RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2004; 18: 636–642 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1382

Structural characterization of novel chemotactic and mastoparan peptides from the venom of the social wasp Agelaia pallipes pallipes by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry Maria Anita Mendes, Bibiana Monson de Souza, Lucilene Delazari dos Santos and Mario Sergio Palma* CEIS—Department of Biology/IBRC-UNESP (CAT-CEPID/FAPESP), Institute of Immunological Investigations (Millennium Institute-MCT/CNPq), Rio Claro/SP 13506-900 Brazil Received 25 September 2003; Revised 15 January 2004; Accepted 16 January 2004

High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESIMS) and high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) techniques were applied for the detection, purification, monitoring, and sequencing of two novel and biologically active peptides occurring at very low levels in the venom of the wasp Agelaia pallipes pallipes. These peptides were sequenced under LC/ESI-MS/ MS conditions and designated as Agelaia-CP (I/L-L-G-T-I-L-G-L-L-K-G-I/L-NH2, MW 1207.8 Da) and Agelaia-MP (I/L-N-W-L-K-L-G-K-A-I-I-D-A-I/L-NH2, MW 1565.0 Da). The peptide AgelaiaCP showed no hemolytic activity, but it behaved as a mast cell degranulator and induced a potent chemotaxis in polymorphonucleated leukocyte (PMNL) cells, typical of a wasp chemotactic peptide. The peptide Agelaia-MP showed both powerful mast cell degranulation and hemolysis of washed rat red blood cells, and is thus assigned as a new member of the mastoparan family of peptides. Both peptides seem to be directly involved in the strong inflammatory reactions associated with wasp stings. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Hymenoptera venoms are complex mixtures of biochemically and pharmacologically active components such as biogenic amines, peptides and proteins.1 The composition of Vespid venoms has been the subject of only a few investigations, since the production of venoms by the social wasp is low and there is a limited availability of Vespid venoms as raw materials.2 It has been shown that Vespidae venoms contain many different components such as phospholipases A and B, hyaluronidases, acid phosphatases, proteases and nucleotidases.3 The compositions of the various Vespidae venoms are rather similar to one another, but very little is known about neotropical wasp venoms. Vespid venoms in general produce prolonged pain, local edema and erythema caused by an increase in the permeability of the blood vessels close to the skin. The pharmacological properties of the wasp venoms have not been fully investigated because of the limited production of venom by the wasps and also due to the very low abundance of natural peptides in these venoms.3 *Correspondence to: M. S. Palma, CEIS—Department of Biology/ IBRC-UNESP (CAT-CEPID/FAPESP), Institute of Immunological Investigations (Millennium Institute-MCT/CNPq), Rio Claro/SP 13506-900 Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] Contract/grant sponsors: FAPESP; CNPq.

Determination of individual analytes in complex biological samples is a problem that frequently requires some type of separation as a pre-requisite to the analytical measurement. The resolution step of such analyses can be more difficult than the actual spectroscopic characterization of the analytes. When samples contain several hundred components, even the highest resolution separation system may be incapable of resolving all of them.4 Separation, purification and characterization of biomolecules are of extreme importance for numerous applications in biological sciences. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) became the predominant separation technique for peptides largely because of its versatility, high resolving power, and preparative purification capability.5,6 Stationary phases of the micropelicular type, offering favorable mass transfer properties due to the absence of internal pore structure, have been found to be particularly suitable for the high-speed analysis of proteins.7 Nevertheless, chromatography with UV detection alone is not always sufficient to solve the problems posed by modern analytical biotechnology.8 However, measurement of the molecular mass can answer many of the questions in identification and structural characterization of proteins and peptides.9 During the past decade, mass spectrometry,10 especially electrospray ionization (ESI-MS), has emerged as Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

LC/MS/MS of peptides from venom of a social wasp

one of the preferred methods to detect proteins/peptides online with HPLC and to determine accurately their molecular masses as well as to obtain information on their amino acid sequences. Hence, the on-line coupling of RP-HPLC and ESIMS is a logical objective to improve the productivity of both techniques in collecting information about proteins and peptides in complex mixtures. The on-line coupling of HPLC to ESI-MS is relatively straightforward with modern chromatographic and mass spectrometric instrumentation.11 Nevertheless, it is still important to consider a chemical approach to achieve the best separation together with optimal analyte detectability. This usually implies that HPLC separation conditions have to be adjusted to be amenable for ESI-MS analysis. In the present work the HPLC/ESI-MS and HPLC/ESI-MS/MS techniques were optimized for application to the detection, monitoring, purification, and sequence determination of two novel inflammatory peptides which occur at low levels in the venom of Agelaia pallipes pallipes.

EXPERIMENTAL Chemicals and instrumentation Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) was obtained form Aldrich, and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, analytical-reagent grade) was from Carlo Erba. For preparation of the eluents, high-purity water (Nanopure Barnstead) was used. The data were acquired using a SCL-10A HPLC system (Shimadzu) coupled to an electrospray triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (Quatro II, Micromass, UK). To assess the biological activities, NaCl, KCl and CaCl2 (Merck), NaH2PO4, KH2PO4 and glucose (Synth), L-Liquemine (heparinized, Roche), BSA and p-nitrophenyl-N-acetylb-D-glucosaminidine (Sigma), and Triton X-100 (Aldrich), were used.

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was operated at unit mass resolution or better, and was calibrated with intact horse heart myoglobin and its typical cone voltage induced fragments. The ESI spectra were obtained in the continuous acquisition mode, scanning from m/z 100–2500 with a scan time of 6 s. The spectral data were acquired and monitored using the MassLynx software (Micromass).

Peptide sequencing by LC/ESI-MS/MS By using positive electrospray ionization (ESIþ) peptides were sequenced on-line by using the same LC conditions described above. Typical conditions were: capillary voltage 3 kV, cone voltage 30 V, and collision gas pressure of 3.5  103 mbar and a desolvation gas temperature of 808C. The singly charged protonated molecules of the precursors were selected in Q1 and subjected to collision-induced dissociation (CID) with argon gas at 50 eV collision energy; the product ions were detected by scanning Q3. All the MS/MS experiments were performed using the Quatro II triple-quadrupole instrument in the continuous acquisition mode, scanning from m/z 40 to the m/z value of the [MþH]þ ion of each peptide, with a scan time of 5 s. The spectral data were acquired and monitored by using the MassLynx software. Peptide sequences were assigned manually from the ESIMS/MS product ion mass spectra with the help of the PepSeq software (Micromass, UK).

Acetylation of lysine residues In order to distinguish between the isobaric amino acid residues lysine and glutamine, the peptides were submitted to acetylation as follows: 5 mL of acetic anhydride were added to 5 mL of native peptide solution, and the solution was then vortexed and incubated for 45 min at 378C with shaking. After incubation the solutions were centrifuged and analyzed by ESI-MS.

Sample preparation

ESI-MS analysis of chemically modified peptides

The wasps were collected in Rio Claro-SP, southeast Brazil, and immediately frozen and stored at 208C. The venom was obtained by wasp dissection with surgical microscissors. The venom reservoirs were removed and the venom extracted with 1:1 acetonitrile/ultra-pure water.

After the acetylation reaction the molecular masses of the acetylated peptides were analyzed by ESI-MS. About 1 pmol of each peptide was injected into electrospray transport solvent by using a microsyringe (50 mL) coupled to a micro-infusion pump (KD Scientific) at a flow rate of 4 mL/ min. The spectra were obtained in the continuous acquisition mode, scanning from m/z 100–2500 with a scan time of 5 s, using a capillary voltage of 3 kV, a cone voltage of 30 V, and a desolvation gas temperature of 808C.

HPLC/ESI-MS Using PEEK tubing (1/1600 o.d.  0.25 mm i.d. Blue (0.01000 ), Micromass) the HPLC system was connected directly to the ESI probe of the mass spectrometer. The flow of 80 mL/min to the ESI probe was obtained by splitting a primary flow of 600 mL/min by means of a T-piece, allowing the compounds to be monitored, and to determine their molecular masses in the purification step. By using a gradient from 30 to 70% (v/v) of acetonitrile containing 0.1% (v/v) of TFA, with a C18 column (Cosmosil, 4.8  250 mm, 5 mm), seven fractions were obtained. In a second step the sequences of the new peptide toxins were determined on-line by LC/ESI-MS/MS. The LC eluents were analyzed by positive electrospray ionization (ESIþ). A capillary voltage of 3.5 kV, a cone voltage of 30 V, and a desolvation gas temperature of 808C were used. 25 mL of each sample (1 mg/mL) were injected into the HPLC system at a flow rate of 600 mL/min. The mass spectrometer Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Biological activities Mast cell degranulation was determined by measuring the release of b-D-glucosaminidase, which co-localizes with histamine, as proposed by Hide et al.12 Mast cells were obtained by peritoneal washing of adult Wistar rats with a solution containing 0.877 g NaCl, 0.028 g KCl, 0.043 g NaH2PO4, 0.048 g KH2PO4, 0.10 g glucose, 0.10 g BSA, 90 mL CaCl2 (2 M) solution, and 50 mL Liquemine, in 100 mL water. The cells were incubated in the presence of the peptides for 15 min at 378C. After centrifugation the supernatants were sampled for b-Dglucosaminidase assay. Briefly, 50 mL of each sample were incubated in 50 mL of the substrate (3 mg of p-nitrophenylN-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidine dissolved in 10 mL of 0.2 M sodium citrate solution at pH 4.5) for 6 h. The absorbance of Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2004; 18: 636–642

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Figure 1. Total ion current (TIC) chromatogram for the crude venom of Agelaia palipes palipes obtained by HPLC/ESI-MS (see Experimental for details). The retention times in minutes are shown over each peak. the colored product was assessed at 405 nm and the values were expressed as the percentage of total b-D-glucosaminidase, which was determined from lysed mast cells in the presence of 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100. To evaluate the hemolytic activity of the peptides, 50 mL of red blood cell suspensions from Wistar rats were washed three times with physiological saline solution (NaCl 0.85% and CaCl2 10 mM) and suspended in 50 mL of the same solution; this cell suspension was designated as washed rat red blood cells (WRRBC). Aliquots of WRRBC were incubated at 378C in the presence of each peptide for 120 min with gentle mixing. The samples were then centrifuged and the absorbance of the supernatants was measured at 540 nm. The absorbance measured from lysed WRRBC in the presence of 1% (v/v) Triton X100 was considered to be 100%. Chemotaxis was assayed in a multi-chamber apparatus (NEURO PROBE) by using polymorphonucleated leukocytes (PMNL), obtained from subcutaneous inflammatory induction in Wistar rats. The upper chambers were filled with 200 mL of a PMNL suspension (2.7  105 cell/mL in 0.9% NaCl solution—physiological saline solution) and the lower chambers were filled with 400 mL of physiological saline solution containing the peptides (about 500 Zg per assay). A

polycarbonate membrane containing pores of 10 mm in diameter (NEURO PROBE) was placed between the two chambers. The chemotaxis chamber was incubated at 378C for 1 h. After incubation, cells in the lower chamber were counted using a Neu¨bauer apparatus.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION By applying RP-HPLC conditions seven fractions were eluted and collected, designated Fr-1 to Fr-7 (Fig. 1). The fractions 1 to 5 were partially identified by combining the molecular masses, MS/MS patterns, and biological assays. Thus, Fr-1 is composed of a mixture of endogenous amines from wasp venom in which serotonine is the major compound; Fr-2 and Fr-3 are complex mixtures of short peptides with highly hydrophobic sequences and no known activity up to now; Fr-4 is a silverin-like peptide (MW 2450 Da) and is a mast cell degranulator; Fr-5 is a mixture of low-abundance carbohydrates. Two novel peptides in Fr-6 and Fr-7 were characterized by their molecular masses, 1207.8 and 1565.0 Da, respectively, as shown in the LC/ESI mass spectra of the isolated peptides (Fig. 2); these spectra contain both [MþH]þ ions at m/z 1208.8

Figure 2. ESI mass spectra for the two novel peptides obtained from the LC/MS analysis of the crude venom of Agelaia palipes palipes: (a)- Fr-6 and (b)-Fr-7. The [MþH]þ and [Mþ2H]2þ ions (labeled as A and A2 respectively) are observed for both peptides. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2004; 18: 636–642

LC/MS/MS of peptides from venom of a social wasp 2þ

and 1566.0 for Fr-6 and Fr-7, respectively, and the [Mþ2H] ions at m/z 604.9 and 783.5. Their primary sequences were determined by LC/ESI-MS/MS.

Characterization of peptides by LC/MS/MS The known molecular masses of the two new peptides allowed the correct values of the m/z values of appropriate precursor ions to be programmed during the appropriate retention time windows in the LC/ESI-MS/MS experiments. In this way the CID spectra of the [MþH]þ ions at m/z 1208.8 and 1566.0 were generated (Figs. 3 and 4). For these peptides the [MþH]þ ions were used as precursors, in spite of being less intense than the [Mþ2H]þ ions, since they provided more complete series of ion fragments than the doubly charged precursors. Analysis of the product ion spectra shows peaks at the lowmass end, probably representing the immonium ions (H2N¼CHR)þ, where R is the side-chain group. The lowmass region (m/z < 200) of MS/MS spectra often contains ions indicative of the presence of specific amino acid residues in the peptides; these immonium ions arise from cleavage of at least two internal bonds. Inspection of this low-mass region in Fig. 3 revealed ions at m/z 74.12, 86.11, 101.05 and 158.83, suggesting the presence of T, I/L, K/Q and W residues. The same analysis for Fig. 4 revealed ions at m/z 86.13, 87.02, 88.07, 101.25 and 158.83, suggesting the presence of I/L, N, D, K/Q and W residues, respectively. By searching for mass differences between consecutive peaks, corresponding to the masses of the (–NH–CHR–CO–) residues of natural amino acids, it was possible recognize one or more series of fragment ions. In Figs. 3 and 4 these peaks are assigned as series of b- and y-types of fragment ions for the two peptides.

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In Fig. 3 the first major ion in the high-mass end was at m/z 1209 ([MþH]þ); loss of ammonia (17 Da) from the [MþH]þ ion is also observed, and this appears to lead to a series of bions starting with m/z 1079 (b11), and also m/z 1023 (b10), 895 (b9), 781 (b8), 668 (b7), 611 (b6), 498 (b5), 385 (b4), 284 (b3), 227 (b2) and 113 (b1). The subtraction of the m/z values between consecutive b-ions thus permitted the assignment of the sequence of the peptide present in Fr-6 with a few ambiguities in relation to the isobaric residues (I/L and K/Q), as shown in Fig. 3, i.e., I/L-I/L-G-T-I/L-I/L-G-I/L-I/ L-K-G-I/L. The MS/MS spectrum shown in Fig. 4 was submitted to the same analysis, and again the b-ion series was found to be the major series of ions. In Fig. 4 the first major ion at the highmass end was m/z 1566 ([MþH]þ); again loss of ammonia is observed, followed by an almost complete b-ion series starting with m/z 1549 (b14) and followed by m/z 1436 (b13), 1365 (b12), 1250 (b11), 1137 (b10), 1023 (b9), 953 (b8), 825 (b7), 768 (b6), 655 (b5) and 527 (b4), 414 (b3) and 228 (b2). Again the bions permitted the assignment of the sequence of the peptide present in Fr-7 with a few ambiguities in relation to the isobaric residues (I/L and K/Q), The N-terminal sequence IN was suggested by the presence of the ion of m/z 228, and the presence of asparagine was also supported by its immonium ion at m/z 87.02. The sequence indicated by the MS/MS spectrum of Fig. 4 is I/L-N-W-I/L-K/Q-I/L-G-K/Q-A-I/ L-I/L-D-A-I/L. These sequences were supported by the presence of some corresponding y-type ions and also by the presence of some internal fragment ions, as well as by the presence of peaks corresponding to simple neutral losses (NH3 or H2O) from the main peaks. Thus, in Fig. 3, the ions at m/z 412, 498, 582 and 781 correspond to internal fragments of the peptide from

Figure 3. The LC-ESI-MS/MS spectrum of the [MþH]þ ion (m/z 1208.8) from Fr-6 acquired at 50 eV collision energy. The mass differences of the consecutive bn ions and their correspondence to the deduced amino acid sequence are shown. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Figure 4. LC/ESI-MS/MS spectrum of the [MþH]þ ion (m/z 1566.0) from Fr-7 acquired at 50 eV collision energy. The mass differences of the consecutive bn ions and their correspondence to the deduced amino acid sequence are shown.

Fr-6, and correspond to the partial sequences GLLK, TILGL, LGLLKG and LGTILGLL, respectively (where the K/Q and I/L ambiguities are assumed to have been resolved, see below). Similarly, in Fig. 4, the ions m/z 414, 527, 540 and 1008 correspond to internal fragments of the peptide present in Fr-7, corresponding to the partial sequences NWLK, LKLGK, GKAID and KLGKAIIDAI, respectively. These experiments allowed the determination of the amino acid sequences of these peptides as given in Figs. 3 and 4. However, the consideration of only the b- and y-types of fragment ions still leaves unknown the choices between the isobaric pairs of residues I/L and K/Q. In order to address the distinction between Leu and Ile, we looked for d-type and w-type fragment ions that permit the distinction between I and L. The use of high-collision energy or electron capture dissociation13,14 to obtain the CID spectra of peptides may generate ions (w- and/or d-ions) arising from the partial fragmentation of the side chains of some amino acid residues. The most important aspect of these sidechain fragment ions is the ability to differentiate L from the isomeric I. For example, d-ions correspond to a-cleavage of the side chain of the C-terminal amino acid in the fragment ion. When two d-ions can be formed because there are two different substituents attached to the b-carbon (as for Ile), the loss of the larger substituent is indicated by an added subscript ‘a’ (da), and the loss of the smaller group by ‘b’ (db). Other side-chain fragment ions, like w-ions, are indicated in the same manner.13,14 If Ile is adjacent to the backbone cleavage site leading to a w-type or d-type ion, the mass of the ion is 14 Da larger than in the case of Leu. Even though the present experimental conditions did not involve high collision energies, peaks attributable to some w-type fragment ions were in fact observed. Analysis of the LC/ESI-MS/MS spectrum for the peptide present in Fr-6 (Figs. 5(a)–5(e)) revealed the presence of ions Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

at m/z 1038, 780, 653, 483 and 370, assigned as wa11, wa8, wa7, wa5 and wa4, corresponding to Leu, Ile, Leu and Leu residues, respectively. The peptide present in Fr-7 was submitted to the same process (Figs. 6(a)–6(d)) and ions at m/z 1094, 853, 498 and 385 were assigned as wa11, wa9, wa5 and wa4 ions, corresponding to Leu, Leu, Ile and Ile, respectively. The distinction between I and L at both the N- and C-terminal positions of both peptides is still unknown, since the fragmentation of the side chain does not occur at these positions. The distinction between K and Q was achieved through acetylation of the a- and e-amino groups in the peptides; thus only the unblocked N-terminus and the K residue react. The intact peptides in the isolated fractions Fr-6 and Fr-7 were acetylated to determine whether lysine residues were present. After the acetylation reaction, the molecular masses of the modified peptides were analyzed off-line by ESI-MS. The [MþH]þ ions were observed at m/z 1292.8 and 1692.0 for fractions Fr-6 and Fr-7, respectively (spectra not shown). Thus, the mass of the peptide from Fr-6 increased by 84 Da (corresponding to 42 Da  2), and that of the peptide in Fr-7 by 126 Da (corresponding to 42 Da  3), indicating that there were two sites of acetylation for the peptide in Fr-6 and three for the peptide in Fr-7. Since the a-amino group from the Nterminal residue was free in both peptides, there is one Lys residue in Fr-6 and two in Fr-7. Therefore, the putative K/Q residues in both peptides were all identified as lysine. Consequently, the sequences of peptides Fr-6 and Fr-7 were defined as I/L-L-G-T-I-L-G-L-L-K-G-I/L-NH2, MW 1207.8 Da (Fr-6), and I/L-N-W-L-K-L-G-K-A-I-I-D-A-I/LNH2, MW 1565.0 Da (Fr-7), where the I/L distinctions are based only on MS/MS data exemplified by Figs. 5 and 6. The sequence of the peptide in Fr-6 is relatively conserved when compared with those of wasp chemotactic peptides, while that of Fr-7 is similar to those of the mastoparan peptides. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2004; 18: 636–642

LC/MS/MS of peptides from venom of a social wasp

Figure 5. Magnified representation of the LC/ESI-MS/MS spectrum, obtained under continuum mode, for the [MþH]þ ion (m/z 1208.8) from Fr-6, acquired at 50 eV collision energy to permit the observation of the w-type ions originating from the I/L side-chain fragmentations. (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) represent different sections of the MS/MS spectrum.

Biological activities The biological assays were performed using peptides isolated by HPLC with a gradient from 30–70% (v/v) of acetonitrile containing 0.1% (v/v) of TFA, on a C18 column (Cosmosil, 4.8  250 mm, 5 mm), using the same conditions as those described in the Experimental section. The peptide from Fr-6 showed no hemolytic activity in the presence of WRRBC, even at a concentration of 1  105 M; however, at a concentration of 1  106 M (about 480 ng per assay), it did cause the degranulation of 32% of rat mast cells and presented strong chemotactic activity for PMNL cells. Thus, the absence of hemolytic activity, the relatively weak degranulation of the rat peritoneal mast cells, and the chemoattraction of PMNL cells are characteristics of chemotactic peptides (CP) from wasp venoms. Taking into account both Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Figure 6. Magnified representation of the LC/ESI-MS/MS spectrum, obtained under continuum mode, for the [MþH]þ ion (m/z 1566.0) from Fr-7, acquired at 50 eV collision energy to permit the observation of the w-type ions originating from the I/L side-chain fragmentations. (a), (b), (c) and (d) represent different sections of the MS/MS spectrum. primary sequence and the biological activities of this peptide, it may be designated as Agelaia-CP. At a concentration of 1  106 M the peptide from Fr-7 (about 600 ng per assay) caused the rupture of 75% of WRRBC, degranulated about 57% of rat peritoneal mast cells, and showed no chemotactic activity for PMNL cells. These activities and the primary sequence characterize the peptide as a mastoparan (MP); thus it was designated as Agelaia-MP.

CONCLUSIONS Wasp venoms are rich sources of novel peptide toxins, presenting powerful, selective and sometimes novel pharmacological activities. However, until recently, in spite of the Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2004; 18: 636–642

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availability of microanalytical technology for peptide analysis in many laboratories, only the major venom components have been characterized chemically and biologically. We have applied and optimized the use of HPLC/ESI-MS and HPLC/ESI-MS/MS for the detection and characterization of new peptides occurring in low concentrations, even using a reduced amount of wasp venom. In order to distinguish the isobaric residues I and L, the analyses were performed under CID conditions sufficiently energetic to observe some peaks attributable to charge-siteremote fragments (w-ions). This strategy was combined with acetylation of free amino groups to permit the distinction between the isobaric residues K/Q. The results of the present work permitted identification of two novel peptides occurring at low levels in the venom of the neotropical wasp Agelaia pallipes pallipes. These peptides are probably involved in the potent inflammatory processes caused by the stings of this wasp species.

Acknowledgements This work was supported by grants from FAPESP and CNPq. Maria Anita Mendes is a post-doctoral fellow from FAPESP (proc. 01/05060-4) and Bibiana Monson de Souza (proc.

Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

00/08880-0) was a master fellow from FAPESP. Mario Sergio Palma is researcher of the Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, 300337/2003-50).

REFERENCES 1. Oliveira MR, Palma MS. Toxicon 1998; 36: 189. 2. Costa H, Palma MS. Toxicon 2000; 38: 1367. 3. Nakajima T. Pharmacological biochemistry of vespid venoms. In Venoms of Hymenoptera, Piek T (ed). Academic Press: London, 1986; 309–327. 4. Regnier F, Huang G. J. Chromatogr. A 1996; 750: 3. 5. Hiern MTW. HPLC of Proteins, Peptides and Polynucleotides. VCR: New York, 1991. 6. Munt CT, Hodges RS. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography of Peptides and Proteins. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1991. 7. Huber CG, Premstailer A. J. Chromatogr. A 1999; 849: 161. 8. Heath T, Giordani AB. J. Chromatog. 1993; 638: 9. 9. Biemann K. Methods Enzymol. 1990; 193: 351. 10. Biemann K. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1992; 61: 977. 11. Cole RB. Electrospray Mass Spectrometry—Fundamentals, Instrumentation and Application. John Wiley: New York, 1997. 12. Hide I, Bennett JP, Pizzey A, Boonen G, Sagi DB, Gomperts BD, Tatham PER. J. Cell Biol. 1993; 3: 585. 13. Kjeldsen F, Haselman KF, Sorensen ES, Zubarev RA. Anal. Chem. 2003; 75: 1257. 14. Johnson RS, Stephen AM, Biemann K, Stults JT, Watson T. Anal. Chem. 1987; 59: 2621.

Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2004; 18: 636–642

Structural characterization of novel chemotactic and ...

cal Investigations (Millennium Institute-MCT/CNPq), Rio. Claro/SP 13506-900 ..... the side chain of the C-terminal amino acid in the fragment ion. When two ...

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SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ...
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIBACTE ... T C-4 OF 7-HYDROXY-4- METHYL COUMARIN.pdf. SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ...

Electrochemical Synthesis and Characterization of ...
atom of DPA.[11] The band around .... (1991). Electron localization and charge transport in poly(o-toluidine): A model polyaniline derivative. Phys. Rev. B 43 ...

Fabrication and characterization of pentacene-based ... - CiteSeerX
Feb 9, 2008 - transistors with a room-temperature mobility of 1.25 cm. 2. /Vs. Hoon-Seok Seo, Young-Se Jang, Ying Zhang, P. Syed Abthagir, Jong-Ho Choi*.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ...
DA = 70 %, determined by IR analysis [3]), pentasodium tripolyphosphate or TPP ... pH values were monitored by a digital Denver Instruments pH-meter with a ...

Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of double ... - Arkivoc
Dec 4, 2016 - Such derivatives are used as reagents in organic synthesis and, due to their interest from the biological point of view, in the preparation of ...

Characterization of the Psychological, Physiological and ... - CiteSeerX
Aug 31, 2011 - free thinking when eyes were closed and significantly altered the global and ... comfortably at a desk facing a computer screen. Eight subjects ..... application into Chinese and loan of two choice reaction testing software,.