or desire to use e-government e (Social Influence);

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

• How accessible ICTs and Internet access is to each person for using the online

4.2

service (Facilitating Conditions).

In order to verify the construct validity, a

Factor Analysis

factor analysis was conducted utilising These

factors

conceptualized

are

more

as

formerly

Performance

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with the varimax rotation method.

Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Social Influence and Facilitating Conditions.

4.3

4.1

The factor loading for the six constructs

Research Method

Factor Loading

that are loaded. All the items loaded above The survey questionnaire was distributed

(0.40),

which

is

the

minimum

to a total of 1100 citizens between the

recommended value in IS research (Straub,

period of August and December 2016.

2004; Dwivedi et al., 2016). Moreover,

From 1100 questionnaires distributed,

cross-loading of the items was not found

1009 responses were received. Of the 1009

above (0.40).

received responses, 20 questionnaires were discarded because either the respondents gave more than one answer to a question and/or many questions were unanswered. This meant that, from the final sample of 1009 questionnaires, 989 were usable responses and were used for subsequent analysis. The total response rate obtained in this research was (89.8%), which is considered a very good response rate within the field of IS research. Of these 989 usable respondents, the demographic background is as follows: Relating to the respondent‘s gender, (37.1%) of the 989 usable responses were females, while (62.9%) of the total respondents were male.

5.0

Research Analysis

5.1

Performance Expectancy

Performance expectancy describes the extent to which an individual believes that using a system will help him or her attain gains in his or hers human development. Does

using

the

system

improve

opportunities to obtain a job or perform well in his or her job, find and participate in educational activities, and otherwise increase the freedom of users to participate in processes that deeply affect their lives (Walsham 2007)? Findings from this study provide evidence that the performance expectancy factor

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

was considered an insignificant influence

citizens with the skills to use computers,

on the behavioural intention to adopt e-

the internet, and the e-government system.

government systems. This clearly suggests that efforts are required from the egovernment officials and implementers to

5.3

Social Influence

develop the content of the system to be Social influence is defined as the degree to

more useful to citizens.

which 5.2

Effort Expectancy

of ease of using the system. This is based on whether the individual user feels as if a great deal of learning is necessary for using the system, how complex the system functions are, and other issues related to literacy and the use of ICTs.

government adoption of behaviour factor is positive, then citizens are likely to perform online activities (Venkatesh et al., 2003; Al-Gahtani et al., 2007). Findings from this study suggest that the effort expectancy factor has a significant positive influence on the behavioural intention to adopt e-government. The survey findings are consistent with the UTAUT model, which suggests that the presence of constraints might inhibit the behavioural adopt

perceives

that

use the new system. It is awareness messages that are produced and gained via mass media, such as television and newspapers,

friends,

families

are

considered to have an effect that is likely to influence citizens’ intentions to adopt or refuse

technology

(Rogers,

1995;

Venkatesh and Brown, 2001; Dwivedi et

If the effort expectancy factor toward e-

to

individual

important others believe he or she should

Effort expectancy is defined as the degree

intention

an

e-government

(Venkatesh et al., 2003). This also suggests that there is a need to train

al., 2006). In terms of this research, social influence has a positive influence on explaining citizens’ behavioural intention to adopt e-government, and on those who have already adopted e-government but are not satisfied with the project quality. Thus,

governments

should

encourage

citizens to influence their family and relatives who are yet to adopted the egovernment system. In addition, there is need to increase the advertisement and awareness

campaigns

newspapers and

on

television,

government agencies

websites and in different dialects, to convince

the

citizens

to

adopt

e-

government systems. The aforementioned

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

theoretical argument was justified and

ensure the sustainability of the project and

supported by the findings derived from the

its continuation, and security and privacy

research. The results show that social

mechanisms

influence has a positive influence on the

participation and maximise their trust and

perceived behavioural intention to adopt e-

usage. Therefore, it is expected that if

government. Also, social influences are

these items are perceived as high, then e-

assumed to be important in the early stage

government adoption will be high.

of individual’s experience.

that

increase

citizen

This study findings suggest that the facilitating conditions are insignificant to

5.4

the citizens in adopting the e-government

Facilitating Conditions

system.This might be due to lack of availability Facilitating conditions are defined as the degree to which an individual believes that an

organizational

and

technical

infrastructure exists to support use of the system.

Facilitating

conditions

is

considered to be directly related to usage behaviour (Venkatesh et al., 2003). The

of

online

services;

and

challenges in accessibility channels, high cost of broadband, lack of trustand securityto the system, poor government commitment and support, and therefore the government should think about more citizen-centric

services

instead

of

business services.

inclusion of the aspects of technological and organisational environment that are meant to minimise the challenges and barriers that hinder the system use, directly adds to this relation. Examples of these technological

and

organisational

environment aspects include compatibility to the specification of e-government systems and other software and hardware, integration amongst public agencies that would provide full resources to citizens, legislation that would support the citizens using

the

government

e-government commitment

that

system, would

6.0

Discussion and Conclusion

The empirical study from Nigerian citizens’ indicate the importance of government website support systems and

citizen

government

awareness systems

as

about

e-

significant

determinants of the adoption of egovernment services by citizens in Nigeria. As identified in this study, lack of technical

support

for

websites;

non-availability

of

services;

challenges

accessibility

in

government’s online

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

channels, high cost of broadband, lack of trust

and

securityto

governmentsystem,

poor

the

e-government adoption.

e-

government

References

commitment and support,are among strong e-

Ajibade, O., Ibietan, J. and Ayelabola, O.

government services. Thus, addressing

(2017). E - Governance Implementation

these challenges in addition to provision of

and Public Service Delivery in Nigeria:

fast and accurate technical support service

The

will positively influence citizens’ adoption

(TAM) Application. Journal of Public

of e-government services. Citizens may be,

Administration and Governance, 7(4),

understandably,

p.165.

barriers

against

the

adoption

easily

of

deterred

by

Technology

Acceptance

Model

technical failures, so it is very important to

Aladwani, A. (2016). Corruption as a

have a professional team to detect and

source of e-government projects failure in

respond to technical issues and to help

developing

users as soon as possible.

exposition. International

The study result indicates that a lack of

Information Management, 36(1), pp.105-

awareness

112.

and

knowledge

aboute-

countries:

A

theoretical

Journal

of

government services as a significant

Amagoh, F. (2016). Determinants of e-

barrier from the perspective of citizens and

government

IT staff. Therefore, more information

Nigeria. Information Development, 32(4),

about e-government systems and a better

pp.1137-1154.

diffusion

in

understanding of the benefits needs to be provided to Nigeria citizens in order to increase

the

adoption

level

of

e-

government services.

Awiagah, R., Kang, J. and Lim, J. (2016). Factors affecting e-commerce adoption among

SMEs

in

Ghana. Information

Development, 32(4), pp.815-836. The empirical study also reveal that slow and intermittent disconnected Internet services, and lack of steady power supplywere major concern raised by the majority of the citizens. The provision of high speed Internet services by Galaxy

Carter, L. & Bélanger, F. (2003) Diffusion of Innovation and Citizen Adoption of Egovernment Services. The Proceedings of the 1st International E-Services Workshop, 57–63.

Backbone and other ICT providers at a

Carter, L. & Belanger, F. (2005) The

reasonable cost will improve the level of

utilization of e-government

services:

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

citizen trust, innovation and acceptance

Acceptance. International

factors” Information Systems Journal,

Electronic Government Research, 2(3),

(15:1), pp.5-25

pp.23-57.

Macintosh, A., Malina, A. and Whyte, A.

United Nations. (2014). United Nations E-

(2002).

in

government Survey 2014: E-government

Scotland. Communications, 27(2), pp.261-

for the Future We Want. United Nations

278.

Department of Economic and Social

Designing

e-democracy

Mundy, D., & Musa, B. (2010). "Towards

Journal

of

Affairs

e-government

Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G.

development in Nigeria", Electronic .

B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance

Journal of E-government, 8(2), 148—161.

of information technology: Toward a

a

framework

for

Prattipati, S.(2003). "Adoption of Egovernance: Countries Government

Differences in

the

Between

Use

Online

Venkatesh, V., Morris, M., Sykes, T. and Ackerman, P. (2004). Individual Reactions

American Academy of Business, Vol. 3,

to New Technologies in the Workplace:

No. 1, pp. 386-391.

The Role of Gender as a Psychological

G.,

Journal

478

of

Rodrigues,

Services",

of

unified view. MIS Quarterly 27(3), 425-

Sarabdeen,

J.

and

Balasubramanian, S. (2016). Factors that

Construct. Journal

of

Applied

Social

Psychology, 34(3), pp.445-467.

Influence Consumer Adoption of E-

Walsham, G., D. Robey, et al. (2007).

government Services in the UAE: A

"Foreword: Special Issue on Information

UTAUT Model Perspective. Journal of

Systems In Developing Countries." Mis

Internet Commerce, 15(1), pp.18-39.

Quarterly 31(2): 317-326.

Sabi, H., Uzoka, F., Langmia, K. and

Witarsyah, D., Sjafrizal, T., MD Fudzee,

Njeh, F. (2016). Conceptualizing a model

M. and Salamat, M. (2017). The Critical

for adoption of cloud computing in

Factors Affecting e-government Adoption

education. International

in

Journal

of

Indonesia:

A

Information Management, 36(2), pp.183-

Framework. International

191.

Advanced

Titah, R. and Barki, H. (2006). Egovernment

Adoption

Science,

Conceptual Journal

on

Engineering

and

Information Technology, 7(1), p.160.

and

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

Yadav, R., Sharma, S. and Tarhini, A. (2016). A multi-analytical approach to understand

and

predict

the

mobile

commerce adoption. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 29(2), pp.222237. Yigitcanlar, T. and Baum, S., 2008. Egovernment

and

In Electronic Methodologies,

the

Digital

Government: Tools,

Divide. Concepts, and

Applications(pp. 1718-1725). IGI Global.

Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. January 2018

The factors Affecting Citizens' Adoption of E ...

2 Jan 2018 - Journal of computing and management studies ISSN 2516-2047. Issue 1. Volume 2. .... services. 2.0 E-government in Nigeria. Nigerian government is constantly making efforts at achieving the millennium development goals but lack of probity, accountability ..... for adoption of cloud computing in education.

590KB Sizes 2 Downloads 226 Views

Recommend Documents

factors affecting the adoption of
was conceptualized to help minimize competition among local agricultural producers aside from increasing their income. The crops considered for vegetable production scheduling include cabbage, carrot, broccoli, snap beans, cauliflower, bell pepper, p

Factors Affecting the Termination Propensity
Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Tel: (852) 2766 7108; Fax: (852) 2765 0611. Email: [email protected]. 29th August 2005. ABSTRACT ..... involving a high or increasing service component, manufacturers may have expectations of.

Factors Affecting the Presence and Persistence of Plant ...
effects of cropping systems with plants with novel traits. (Floate et al. 2007). ..... 2 BioRad iCycler, Bio-Rad Laboratories, 1000 Alfred Nobel. Drive, Hercules, CA ...

What Factors Drive E-Commerce Adoption? - Semantic Scholar
What factors affect the adoption of e-commerce among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)? In this study, e-commerce adopters are classified according to. White et al.'s (1998) labels, namely traditionalist, straddler, and innovator. Interview d

What Factors Drive E-Commerce Adoption? - Semantic Scholar
played a key role in the adoption of information systems in 166 small ... 141. US. SM. Es. (40% respo n se rate) larg e, small. Mail su rv ey. Exp lorato ry. Mean. T w o. -ta ile d t-te st. F a cto r an alysis gath ering. & disseminatin g info rm ati

Factors Affecting the Contraction of Cluster Marketing
School of Management. Profile of the clusters. Cluster. Ave.no of children. Ave. no of schooling years. Ave. monthly income. Kablon. 3. 8. Php 6,970. Duengas. 5.

Factors Affecting the Levels of Tea Polyphenols and ...
To compare caffeine and catechins in the same tea but ... Rd., Taipei, Taiwan [telephone (886)-2-2356-2213; fax (886)-2-2391-8944; ... cells (1, 13) in several systems. .... leaves was determined by HPLC analysis using a Waters 600E system.

factors affecting the efficiency of fox (vulpes vulpes ...
domestic stock, and is recognised as one of Australia's most devastating .... call and very forthcoming with a cuppa, especially on frosty mornings. ... Animal Control Co-operative Research Centre, Canberra (now Australasian Invasive.

Factors affecting the genotoxic potency ranking of ...
Factors affecting the genotoxic potency ranking of natural anthraquinones in mammalian cell culture systems. Stefan O. Mueller, Werner K. Lutz, Helga Stopper ).

Factors Affecting the Caffeine and Polyphenol Contents of Black and ...
tea liquor arise from the chemical components extracted from the leaf during tea preparation. A comprehensive study was therefore undertaken to determine the contributions of product and preparation variables on the total soluble solids, caffeine, an

Factors Affecting the Caffeine and Polyphenol Contents of Black and ...
The effects of product and preparation variables on the in-cup chemical composition of tea extracts is of interest because the appearance and taste characteristics and the possible health effects of a tea liquor arise from the chemical components ext

Contextual factors affecting hint utility
2 Contextual factors affecting hint utility ... problem-solving activity showed that early access to on-demand hints were linked .... 40594_2017_69_OnlinePDF.pdf.

Factors affecting dental service quality
1 Feb 2016 - automobile repair services sector", International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, ... services. Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the. Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) a

Factors affecting Collaborative Marketing Group Expansion: Case of ...
Site Description. • Pop: 1,699 in 2007. • Accessibility: Accessibility: – 'habal-habal' (public utility ... Regular monitoring of members. School of Management ...

Factors Affecting the Caffeine and Polyphenol Contents ...
native black tea preparation method is widely adopted. Here the drink is largely ..... The kinetics of the loose-leaf infusion system has been thoroughly inves-.

Factors affecting dormancy of Oncocyclus iris seeds
We also report an effective in-vitro forced germination protocol, which employs seed scarification. Following these results for in-vivo germination, and based on the protocol developed for in-vitro germination, we recommend two methods for artificial

factors affecting loan payment delinquency of la trinidad ...
Apr 3, 2007 - BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL ..... Loan delinquency has always been a big problem among cooperatives and the failure has ...

Factors Affecting Variability of Heterotrophic and ...
Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration was low ranging between 110 and. 270 µM ... limitation study that phytoplankton was limited by both P and Si. Bacterial ...

factors affecting low academic achievement of medical ...
The objective of this study was to determine the related factors influencing low .... 10.1. 6. Intelligence(Standard Progressive Matrices Test). (N=48). P > 95. 43.

Factors Affecting Interest Rate Spread in the Private Commercial ...
Factors Affecting Interest Rate Spread in the Private ... ks of Bangladesh Evidence from Panel data Analysis.pdf. Factors Affecting Interest Rate Spread in the ...

Designing Conceptual Frameworks on the Factors Affecting ... - IJRIT
Abstract. This paper aimed to present conceptual frameworks on the factors affecting female engineering students to pursue academic degrees and for the ...

Designing Conceptual Frameworks on the Factors Affecting ... - IJRIT
Female Engineering Students to Pursue Academic Degrees in ... education, the engineering students demonstrate the high cholesterol level as compared to the ...

Risk and Protective Factors Affecting Adolescent ...
2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]). Requests for permission to ..... enrollment, retention, and performance among adolescents should ...

Cognitive and linguistic factors affecting subject/object ...
are more frequent and have a lesser degree of structural ambiguity than ORs, and are thus easier ...... Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal 29.261-90. .... Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 13.272-81. Sohn .... use of similar