Attributive and depictive uses of caritive in Bashkir Sofia Oskolskaya (Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS, Russia) Subject Bashkir (Altaic, Turkic) caritive affix -həð (with variants -heð / -hoð / -höð) ‘without’: (1) Anda min bala-lar-həð duθ-tə kür-ðe-m. there I child-PL-CAR friend-ACC see-PST-1SG ‘There, I met a friend who doesn’t have children’
Problem How are the forms with -həð used? What are restrictions on their use? bala mäktäp-kä kil-de. (2) * Bəl kitap-həð this book-CAR child school-DAT come-PST ‘A child without this book came to school.’
VS.
(3) okBala bəl kitap-həð mäktäp-kä kil-de. child this book-CAR school-DAT come-PST ‘A child came to school without this book.’
Attributive – Depictive - Predicative Attributive: the word with suffix -həð is a syntactic dependent of a noun that it characterizes. In Bashkir it means that it takes place in preposition of a noun (example 1). Depictive: the caritive form functions as copredicative and can’t be considered as a syntactic dependent of a noun, although semantically, it characterizes the referent expressed by the noun: (4) Anda min Bolat-tə bala-lar-həð kür-ðe-m. there I Bulat-ACC child-PL-CAR see-PST-1SG ‘There, I met Bulat without (his) children.’ Predicative: the caritive form is a part of predicate. The verb without caritive form is meaningless: (5) Bolat kitap-həð ine. Bulat book-CAR be.PST ‘Bulat was without a book.’
Data
Caritive form has different grammatical features depending on attributive vs. depictivepredicative use.
The research is based on the data collected during the fieldtrip to the village Raxmetovo, Bashkortostan. The research is supported by the grant of RFH 13-04-00416.
Grammatical feature
Conclusion
Example
Attributive
Depictive Predicative
Dependents Adjective
ður həjər-həð big cow-CAR ‘without a big cow’
?
ok
Demonstrative pronoun
bəl kitap-həð this book-CAR ‘without this book’
*
ok
Syntactic function is connected with different referential status: the use of most dependents in attributive function is usually impossible due to its non-referential status.
Numeral
ike kitap-həð two book-CAR ‘without two books’
*
ok
Possessive pronoun
* minəŋ sumka-həð I.GEN bag-CAR ‘without my bag’
*
*
Questions for prospective research:
Genitive noun
* Bolat-təŋ ul-həð Bulat-GEN son-CAR ‘without Bulat’s son’
*
*
If in a language X a caritive expression demonstrates different grammatical features, it is likely to depend on the syntactic function that is strongly connected with pragmatic properties of expression.
Adverb
bik iɣtibar-həð very attention-CAR ‘very inattentive’
ok
ok
Relative clause
kisä-ge tanə-š-qan keše-heð yesterday-ADJ know-RECP-PC.PST man-CAR ‘without a man who (we) met yesterday’
*
ok
ok
ok
*
*
Grammatical features of the Bashkir caritive form depend mostly on its syntactic function: attributive, depictive or predicative.
References Languages may differ in contexts where it is better to use a caritive expression or an alternative periphrastic construction.
Combination with affixes with PL suffix with possessive suffixes
Abbreviations 1 – 1 person; ACC - accusative; ADJ – adjective; CAR - caritive; DAT - dative; GEN - genitive; P - possessive; PC – participle; PL - plural; PST – past; RECP – reciprocal; SG - singular.
Poster presented at ALT 10, Leipzig, Germany, August 15-18, 2013
bala-lar-həð child-PL-CAR
‘without children’
* kitab-əm-həð book-P.1SG-CAR ‘without my book’
An alternative periphrastic construction is used to express caritive for possessed referents (‘I came without my bag’ = ‘I came. I didn’t bring my bag’).
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