STABLE ANGLES OF SLOPES Marie Morisawa Department of Geological Sciences State University of New York Binghamton, NY 13902-6000
Level: Grades 5-7 Estimated Time Required: 45 minutes collecting data, 45 minutes discussion Anticipated Learning Outcomes • • •
Students will learn about factors controlling the angle of repose (the stable angle of a slope). Students will see what happens when slopes are oversteepened. The experiment results can be related to a general understanding of instability of slopes.
Background Slopes composed of loose debris can be seen all around us. The angle at which such a mass of debris rests under given conditions is called the angle of repose. It has generally been accepted that such slopes tend to have an angle varying from 25 to 40 degrees. The exact angle depends upon conditions such as size, shape, and density of the grains, roughness of the grain surfaces, sorting or mixture of sizes, and height of fall of the grains. Studies of the effects of these various characteristics determining the angle of repose of loose material have produced diverse results. In general, an increasing fragment size results in lowering the angle of repose. Materials • • • • • • •
Soils from local slopes Sands - these may be from anywhere. It would help if there were several sands of differing sized grains, mixed sizes, etc. Several clear plastic shoeboxes, cut in half. Plastic protractors, also cut in half Glue Cardboard squares large enough to cover the open ends of the cut shoeboxes Large sheet of paper to catch the sand or soil as it falls from the box
Procedures to Prepare the Boxes These should be prepared in advance, by the teacher. However, once made, they can be used repeatedly. Allow one box per student team (of 2 - 4 students).
1. 2. 3.
Cut the shoeboxes in half, with a hacksaw made to cut plastic. Cut the protractors in half. Glue the protractors on the outside of the shoebox, on the open edge of the box (see Figure 1a).
Figure 1. Set-up for the stable slope measurement. a) Plastic box for the experiment. b) Box filled with sand before removing the cardboard at the end. c) Box and slope formed on the sand after the cardboard at the end is removed. Procedures 1.
Slowly and carefully spill the grains into a plastic box (Fig. 1a) piling the grains loosely against the open end which is closed by holding a cardboard against it (caution: do not pack).
When all the sand is in the box quickly remove the cardboard so the sand can fall freely onto a large sheet of paper placed below the box opening (Fig. 1b). 3. Read and record the angle which the sand (or soil) assumes within the box (Fig. 1c). Repeat the procedure until you have 10 readings. 4. Repeat the procedure with the other soil/sand samples. 2.
Results and Discussion Discuss the results among the group using the following questions as a guide. What is the variation in angle of repose for any one sample? Not much, I hope. How do the different materials differ in angle of repose? Can you deduce any relations between characteristics of the material and angle of slope from your results? (e.g., what is the relation between size of material and angle of repose? Do your observations indicate that the slope angle decreases with an increase in grain size?) Why does the angle of repose of the soil material differ from that of the sands? I hope it does. Are there any landslides in your area? Along roadcuts or other slopes? Of what practical use it it to know the angle of repose of a given material? Additional Activities Take the class out to look at some unstable slopes. Discuss why the slopes are unstable. Source of Activity Adapted from MORISAWA, M., 1976, Geomorphology Laboratory Manual: John Wiley and Sons. Recommended Reading for Teachers RITTER, D., 1986, Process Geomorphology: Wm. C. Brown., p. 118-148. COSTA, P. and BAKER, V.C., 1981, Surficial Geology: John Wiley and Sons, Ch. 9, p. 242281.
