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RANCHO VERDE HIGH SCHOOL MARINE SCIENCE

Plankton, Microalgae, and Macroalgae

Name: _________________________________ Period: ___________

Table of Contents: A. Plankton web quest.................................................................................................. B. Plankton NOTES........................................................................................................ C. Plankton Types [drawings and descriptions]............................................................. D. NOTES: Algal Blooms.................................................................................................. E. Macroalgae/Seaweeds reading and concept maps................................................... F. Red and green algae: reading, color plate, and table................................................ G. Brown Algae: reading, color plate, and table............................................................. H. Uses of algae............................................................................................................... I.

Algae as biofuel [article].............................................................................................

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A. Plankton Web Quest PART 1: What are phytoplankton?

Go to http://www.cencoos.org/learn/blooms. Complete the following: 1. What are phytoplankton? _________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the main role of phytoplankton in the ocean’s food web? ____________________________ 3. What do phytoplankton need to produce food and oxygen? __________________________________ and ______________________ 4. Why does phytoplankton live in the photic zone? ___________________________________________________________________ Click on Phytoplankton 5.

Facts

What is the difference between macro and micro algae? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

6. What are the two most common phytoplankton? _________________________________________ Click on Dinoflagellate. Fill up the below with information about dinoflagellates. How do they move?

How do they get energy? What’s in their cell wall?

What pigments they have?

How do they reproduce

What are their ecological roles?

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Go back to the main page and click on Diatoms. Fill up the below with information about diatoms. How do they move?

How do they get energy? What’s in their cell wall?

What pigments they have?

How do they reproduce

What are their ecological roles?

PART 2: Phytoplankton Drawings Go to http://oceandatacenter.ucsc.edu/PhytoGallery/phytolist.html Sketch each of the following:

Diatoms

Dinoflagellates

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PART 3: Types of Algal Bloom Go to http://www.cencoos.org/learn/blooms Click on “Bloom Types ” -- complete the following: 7. Why is the term “red tide” a misnomer (wrong name or term)? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Where do red tides most commonly occur? _________________________________________________ 9. Where do brown tides most commonly occur? ______________________________________________ 10. Where do green tides most commonly occur? ______________________________________________

11. What are the 4 primary environmental factors needed for a bloom to occur? a. ____________________________________ c. _______________________________________ b. ____________________________________

d. _______________________________________

PART 4: Red Rides and Harmful Algae Use the website: http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/page.do?pid=9257 to answer the questions that follow. 12. What does HABs stands for? ________________________________________________________ 13. How does HABs cause harm? ________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 14. Click “Regions,” identify 4 places where visible phytoplankton blooms have occurred in our country. ________________________________________________________________________ 15. Click “Species”, choose “By Name” (click on it). Identify the name of the organism in their proper names and what health effects they cause. Use the first 7 organisms.

Causative Organism 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Health Effects Syndrome

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6.

7. 16. Click on “Impacts”. Briefly describe how HABs affects the following. a. Human health _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ b. Wildlife _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ c. Ecosystem _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ d. Socioeconomic _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ e. Freshwater _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________

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B. Notes: Plankton Essential Question/s:

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Summary:

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C. Plankton Types Specimen

Descriptions

Specimen 1

Specimen Name: _______________________________________ Circle one from each category: Phytoplankton or Zooplankton Holoplankton or Meroplankton Description: _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

Specimen 2

Specimen Name: _______________________________________ Circle one from each category: Phytoplankton or Zooplankton Holoplankton or Meroplankton Description: _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

Specimen 3

Specimen Name: _______________________________________ Circle one from each category: Phytoplankton or Zooplankton Holoplankton or Meroplankton Description: _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

Specimen 4

Specimen Name: _______________________________________

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Circle one from each category: Phytoplankton or Zooplankton Holoplankton or Meroplankton Description: _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Specimen 5 Specimen Name: _______________________________________ Circle one from each category: Phytoplankton or Zooplankton Holoplankton or Meroplankton Description: _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Specimen 6 Specimen Name: _______________________________________ Circle one from each category: Phytoplankton or Zooplankton Holoplankton or Meroplankton Description: _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Specimen 7

Specimen Name: _______________________________________ Circle one from each category:

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Phytoplankton or Zooplankton Holoplankton or Meroplankton Description: _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Specimen 8 Specimen Name: _______________________________________ Circle one from each category: Phytoplankton or Zooplankton Holoplankton or Meroplankton Description: _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Specimen 9 Specimen Name: _______________________________________ Circle one from each category: Phytoplankton or Zooplankton Holoplankton or Meroplankton Description: _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

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D. Notes: Algal Blooms Essential Question/s:

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Summary:

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Lesson 1 Content Section - What is Algae? Algae are organisms that are like plants and vegetables. They are commonly found living in the sea, rivers, lakes or ponds. All algae make energy from the sun. There are two different types of algae and they are called “Macroalgae” and “Microalgae”. Macroalgae are commonly known as “seaweed”. The word “macro“ means big so you can think of a big plant that lives in the sea.

many cells that let the macroalgae function. The main parts of the macroalgae are “the holdfast”, “the blade”, “the frond”, Plants and Seaweed “the stipe”, “the thallus”, “the mid-rib” and “the air-bladders”. The holdfast has an appearance similar to the roots of plants but it does not provide Flower

Air Bladder Leaf

Frond Stem

Thallus

This is Algeena who will be giving us information on macroalgae.

Blade

Midrib

This is Mike who will be giving us information on microalgae.

Holdfast Roots Stipe

Microalgae are often called “phytoplankton”. The word “micro” means very small so you can think of a small plant that lives in the sea, rivers, ponds or lakes. They are so small that you will be unable to see them in the water with your eyes. They are normally viewed under a microscope. Macroalgae (Seaweed) is a multicellular organism. This means that they contain

Rock

any nutrients to the macroalgae. Nutrients are absorbed by the entire macroalga from the water. The holdfast provides support to the macroalga. The blade is like the leaf of a tree and the stipe is like the stem of a flower, if present.

BioMara gratefully acknowledges the following funders:

A project supported by the European Union’s INTERREG IVA Programme managed by the Special EU Programmes Body. Lesson One. Page

1

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The stipe transports nutrients to the holdfast. A collection of blades is known as a frond. The body of the macroalgae is known as the thallus. Some macroalgae have air-bladders to help them float. The air-bladders contain gas and help lift the macroalgae to the surface so that the organisms can get sunlight. Other macroalgae that do not have air-bladders have long stipes to help them float to the surface. Some macroalgae have a midrib which are located in the centre of the fronds. Macroalgae are divided by their colour into brown, green and red macroalgae. The colour of the macroalgae are due to the different pigments within the organisms. There are brown, green and red pigments within the various macroalgae. All macroalgae have green pigments so they can make energy from the sun. Maerl is another type of marine alga. It has a red colour and forms a tough crust. Maerl is small in size and you could hold it in your hand. Unlike other macroalgae they are not attached by a holdfast but live on the sea bed with the sand. Microalgae are small floating organisms that contain one cell and so are called “unicellular” organisms. The cell is surrounded by a cell wall. Microalgae can make their own energy and store their energy in the cell. Microalgae are different in their size, shape and colour. They are very small in size, usually one quarter of a millimetre. The colour of the microalgae cell depends on their pigments. They can either appear blue-green, yellow, brown or orange.

Diatoms are a type of microalgae. They have different shapes. Some are shaped like spheres, elliptical (shaped like a rugby ball), triangles and other diatoms may be shaped like a stars. They contain tiny amounts of oil within their cell. The oil helps them move within the water to find their food and nutrients. They are weak swimmers so the water currents help them to move. A diatom cell is surrounded by a silica shell which makes the cell wall. The silica looks like glass and is used to protect the cells. The cell wall within the diatom is like a box with an overlapping lid. They cannot move themselves so they float free. The second type of microalgae are called dinoflagellates. Most dinoflagellates have two “flagella” which appear like short tails that help them move through the water. One flagellum is wrapped around the cell and the other is visible and helps the microalgae move. They can also use the oil within their cell to sink or swim. Dinoflagellates are surrounded by a tough shell which they use for protection. Certain types ofdinoflagellates glow in the dark at night when disturbed. Diatoms and dinoflagellates grow very quickly and large amounts are called algal bloom. Algal blooms can cause problems for the environment. Both of these microalgae have the ability to cause food poisoning. Shellfish may eat the microalgae as their food and if humans then eat the shellfish they may get sick. Some algal blooms are very beneficial to the environment making huge amounts of food for fish.

The two main types of microalgae are “Diatoms” and “Dinoflagellates”. Lesson One. Page

2

also known as

very small called

can be

ALGAE

also known as

big called Main parts are

Is divided into colors

Activity 1: Complete the concept map

Functions to

is the

is like the

is a

is like the

is like the

Make the algae

body

Collection of blades

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Activity 2.

Name

Label the different parts of macroalgae (seaweeds) and a flower.

THALLUS

FLOWER

Ask the pupils to label the appropriate parts of the macroalgae and flower by using the key words in the table.

FROND

STEM

BLADE

ROOTS

AIR BLADDER

LEAF

STIPE

HOLDFAST

Lesson One. Page

8

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Activity 3.

Name

Select the key words in the box associated with macroalgae, microalgae and flower.

Macroalgae

Microalgae

Flowers

1._________________ 1.______________ 1._____________ 2._________________ 2._______________ 2______________ 3.__________________

3.________________

3._____________

4.__________________

4.________________

4._____________

Microscope

Stem

Flower

Holdfast

Phytoplankton Seaweed Multicellular Blade Roots Leaf Diatoms Flagella

Describe by writing one sentence the differences between macroalgae and microalgae. Macroalgae

Microalgae

Lesson One. Page

9

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Types of Algae F. Red and Green Algae Begin by coloring the sea lettuce. The illustration at the next page shows various algae attached to a rocky surface; the other illustrations are larger drawings of the algae. As each type is mentioned in the text, color both representations. Choose greens for the green algae, orange for coralline algae, and reds of the red algae. Smithora is attached to green surf grass.

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Fill in the table with the color and adaptations for each type of algae. Name of the Algae Color of the Adaptation Algae Sea Lettuce

Cladophora

Salt sac

Coralline red algae

Pepper dulce

Smithora

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G. Brown Algae Color the parts of the rockweed at the upper left. Color each brown alga as it is treated in the text. Notice the differences in relative proportions of the holdfast, stipe, and blade among these plants. The feather-boa kelp has especially long stipes and small blades.

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Fill in the table with the color and adaptations for each type of algae. Name of the Algae Color of the Adaptation Algae Rockweed

Feather-boa kelp

Oar Weed

Lessoniopsis

Bull kelp

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H. Uses of Algae Both macroalgae and microalgae occur naturally and can be used in many different ways so it would be such a waste to throw it away.

Got to http://www.biomara.org/schools/Lesson%205%20-%20uses%20of%20algae.pdf or google biomara lesson 5 and click on the first site that appears. Complete the table below. Use of the Algae Name of Algae Palmaria palmate (Dulse/Dilisk) Saccharina latissima (Sugar Kelp) Porphyra (Nori)

Laminaria digitate (oarweed) Chondrus crispus (Carrageenen moss) Fucus vescilosus (Bladder Wrack) Fucus serratus (Serrated wrack) Ascophylluym nodosum (knotted wrack) Ulva

Algae is used as……..

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I. Algae as Biofuel

From lesson 5 you have discovered that there are many uses for algae. You also have discovered that algae can be used to produce biofuels. Biofuels are fuels that are made from biomass. Biomass is material from living or recently living organisms. Some common examples of biomass are algae, grass and wood. Biomass can be used to make biofuels. There are three common types of transport biofuels in Europe; bioethanol, biodiesel and biogas. Bioethanol is mixed with petrol, biodiesel is mixed with diesel and biogas (methane) can be used to fuel specially adapted vehicles. These three types

of biofuel can be produced from algae. Biofuel All Biofuels are made from biomass. These biofuels can all be produced from algae.

In this section you will learn how all three different biofuels are made using algae. Biodiesel Biodiesel can be made from oils within the algae. As we learned in a previous lesson, microalgae contains oil within its cell. This oil can be used to make biodiesel. There are different varieties of microalgae which contain oil. The scientists that make the biodiesel try to identify the species of microalgae that have the most oil within their cells and also the microalgae that grows best within its environment. Some microalgae have lots of oil, but are very fragile and so will not grow well at large scales. Once grown, the oil is removed from the microalgae using chemicals or by squeezing oil out of the cells using scientific equipment. Then the oil is used as an ingredient in biodiesel. This oil is changed chemically from plant oil to biodiesel. The finished product can be used on its own as pure biodiesel but is normally mixed with ordinary diesel and used directly in cars. There is biodiesel in most mineral diesel on sale in Europe but it makes up less than 5% unless otherwise noted.

BioMara gratefully acknowledges the following funders:

A project supported by the European Union’s INTERREG IVA Programme managed by the Special EU Programmes Body.

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Bioethanol Bioethanol is used in petrol. Ethanol is better known as alcohol. The word “bioethanol” means ethanol that can be made from biomass mainly for transport use. Macroalgae can be used to make bioethanol. Macroalgae that contain a high amount of sugar are used in the production of bioethanol. The macroalgae are cut and treated to free up the sugars within the algae. These sugars decompose to a simple sugar called “glucose”. The macroalgae is now a “feedstock” for the next step.

survive and the anaerobic digestion to produce gas the environment must be correct. The environment consists of no oxygen (air), correct temperature and acidity.The anaerobic digestion results in the production of methane gas and carbon dioxide (C02). They can be produced in a 50:50 ratio but normally there is a little more methane than biogas. The biogas can then be burned directly in an engine or a cooker or upgraded for use in car engines or for generating electricity, The remaining sludge in the anaerobic digester can be used as a fertiliser.

Yeast is then added to the process. During this time there is a chemical reaction produced by the yeast called “fermentation”. Fermentation is when the yeast uses glucose and produces ethanol and other components. The ethanol is then separated from the other components by heating it up until it boils and then cooling the vapours. This is called distillation. The bioethanol undergoes a further filtering process to remove water so it can then be used as an ingredient with petrol.

Advantages of using algae as biofuel Biofuels have many advantages as sources of renewable energy. Algae occur naturally, grow quickly and produce oxygen by photosynthesis. Macroalgae don’t grow on land and so do not compete with land based plants which are normally used for food. Therefore macroalgal biofuels have little effect on farms or food supplies.

Biogas Biogas is produced naturally from the breakdown of organic material. The main constitutent in biogas is methane gas. Macroalgae can form biogas because of its high sugar content. It is washed, mashed up and treated and then becomes the “feedstock”. The feedstock then enters big tanks. At this stage special micro-organisms called “anaerobes” are added when conditions are correct. These micro-organisms are special because they live and work without oxygen. They use the feedstock for their food and there are a series of chemical reactions which happen in this environment called “Anaerobic Digestion”. When the feedstock undergoes anaerobic digestion by the micro-organisms they produce methane gas. Anaerobic Digestion literally means eating without oxygen. For the micro-organisms to

Biofuels reduce air pollution. They are described as “carbon neutral”. This means that carbon dioxide is used by algae and plants from the atmosphere during photosynthesis to make their own food but the same amount of carbon dioxide is also returned to the atmosphere when used as a biofuel. This means that additional carbon dioxide is not being added to the atmosphere that is not ‘fixed’ again in the near future in macroalgae again. As we know that burning fossil fuels such as petrol or coal increase pollution and increases carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and governments throughout the world would like us to reduce the amount of greenhouses gases and pollution. Using biofuels could help to reduce the amount carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Lesson Six. Page

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How to use algae as biofuel. Brief Summary Aim: The aim of this lesson is to show how algae can be used as biofuel and briefly illustrate the 3 different methods of production of biogas, biodiesel and bioethanol. Biofuels - are made from biomass. Biomass is material from living or recently living organisms. Examples of biomass are grass, wood and algae. Both macroalgae and microalgae are involved in the production of biofuel. The word biofuel means fuel that is made from biomass. Biofuel is a term used to describe biodiesel, bioethanol which is used in petrol and methane gas which is found in biogas. Biodiesel - Microalgae are involved in the production of biodiesel. Microalgae are chosen for the production of biofuel based on their oil content. The oil inside the microalgae is removed from algae by chemical means or either squeezed out. The oil is collected and changed chemically and is then used as an ingredient in biodiesel. Bioethanol – Bioethanol is an ingredient used in the production of petrol. Macroalgae that contain a lot of sugar are chosen. Macroalgae are cut, mashed and treated. The macroalgae now appear as sludge and is called feedstock. Other micro-organisms called Yeast are added at this stage. Yeast uses the feedstock as food and breaks down the feedstock into ethanol and other components. This process is called fermentation. Ethanol is separated from the other components and then the ethanol is used in petrol. Biogas – Methane is the main ingredient in the production of biogas. Methane gas can be produced by using macroalgae. The macroalgae must have a high sugar content. Macroalgae are cut and mashed. Micro-organisms convert the natural sugars in macroalgae into glucose. The macroalgae now appear as sludge and is called feedstock. The feedstock will go into a big tank and special micro-organisms called anaerobes are added. These micro-organisms are special because they don’t need oxygen to survive. They work without oxygen(air). They also need an environment that has the correct temperature and acidity. When conditions are correct the special micro-organisms perform a series of reactions called anaerobic digestion. Within this environment methane and other gases are produced. The methane gas is separated and used as biogas. Biofuel is better for the environment because biomass is easily accessible. Biomass includes grass and algae which absorbs carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. The biomass is then used to make biofuel.

Lesson Six. Page

105