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2016
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tuyhW Kfyha®fŸ tUif blšè nguuÁ‹ filÁ Ršjh‹ Kfyha k‹d® ghg® Ãwªj M©L ghgç‹ Ïa‰bga® -----M« M©L Kjš ghå¥g£ngh® eilbg‰wJ Kjš ghåg£ nghçš ghgiu v®¤J nghç£lt® ϪÂahéš Kfyha¥ nguuÁ‰fhd mo¤js¤ij mik¤jt®
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ghgç‹ kf‹ A&khó‹ Kfyha k‹duhf bghW¥ng‰w M©L A&khó‹ Ãwªj M©L ».Ã. 1539š eilbg‰w brsrh¥ nghçš `{khA=d; Ïl« njhšé͉wh®. f‹ndhÁ¥ ngh® eilbg‰w M©L m¡g® mku¡nfh£ilæš M« M©L Ãwªjh®. `{khA=d; 15 M©LfS¡F¥ ÃwF š Û©L« muruhdh® `{khA=d; v‹gj‹ bghUŸ ``{khA=d; Ïwªj M©L v‹gJ nrh;\hé‹ c©ik¥ bgauhF« bõ®õh (or) gߤ Ãwªj M©L
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bõ®õh é‹ mik¢ruitæš ÏuhQt mik¢r® vd miH¡f¥g£lh® (Âthå –Ï-MçZ) bõ®õh é‹ mik¢ruitæš btëÍwÎ k‰W« Jjuf¥ bghW¥ghs® vd miH¡f¥g£lh® (ÂthåÏ-Ïuhrhy¤)
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bõ®õhé‹ mik¢ruitæš muR MizfŸ k‰W« ngh¡Ftu¤J bghW¥ghs® vd miH¡f¥g£lh® (Âthå –Ï-Ï‹ôh) bõ®õhé‹ M£Áæš khãy ã®thf¤Â‹ filÁ m§fkhf és§»aJ. (»uhk) bõ®õhé‹ M£Áæš K¡»a tUtha; MF«. (ãytç) bõ®õh Kiwia m¿Kf¥gL¤Âdh® Ïua¤Jthç) bõ®õhé‹ M£Áæš éis¢rš g§F tçahf tNè¡f¥g£lJ. (1/3) m¡gç‹ K‹ndho v‹W miH¡f¥gLgt® (bõ®õh) bõ®õh é‹ ãy Ó®ÂU¤j¤ij Ëg‰¿a k‹d® (m¡g®) bõ®õh FÂiu¥gilæš FÂiufS¡F NLnghL« Kiwia m¿Kf¥gL¤Âdh®. (jh¡) bõ®õh fhy¤Âš gil¥ÃçÎfë‹ v©â¡if (4) bõ®õh gilæš Åu®fŸ g‰¿a gÂnt£oid guhkç¤jh®. (fhyh£gil) bõ®õh é‰F Ú ã®thf¤Âš v‹gt® cjé Gçªjh® (jiyikfhÁ) bõ®õh é‹ M£Á fhy¤Âš Kiw ÂU¤Â mik¡f¥g£lJ. (x‰w®) bõ®õh k‰W« ehza§fis btëæ£llh®. (j§f«, btŸë) eÅd ehza Kiwæ‹ jªij v‹W miH¡f¥gLgt® (bõ®õh)
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jdJ bgaçid ehza§fëš vG¤Âš bõ®õh bgh¿¡f¢ nra;jh® (njteh»ç) ÕfhçYŸs š bõ®õhé‹ fšyiw mikªJŸsJ. (rrhu«) nrh;\h blšèæš Gfo;bg‰w v‹w Áwªj f£ol¤Âid cUth¡»dh®. (òuhz»yh) m¡g® Ãwªj M©L (».Ã. 1542 et«g® 23) m¡gç‹ Ïa‰bga® (#yhYÔ‹ Kf«kJ m¡g®) m¡g® nguuhruhf KoN£o¡ bfh©l M©L (».Ã1556) m¡gç‹ ghJfhty® (iguh«fh‹) Ïu©lh« ghåg£ ngh® m¡gU¡F«, bAKé‰F« Ïilna š eilbg‰wJ. (».Ã. 1556) m¡gç‹ tsh;g;Gj;jha; khf« mdhfh ã®thf« nra;j fhy« v‹wiH¡f¥gL»wJ. (mªjuñu murh§f fhy«) m¡g® k‰W« tçfis u¤J nra;jhh;. (b#Áah, òåjgaztç) Ïuh#G¤Âu m¿P®fshd Ïuh#hkh‹Á§,Ïuh#hgft‹jh°, Ïuh#h njhl®khš k‰W« Õ®ghš M»nahiu ca® gjéfëš mk®¤Âat® (m¡g®) “maå m¡gç” k‰W« “m¡g® ehkh” v‹w tuyh‰W Gfo;kpf;f üšfis vGÂdh®. (mGšghrš) ÏÂfhr üšfsh»a Ïuhkhaz« k‰W« kfhghuj¤ij ghuÓf bkhêæš bkhê bga®¤jh®. (mGšigì) ghftj G uhz¤ij ghuÓf bkhêæš bkhê bga®¤jh®. (Ïuh#h njhl®khš) M« M©L m¡g® “Ïghj¤fhdh” v‹w bjhGif Ïšy¤ij f£odh®. (».Ã. 1575) m¡g® ».Ã. 1582š mšyJ nja;tPf rka¤Âid btëæ£lh®. (Ô‹ Ïyhï) m¡gç‹ tUtha; mik¢r® (Ïuh#h njhl®khš) m¡g® fhy¤Âš éis¢rèš g§F tç tNè¡f¥g£lJ (1/3) m¡g® fhy¤Âš Kiw Kfyhaç‹ ÏuhQt« k‰W« bghJ ã®thf Kiw¡F mo¥gilahf mikªjJ. (kh‹r¥jhç) k‹r¥ v‹whš v‹W bghUŸ. (ju« mšyJ jFÂ) m¡g® ia F#uh¤ bt‰¿æ‹ ãidthf f£odh®. (gnjò® Á¡ç) m¡g® kiwªj M©L (».Ã. 1605) #Ah§Ñç‹ Ïa‰bga® (rÄ«) #Ah§Ñ® v‹gj‹ bghUŸ (cy»id btšgt®) #Ah§Ñ® mçaiz V¿a M©L (».Ã. 1605) IªjhtJ Ó¡»a FU #Ah§Ñuhš bfhšy¥g£lh®. (m®#&‹nj›) #Ah§Ñ® M£Áæ‹nghJ Kfyha murit¡F tUif G çªj M§»nya®fŸ k‰W« (éšèa« Ah¡»‹°, r®jhk°nuh) ».Ã. 1615š Nu¤ efçš tâf« nra;a #Ah§Ñçl« mDk bg‰wh®. (r® jhk°nuh) bkfU‹åôh M« M©L #Ah§Ñiu kzªjh® (».Ã. 1611) bkfU‹åôh mšyJ cy»‹ xë v‹w Áw¥ñ¥ bgaçid¥bg‰wh® (ü®#Ah‹)
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2016
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éšèa« nfh£il f£l¥g£LŸs Ïl« (fšf¤jh) nlåa®fŸ š ju§f«ghoæš thâg ika¤ij V‰gL¤Âd® (».Ã. 1620) t§fhs¤ÂYŸ Óuh«òçš thâg ika¤Âid nlåa®fŸ M« M©L mik¤jd® (».Ã. 1676) Ãuh‹° k‹d® 14M« ÿææ‹ mik¢ruhd fhšg®£ v‹gtç‹ Ka‰Áahš M« M©L ÃbuŠR »H¡»ªÂa f«bgå njh‰Wé¡f¥g£lJ. (».Ã. 1664) N.Sureshbabu. B.Sc(Maths), M.A(Eco),M.Ed.,R.B.P. GHS Bommampatty‐Namakkal Dt
4
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2016
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ÃbuŠR¡fhu®fë‹ jiik Ïlkhf és§»a Ïl« (gh©o¢nrç) ÃbuŠR¡fhu®fŸ ».Ã. 1725 š khîiaÍ«, ».Ã. 1739š iaÍ«, bg‰wd®. (fhiu¡fhš) M« M©L oó¥ns ÃbuŠR ft®duhf bghW¥ng‰wh®. (».Ã. 1742) ÃbuŠRfhu®fŸ M« M©L gh©o¢nçia if¥g‰¿d® (».Ã. 1674) ».Ã. 1746 Kjš ».Ã. 748 tiu eilbg‰w ngh® (Kjš f®ehlf¥ngh®) Kjš f®ehlf¥nghç‹ Koéš (».Ã. 1748) V‰g£l cl‹go¡if (mOEyhôngš cl‹go¡if) ».Ã. 1748 Kjš ».Ã. 1754 tiu eilbg‰w ngh® (2tJ f®ehlf¥ngh®) ».Ã. 1749š M«òçš eilbg‰w nghçš Kôhg®#§ k‰W« rªjhrh»¥ ÏizªJ ia bfh‹wd® (m‹th%¤Ô‹) ».Ã. 1754š oó¥nsé‰F ÃwF ÃbuŠR MSeuhdt® (nAh¤ïp) 2tJ f®ehlf¥ngh® ».Ã. 1755š cl‹go¡ifÍl‹ KoΉwJ (gh©o¢nrç) ».Ã. 1756 Kjš ».à 176 tiu eilbg‰w ngh® (3tJ f®ehlf¥ngh®) M§»y¤ jsg ÃbuŠ¥ gilia ».Ã. 1760 M« M©L tªjthÁæš njh‰fo¤jh®. (r®ma®T£) tªjthÁ Åu‹ v‹wiH¡f¥gLgt® (r® ma®T£) M‰fhL Åu® v‹wiH¡f¥gLgt® (Ïuhg®£ »is›) _‹whtJ f®ehlf¥ngh® ».Ã. 1763M« M©L cl‹go¡ifæ‹go KoΡF tªjJ. (ghß°) ÃshÁngh® eilbg‰w M©L (».Ã. 1757 #&‹ 23) ÏU£liw Jau r«gt ãfo¢Á eilbg‰w Ïl« (fšf¤jh) g¡[h® ngh® eilbg‰w M©L (».Ã. 1764 m¡nlhg® 22) Ïhg®£ »is› t§fhs ft®duhf ãaä¡f¥g£l M©L (».Ã. 1765) ».Ã. 1767Kjš ».Ã. 1769 tiu eilbg‰w ngh® (KjyhtJ M§»nya ikN® ngh®) ».à 1769š cl‹go¡if _y« KjyhtJ M§»nya ikN® ngh® KoΡF tªjJ. (kjuh° (or)br‹id cl‹go¡if iAj®mè Ãwªj M©L (».Ã. 1722) f«bgå Cêa®fŸ k‰W« mt®fë‹ éjitf¡F cjt ã x‹iw Ïuhg®£ »is› cUth¡»dh®. (»is›) t§fhs¤Âš Ïu£il M£Á Kwia m¿Kf¥gL¤Âat® (Ïuhg®£ »is›) m¿Kf¥gL¤Âa M©L (».Ã. 1765) Ïu£il M£Á Kiw t§fhs¤Âš u¤J nra;a¥g£l M©L (».Ã. 1772) M« M©L thu‹nA°o§ §fhs ft®duhf ãaä¡f¥g£lh®. (».Ã. 1772) Kjš t§fhs jiyik MSeuhf ãaä¡f¥g£lt® (thu‹nA°o§°) ».Ã. 1774 š c¢rÚÂk‹w« mik¡f¥g£lJ. (fšf¤jh) ».Ã. 1784M« M©L M§»y Ãujk® Ïisaã v‹gt® r£l¤ij bfh©Ltªjh®. (ã ϪÂa) t§fhs¤Âš Ïu£il M£Á Kiwia xê¤jt® (thu‹nA°o§°) muÁ‹ fUt=yk; èUªJ fšf¤jhé‰F kh‰w¥g£lJ (K®îjhgh¤) fšf¤jhéš cŸs Áéš ÚÂk‹w¤Â‹ bga® (rhj® Âthå mjhy¤ fšf¤jhéš cŸs »çädš ÚÂk‹w¤Â‹ bga® (rhj® Á[hk¤ mjhy¤) fšf¤jhéš tUtha;¤Jiw fHf¤ij V‰gL¤Âat® (thu‹nA°o§) M« M©L thu‹nA°o§° fšf¤jhéš kjuh[h fšé ãWtd¤ij Jt¡»dh® (».Ã. 1781) nuhïšyh ngh® eilbg‰w M©L (».Ã. 1774) thu‹nA°o§° ϪÂa thâg¤ij C¡Fé¡f éahghçfS¡F R§ftç rjÅj« jŸSgo më¤jh® (2.5%)
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tªJ. (Óu§f¥g£od« mik xg;gªj«) ».Ã. 1790š fhu‹thè° ¡F vÂuhf ngh® bjhL¤jh®. (jpg;GRy;jhd;) jpg;GRy;jhd; Ãwªj M©L (».Ã. 1753) ikNç‹ Gè v‹wiH¡f¥gLgt® (jpg;GRy;jhd;) fhu‹thè° Ãuñit bjhl®ªJ t§fhs¤Â‹ ft®d® b#duyhf gjéna‰wt® (r®#h‹nôh®) jiyælh¡ bfhŸifia Ëg‰¿at® (r®#h‹nôh®) r®#h‹nôhU¡F ÃwF t§fhs ft®d® b#duyhf gjéna‰wt® (btšby°è ÃuG) Jiz¥gil¤Â£l¤ij m¿Kf¥gL¤Âat® (btšby°è ÃuG ) btšny°èæ‹ Jiz¥gil¤ £l¤ij Kjèš V‰w ϪÂa k‹d® (iA¤uhgh¤ã#h«) btšby°èæ‹ Jiz¥gil¤ £l¤ij V‰f kW¤jh®. (jpg;GRy;jhd;) Jiz¥gil¤Â£l¤ij V‰w ÕZth (ÕZth Ïu©lh« ghíuh›) M« M©L eh‹ghJ M§»y –ikN® ngh® eilbg‰wJ. (».Ã. 1799) jpg;GRy;jhd; v‹w ,lj;jpy; njh‰fo¡f¥g£lh® (khstŸë) jpg;GRy;jhd; M« M©L bfhšy¥g£lh®. ».Ã. 1799 nk4) M« M©L Ïu©lhtJ M§»nya – kuh¤Âa¥ ngh® eilbg‰wJ. (».Ã. 1803) M§»y »H¡»ªÂa tâf ãWtd¤ij ϪÂahéš tèik äFªj xU muÁaš r¡Âahf kh‰¿at® (btšby°è) M§»y »H¡»ªÂa tâf¡ FGé‹ m¡g® v‹wiH¡f¥gLgt® (btšby°è) Ïu©lh« ghíuhé‰F«, M§»nyaU¡F« Ïilna cl‹go¡if V‰g£lJ (g°ì‹ cl‹go¡if) btšby°è gpuG M« M©L jiyik MSe® Mdh®. ».Ã. 1796) btšby°è gpuGit¤ bjhl®ªJ t§fhs¤Â‹ jiyik MSeuhf bghW¥ng‰wt® (kh®¡Fé° nA°o§° Ãuò) T®¡f®fŸ eh£il¢ nr®ªjt®fŸ (neghs«) ».Ã. 1813M« M©o‹ g£la¢ r£l« fhy¤Âš ãiwnt‰w¥g£lJ. (kh®¡Fé° nA°o§° Ãuò) ».Ã. 1813M« M©o‹ g£la¢r£l¤Â‹go ϪÂa®fë‹ fšé¡fhf %gha; xJ¡f¥g£lJ (xU y£r«) ».Ã. 1814 Kjš ».Ã. 1816 tiu M§»nya® cl‹ nghç£ld® (T®¡f®fŸ ».Ã. 1816 M« M©L M§»nyaU.¡F«, T®¡f®fS¡F« Ïilna V‰g£l cl‹go¡if (rbfsè cl‹go¡if) N.Sureshbabu. B.Sc(Maths), M.A(Eco),M.Ed.,R.B.P. GHS Bommampatty‐Namakkal Dt
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223 élhçfŸ š tho;ªj bfhŸif¡T£l¤jt®fŸ (k¤Âa ϪÂah) 224 élhçfis xê¤jt® (nA°o§°) 225 ».Ã. 1816 Kjš tiu M§»nya®fS¡F«, élhçfS¡F« Ïilna ngh® eilbg‰wJ. (».Ã.
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(».Ã. 1822) nA°o§° Ãuò M§»y fšé ts®¢Á¡fhf š ».Ã. 1817M« M©L xU fšÿçia ãWédh®. (fšf¤jh) nA°o§° Ãuò t£lhu bkhê¥ g¤Âç¡if¢ r£l¤ij Ú¡» v‹w bra;¤jhŸ btëtu fhuzkh ÏUªjh®. (rkh¢rh® g¤Âç¡if) nA°o§° Ãuò fhy¤Âš š Ïua¤JthçKiw m¿Kf¥gL¤j¥g£lJ . (br‹id) ».Ã. 1813M« M©L g£la¢ r£l« rka ghjf®fis rka¤ij ϪÂahéš gu¥g mDk¤jJ. (»¿°Jt«) nA°o§° Ãuò Kiwia tUtha;;¤Jiwæš m¿Kf¥gL¤Âdh®. Ïuha¤Jthç Kiw) eh‹fh« M§»nya-kuh¤Âa nghç‹nghJ ÕZth gjé t»¤jh®. (Ïu©lh« ghíuh›) Ãuò Jt§»a gâia nA°o§° Ko¤Jit¤jh® (btšby°è) 2tJ M§»nya – ikN® ngh® ».Ã. 180 Kjš tiu eilbg‰wJ. (»Ã. 1784) Ïu©lhtJ M§»nya – ikN® ngh® cl‹go¡ifÍl‹ KoΉwJ. (k§fq® cl‹go¡if) KjyhtJ M§»nya – kuh¤Âa ngh® ».à 1775š bjhl§» tiu eilbg‰wJ. (»Ã. 1782) KjyhtJ M§»nya-kuh¤Âangh® cl‹go¡if _y« KoΡF tªjJ. (rhšig) f®ehlf¤Â‹ jiyefu« (M‰fhL) r®ma®T£ nghçš fΩ-o-yhèia njh‰fo¤jt® (tªjthÁ) yhng®blhdhOE° ‹ ÃbuŠR MSe® (bkhçîa°) xsu§fÓ¥ kuz¤Â‰F ÃwF Kfyha k‹duhdh® (Kf«kJ\h) kuh¤Âa nguuÁš Ãujk mik¢r® vd miH¡f¥g£lh®. (ÕZth) Ã#ò® Ršjh‹ Áthíia ml¡f v‹gtiu mD¥Ãdh®. (m¥ršfh‹) Áthíæ‹ mik¢ruit¡ FGthd mZl¥Ãujhåš Ïl« bg‰¿Uªj mik¢r®fë‹ v©â¡if (8) éšèa« Ah¡»‹° gaz« nk‰bfh©lnghJ ϪÂahé‹ Kfyha k‹d® (#Ah§Ñ®) M§»y »H¡»ªÂa f«bgå bjhl§»a M©L (».Ã. 1600) ngh®¢RÑÁa®fŸ nfhthit RšjhåläUªJ if¥g‰¿dh®. (Ã#¥ò®) M§»y nguuir ϪÂahéš njh‰Wé¤jt® (Ïuhg®£ »is›) fhu‹thè° ÃuG M« M©L t§fhs¤Â‹ ft®d® b#duš Mdh®. (».Ã. 1786)
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