Schrodinger  Atomic  Theory     In  1926  Erwin  Schrödinger,  an  Austrian  physicist,  took  the  Bohr  atom  model  one  step  further.   Schrödinger  used  mathematical  equations  to  describe  the  likelihood  of  finding  an  electron  in  a  certain   position.  This  atomic  model  is  known  as  the  quantum  mechanical  model  of  the  atom.  Unlike  the  Bohr   model,  the  quantum  mechanical  model  does  not  define  the  exact  path  of  an  electron,  but  rather,  predicts   the  odds  of  the  location  of  the  electron.  This  model  can  be  portrayed  as  a  nucleus  surrounded  by  an   electron  cloud.  Where  the  cloud  is  most  dense,  the  probability  of  finding  the  electron  is  greatest,  and   conversely,  the  electron  is  less  likely  to  be  in  a  less  dense  area  of  the  cloud.  Thus,  this  model  introduced   the  concept  of  sub-­‐energy  levels.    

Quantum  Mechanical  Model  

Until  1932,  the  atom  was  believed  to  be  composed  of  a  positively  charged  nucleus  surrounded  by   negatively  charged  electrons.  In  1932,  James  Chadwick  bombarded  beryllium  atoms  with  alpha  particles.   An  unknown  radiation  was  produced.  Chadwick  interpreted  this  radiation  as  being  composed  of  particles   with  a  neutral  electrical  charge  and  the  approximate  mass  of  a  proton.  This  particle  became  known  as     the  neutron  .  With  the  discovery  of  the  neutron,  an  adequate  model  of  the  atom  became  available  to   chemists.   Since  1932,  through  continued  experimentation,  many  additional  particles  have  been  discovered  in  the   atom.  Also,  new  elements  have  been  created  by  bombarding  existing  nuclei  with  various  subatomic   particles.  The  atomic  theory  has  been  further  enhanced  by  the  concept  that  protons  and  neutrons  are   made  of  even  smaller  units  called  quarks.  The  quarks  themselves  are  in  turn  made  of  vibrating  strings  of   energy.  The  theory  of  the  composition  of  the  atom  continues  to  be  an  ongoing  and  exciting  adventure.      

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