PROVINCIAL STYLE- BENGAL The Bengal region was occupied by Mohammad ibn Bhaktiyar Khan Khalji as early as 1198-99. It was however not till a century later than an indigenous and rather individual style of Islamic architecture developed in the region, making full use of bamboo, timber and bricks made of clay from the deltaic area of Bengal, an architectural expression very different from anywhere else in the country. The original Hindu architecture in brick with restrained terracotta ornamentation, squat and heavy piers, the curvilinear roof and wall facades, were adopted to a great extent, to which however a typical pointed brick arch was added. The best examples of such building art are found chiefly at Gaur, Pandua, Bagerhat, and a few other places. Apparently the Hindu influence continued to be very strong in Bengal and refused to be quite subordinated by Islamic idioms. Characteristics: Though built of Muslim design, they were very provincial in their arcuate, structural and decorative modes. The curvilinear roof was adopted Building material was predominantly brick, though stone was also used.

Hindu style squat pillars with square section were used. Walls had shallow panelling with their rich ornamentation in terracotta. These amalgamations of Hindu and Muslim styles in the monuments of the time resulted in lack of good proportions and sometimes evoke the feeling that symmetry and perfect architectural lines have been sacrificed for a superficial decorative appeal. Three phases of building activities of Muslim Bengal

1202-1339AD Early rulers

1339-1442AD Ilyas Shahi & Kans dynasties

1442-1576AD later Ilyas Shahi &succeeding rulers

Phase 1 Here at the riverside village of Tribeni, a settlement in the Hughli district, and at the hamlet of Pandua in the same locality. The principal Mosque at Pandua was a very large structure. Its walls and arches are of brick. Its pillars are of basalt and evidently taken from Hindu temples. This is the earliest example of a multi domed mosque having a quadrangular plan. Adjacent to this mosque another example, the Tower of Victory was erected towards 1340AD. The design of the tower was inspired from the famous Qutb Minar. The Tomb of Zafar Khan Ghazi Its located at Tribeni. The stones used in the mosque were originally materials from temples, as

evidenced by figures of Hindu deities carved on some pieces. There are five arched entrances in the east wall. The arches are supported by stumpy hexagonal stone piers. The mosque represents the multi-domed oblong type developed by the Muslims in Bengal. The north and south walls have two doors each. There are ten domes roofing the mosque. The brick-built domes rest on stone pillars and pointed arches with brick pendentives at the corners.

Phase 2 It was during this phase that the capital of the Bengal Muslim empire was shifted from Lakhnauti or Gaur to Pandua. Only one important example of this time. Adina Mosque Began by Sikander Shah in 1364AD. The courtyard measures 400ft long by 130ft wide Its enclosed within the usual ranges of pillared aisles. 5 bays deep on the western side and 3 on the remainder, consisting of 260 pillars in all. The entire composition is encircled by a wall, making its outside dimensions a rectangle of 507ft by 285ft. Around the interior of the courtyard and forming a continuous facade is the screen of arches, 88 in number and

surmounted by a parapet 22 ft in height from the ground. Above which 306 domes are placed. At the south east corner 3 arches are open to the outside and constitute the main entrance. An uppers storey is constructed on the northern aisles of the sanctuary. It is supported on a range of arches carried by pillars. These pillars are short and abnormally thick, square in plan and supported by massive bracket capitals. These types of pillars are found only in Bengal. Pillars actually on the upper storey are of normal proportions, with fluted shafts and lotus capitals. The most important portion is the sanctuary which is 70ft x 34ft and 50ft high.

The facade was a rectangular screen 50ft wide and 60ft high. Within this frontal screen was the entrance to the sanctuary, a pointed archway 50ft high and 33ft wide. The western wall is adorned by a central mihrab, another supplementary one to the side and a mimbar or pulpit. While the interior of the recess indicating mihrab has been panelled with the Islamic motif of the hanging lamp of light, the heavy influence of a canopied niche on a Buddhist stupa or an ornamental devagosta within a Hindu temple is very visible. Much of the upper part of the building, including the arches and domes are of brick, but a great deal of the substructure of the facade was that of basalt masonry. This mosque brought about a few aesthetic and constructional changes in the architectural realm of Bengal

It introduced the ‘drop arch’, having its centres at the import level and with its span greater than its radii like the arches in English Gothic churches. In Adina mosque, small domes were raised over each bay supported by pendentives. These pendentives were formed of bricks built in oversailing courses, the bricks in each alternate course being set diagonally so their corners project in a process of transition from square to circular.

Phase 3 -Characteristics: The third and most matured phase depicts the style prevalent during the 15th and first half of the 16th centuries. The 2 main factors responsible for the character of the building art, are the inference of the soil on and the climate . In this deltaic region with changing river beds, frequent erosion due to floods, led to buildings composed of wood and bamboo. The other factor was the extreme humid climate of Bengal.To throw off the excess of water during the heavy rainy season a special form of curved roof was devised. Examples : •Eklakhi tomb, Pandua (1425 AD) •Dakhil darwaza (1465 AD) •Tantipara masjid, Gaur(1475 AD) •Gunmant masjid (1484 AD) •Bara sona masjid (1526 AD) •Chota sona masjid (1510 AD) •Firoz minar (1488 AD)

Eklakhi tomb

Tomb of Sultan Jalaluddin mohammad shah. It is a structure of marked architectural character. It forms an evolutional landmark as it is the initial building of its kind. It is a prototype of most of the subsequent Islamic architecture of Bengal. It consists of a square substructure, 75 ft side and height 25 ft. The whole is surmounted by a plain hemispherical dome of 46 ft diameter. Octagonal turrets project from each corner. The tomb chamber within which is an octagonal hall 47 ft wide

Dakhil darwaza Constructed by Barbak shah. It is a building composed very largely of brick and most impressive example of its kind. It was built as a triumphal arch or saluting gateway and aligned to face the citadel of Gaur. Its 75’ in front,113’ from front to back. 60’ ht. An arched passage carried through its centre 132’ and 24’ high. It has guard rooms opening on each side of the passage. At each corner is a prominent rounded bastion, between which and the central opening is a pylon like buttress. The 2 pylons in front are connected with each other by an archway. The circular bastions at the corners are built to a taper and surmounted by rounded cupolas

Tantipara masjid, Gaur(1475 AD)

Gunmant masjid

Bara sona masjid

Chota sona masjid

Firoz minar

Provincial style bengal.pdf

taken from Hindu temples. This is the earliest example of a multi. domed mosque having a quadrangular. plan. Adjacent to this mosque another. example, the ...

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