International Journal of Medicinal Plants. 110 (2016) 771-785 https://sites.google.com/site/photonfoundationorganization/home/international-journal-of-medicinal-plants Original Research Article. ISJN: 6672-4384: Impact Index: 4.18

International Journal of Medicinal Plants

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Exploration and conservation of medicinal plants in Senapati and Ukhrul districts of Manipur India Dr. Rama Shankara*, Gyati Ankub, Shazia Neyazb, Dr. W. Rungsungb, K. S. Dhimanc a

Ayurveda Regional Research Institute, Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Jhansi, India -284003 Ayurveda Regional Research Institute, Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Itanagar-791111, India c Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Bharatiy Chikitsa evam Homoeopathy Anusandhan Bhawan, Janakpuri D-Block, New Delhi-110058, India b

Article history: Received: 25 August, 2016 Accepted: 10 September, 2016 Available online: 06 December, 2016 Keywords: Conservation, Cissampelos Tinospora cordifolia.

pareira

Valeriana

jatamansi,

Abbreviation: GPS: Global Positioning System Corresponding Author: Dr. Shankar R* Research Officer (Scientist-4) Botany Email: rshankar58 ( at ) gmail ( dot ) com Anku G. Senior Research Fellow (Botany) Neyaz S. Senior Research Fellow Dr. Rungsung W. Research Officer (Botany). Professor (Vaidya) K. S. Dhiman Director General,

Abstract Medicinal plants being the boon of herbal pharmaceuticals as well as the traditional practitioners are having acute pressure due to gradual decrease of forests, use of pesticides and weedicides in the agricultural field and multiple other activities in forest areas. Gradual decrease of natural resources particularly medicinal plants needs the regular exploration at different accessible sites for the sake of fulfill the need of

pharmaceuticals and finding out possibilities of conservation and systemic utilization. Accordingly, the study comprises of distribution of medicinal plants in Senapati and Ukhrul districts of Manipur state of India where the topographical conditions vary from tropical to Alpine type of forests. During the course of studies the potential distribution of some high value medicinal plants has also been observed and the quantitative analysis has been studied by the use of quadrates of different sizes for herbs shrubs and tree species. Some of the important medicinal plants found in the two districts are Acorus callamus, Argyreia nervosa, Brugmansia suaveolens, Cissampelos pareira, Costus speciosus, Crasocephalum crepioides, Curcuma aromatica, C. longa, C. zedoaria, Cuscuta reflexa, Datura stramonium, Dendrobium nobile, Embelia ribes, Mahonia nepaulensis, Melastoma malabathricum, Oroxylum indicum, Oxyspora paniculata, Paederia foetida, Phyllanthus amaras, Sida acuta, S. rhombifolia, Smilax glabra Solanum nigrum, Swertia chirayita, Tinospora cordifolia, Valeriana jatamansi. Various measures and recommendations have been made for conservation of selected high valued medicinal plants by the involvement of local inhabitants. Accordingly, the study is directly linked with the pharmaceuticals as well as the local inhabitants in the areas concern. Citation: Shankar R*, Anku G., Neyaz S., Dr. W. Rungsung, K.S. Dhiman., 2016. Exploration and conservation of medicinal plants in Senapati and Ukhrul districts of Manipur India. International Journal of Medicinal Plants. Photon 110, 771-785 All Rights Reserved with Photon. Photon Ignitor: ISJN66724384D844206122016

1. Introduction 1.1 Outline The state of Manipur is lying at the Eastern part of North East India which is bordered with Nagaland in the North, Myanmar in the East, Assam in the west and Mizoram with partly Myanmar in the South located between latitude of 23°83’N – 25°68’N and a longitude of 93°03’E – 94°78’E by Ph ton

occupying an area of 22,347 km² occupying topographical land varying from foot hill of 100 msl elevation up to a range of 2600 msl in the upper reaches of the state. The forest area of the Natural vegetation is 14,365 km² which is nearly

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64% of the total geographical area of the state. The state is divided into 09 districts which cover 09 Forest divisions and its respective ranges. Bishnupur; Thoubal Forest Division, Thoubal; Tengnoupal Forest Division, Chandel; Eastern Forest Division, Ukhrul; Northern Forest Division, Kangpokpi; Southern Forest Division, Churachandpur; Western Forest Division, Tamenglong and Jiribam Forest Division, Jiribam. The areas of Manipur covered under the study falls into Senapati and Ukhrul forest divisions. The areas under studies i.e. Mao, Kathko, Kangopi, Mayongkhong, Taphou, Makham, Khukhu Naga village, Leimokhong, Chatkot, Bhutkarda, Saikul town, Thung Shaming, Molkon village, Lalronching and Heyabong village of Senapati districts and Sumok, Yainganag Pokpi, Sareikhon, Huntant, Mungshangkong, Shokvao, Rombni, Sonsai, Sanaok, Julangbung, Sinakeithei, Siroi of Ukhrul districts are inhabited by the Mao and Tangkhul tribes respectively who use the practices of traditional method of healing practices. The areas falling under the study areas are rich in floral diversity from tropical, sub tropical, temperate and alpine forests which occupies diverse type of medicinal plants. Generally the biodiversity is used as source of fire wood, wild food. 1.2 Exploration The two districts under study is distributed in the hills from tropical to sub alpine regions where plants of Acorus calamus, Abroma augusta, Amorphophalus bulbifer, Argyreia nervosa, Brugmantia suavioenss, Cissampelos pareira, Costus speciosus, Crasocephalum crepioides, Curcuma aromatica, C. longa, C. zedoaria, Cuscuta reflexa, Datura stramonium, Dendrobium nobile, etc. are widely or rarely distributed in foot hills of tropical Himalayas whereas plants of Mahonia nepaulensis, Podophyllum hexandrum, Swertia chirayita, Valeriana jatamansi etc. are distributed in temperate and sub alpine hills The quantitative distribution of temperate and sub alpine plants is lesser and needs conservation through In situ or through cultivation. 1.3. Literature The medicinal plants of Manipur and their uses by traditional practitioners as well as plants involved in the management of serious diseases like diabetes have been described by Sinha, 1996; Singh, 2011; Devi, 2011; Sharma, 2015. Exploration based on GPS stratification, quantitative analysis as well as conservational aspects was left over in the forests of Manipur which covers the plants of Wild Dendrobium, Kaempheria galangal, Panax pseudoginseng, Paris polyphylla, Swertia chirayita, Smilax lencifolia, Taxus wallichiana, Thalictrum sp. etc.

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1.4 Objective of the Study Medicinal plants the basics of herbal pharmaceuticals are gradually depleting from the Natural sourced due to acute pressure on land various man activities and Natural calamities like land sliding etc. To assess the quantity and positioning of different medicinal plants in different climatic zone in the State of Manipur the study has been initiated in Senapati and Ukhrul districts for scientists as well as pharmaceuticals and local inhabitants for their involvement in various medicinal plants activities like conservation though systemic collection of drug produce and cultivation. Accordingly, the study was conducted at different altitudinal ranges and the at the most assessment work has been furnished. Medicinal plants being the boon of herbal pharmaceuticals as well as the traditional practitioners are having acute pressure due to gradual decrease of forests, use of pesticides and weedicides in the agricultural field and multiple other activities in forest areas. Gradual decrease of natural resources particularly medicinal plants needs the regular exploration at different accessible sites for the sake of fulfill the need of pharmaceuticals and finding out possibilities of conservation and systemic utilization and it has developed to carry out such types of studies and the work has been carried out in a rich biodiversity areas of Manipur. 2. Experimental Extensive exploration of the districts of Ukhrul and Senapati districts of Manipur has been made. Records of the collections have been observed with Global Positioning System (GPS) at different places with their distribution recorded at different spots. Frequency of the important medicinal plants has been made by using quadrate with an edge length of 1m2, 50m2 (10X5 m), and 100 m2 for herbs shrubs and tree species. The Herbarium vouchers were made by drying poisoning and mounting on Herbarium sheets as described by Jain and Rao, 1976. The Herbarium vouchers are deposited in the Herbarium of Regional Ayurveda Research Institute Itanagar (Acronym ARRI). Authenticity of Herbarium was made after consulting the Herbarium of Botanical Survey of India, Arunachal Pradesh Circle, Itanagar. During field observation, suitability of medicinal plants with high demand and commercial values as well as methods for conservation and cultivation has also been recorded by bringing the sufficient germ plasm for cultivation in the Medicinal Plants Garden of Regional Ayurveda Research Institute Itanagar.

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3. Results 3.1 Distribution of plants Extensive exploration of medicinal plants in Senapati and Ukhrul forest divisions of Manipur has been made in different season with an emphasis on pressure of exploitation and status as per GPS records for most of the forest areas in the state (Map-1). The important medicinal plants distributed in the state

are Acorus calamus, Abroma augusta, Amorphophalus bulbifer, Argyreia nervosa, Brugmansia suaveolens, Cissampelos pareira, Costus speciosus, Crasocephalum crepioides, Curcuma aromatica, C. longa, C. zedoaria, Cuscuta reflexa, Datura stramonium, Dendrobium nobile, Embelia ribes, Mahonia nepaulensis, Melastoma malabathricum, Meremia tridentata, Oroxylum indicum, Oxyspora paniculata, Paederia

Spilanthes paniculata

Polygonum capitatum

Albizia macrophylla

Bauhinia purpurea

Oroxylem indicum

Acorus calamus

Phyllanthus amarus

Crotolaria serica

Mirabilis jalapa

Costus speciosus

Curcuma longa

Terminalia myriocarpa

Thalictrum foliolosum Alnus nepalensis Brugmansia suaveolens Euphorbia royleana Figure-1. Photographs of selected medicinal plants of Senapati and Ukhrul districts of Manipur

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foetida, Phyllanthus amaras, Picrorhiza kurrooa, Sida acuta, S. rhombifolia, Smilax glabra, Solanum nigrum, Stachytaphata imbricata, Swertia sp., Tinospora cordifolia, Valeriana jatamansi etc. Medicinal plants are widely used in traditional medical practices by local traditional healers as well as under trade. Cultivation of some of the medicinal plants is also in practice. exploration of medicinal plants needs the identifying areas for maximum occurrence of commercially viable species of medicinal plants, potential of such species in a particular area for commercial utility, less occurring medicinal plants species whose conservation is the need of time, utilization medicinally important species under local health

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practices or other ways of use like food, ornamental or timber etc. and the land in the study areas is also suitable for undertaking medicinal plants cultivation. During various explorations in the two districts of Manipur all such types of status has been recorded. During course of exploration it was observed that local traditional healers are using locally available herbs for the treatment of various ailments. Commercial exploitation of Acorus calamus, Curcuma aromatica, Oroxylum indicum, Smilax glabra, Rubia sikkimensis, Swertia sp. is at highest level. People are collecting plants in unplanned and non scientific manner. Distribution of medicinal plants in different forest areas as per GPS markings is described in table-1.

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Table 1: Showing distribution of Medicinal plants at different longitudinal/ latitudinal spots in areas of Senapati and Ukhrul districts of Manipur. Sl. Botanical name Sanskrit Local name Uses GPS Data No. name 1

Abelmoschus esculentus L.

Bhenda

Bhelendri

Rheumatism, fever, arthritis, skin itchiness.

94o10.792N 24o57.088E

2

Acorus calamus L.

Vacha

Okhidak

Cough, hypertension

3

Adiantum lunulatum (Burm. f.) Albizia procera Benth. Alnus nepalensis D.Don Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br.

Hansapadi

-

Safed Siris

Lawangkhoi

Asthma, balding, leprosy. Ulcer

94o00.844N 25o15.279E 94o07.349N 24o54.752E 93o50.154N 24o57.446E

Mankanda

-

Diuretic, burns

Garundi

Phakchet

Conjunctivitis, chronic inflammation of eyelids, snakebite Diarrhea, dysentery, urinary trouble, eczema, gonorrhea. Aphrodisiac tonic

93o56.685N 24o02.760E

94°24.996N 26°36.21E

4 5 6

cough, fever, erysipelas,

7

Amaranthus spinosus L.

Tanduliyak a

Bang che/ chengkruk

8

Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Artemisia nilagarica (C.B.Clarke) Pamp. Bidens pilosa L.

Vriddadaru

uritusonbi

Nagdona

Davana

Dysmenorrhea, lung disorder

-

Black jack

Snakebite.

9

10

93°57906N 25°08045E 93o50.154N 24o57.208E

fever,

93°55.949N 24°45.015E

93o59.694N 25o12.603E

11

Blechnum orientale L.

-

Vomban

Cough, bronchitis, erectile disorder

94°24.996N 25°28.873E 93o56.682N 25o02.788E

12

Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht & J. Pers Buddleja asiatica Lour.

Dhatura Bhed

Dhatura

Memory ulcer

wound,

93°57.906N 25°08.065E

Sankhini

Neemda/ shamei

Abortification, disease

skin

Callicarpa arborea Roxb. Cannabis sativa L.

Priyangu

Fever, blood dysentery

Ganjika

Kumbhi/ Mandol Bhang / Ganja

94°02.645N 25°18.783E 93°55.550N 25°02.049E 25°01.955E

Cassia occidentalis (L.) Link. Cassia sophera Roxb. Cassia orientalis L.

Kasamarda

-

Skin diseases

-

Skin diseases

Amattali

Kasundi/ Thounam Thounam

Fever, diarrhoea

Chakramard

Thounam

Skin diseases, laxative

Akashvali

-

Dysentery

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

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Cassia tora (L.) Roxb. Cassytha filiformis L.

loss,

Dysentery

93°55.144N 25°66.850E 94°09.978N 25°16.898E 94o00.866N 25o15.346E 93o59.939N 25o02.014E 93o85.650N 25o02.793E

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93o55.588N 25o01.955E 93o52.014N 24o58.911E

Catharanthus roseus ( L.) G. Don Centella asiatica ( L.) Urb. Chenopodium album L. Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

Sadan pushpin

-

Cancer, diabetes

Mandookpa rni Vastuka

Brahmi/ Peruk

Atherosclerosis, Cognitive treatment Kidney stone, Internal swelling, Urinary tract Worm

Chromolaena odorata L. Cissampelos pareira (L.)

-

Siam weed

Diabetes, wound

Patha

-

Urinary problems, skin infection.

27

Clerodendrum infortunatum L.

Bhant

Kuthap-manbi

Asthma, cough,diarrhoea, rheumatism, fever , skin diseaeses

28

Costus speciosus (J. King.) C. Specht

Kushtha

Digestve, blood purifier

93°57.906N 25°68.005E

29

Crassocephalum crepediodes (Benth.) S. Moore Crotaleria serica Willd. Cryptolepis buchanani (Burm.f.) Curcuma aromatic Salisb. Curcuma longa L.

-

Crepe ginger / Khongbam takhelei Terapaibi

Cough, tonsil

93°55.688N 25°00.830E

Jhunjihuniya

Blood purifier

-

Blood purifier, arthritis

94°24.996N 26°36.21E 94o07.349N 24o57.047E

21

22 23 24

25 26

30 31

32 33

34 35

36 37 38

39 40

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Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud). W. Watson Cynoglossum glochidiatum L. Delonix regia (Boje ex Hook) Raf. Desmodium gangeticum ( L.) DC Desmostachya bipinnata L. Dioscorea floribunda L.

Sugaandhva astuka

Jhunjihuniy a Gopa

Bathua/ Monshaobi Unglibaathu/ Monshaobimanbi

fever,

93°55.144N 25°66.856E 93°55.635N 25°08.62E 94°24.996N 26°36.21E 94°00.866N 25°10.079E 94°26.54N 25°18.834E 93o50.031N 24o57.336E 94o13.408N 24o58.774E 93°55.114N 25°66.850E

Aranyahari dra Haridra

Lam-yaingang

Leucoderma, arthritis

Haldi

Cough, allergy

Amar bel

Urisanamachu

Liver disorder, worm

Sera

-

Cough, cold

Uranaksha

Andhahuli

Acute inflammation

Krishna Chura Salparni

Gulmohar

Arthritis

Porongkhok

Tonic

94°05.804N 25°24.505E

Barhi

-

Urinary disease

94o22.690N 24o68.357E

Kalhalu

-

Contraceptives

93°55.162N 25°00.784E

93°55.162N 25°00.704E 93o52.014N 24o58.911E 94o22.690N 24o68.357E 93o57.65N 25o02.793E 93o52.014N 24o58.911E 94°07.618N 25°26.728E 93o03.978N 25o05.727E

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-

Dhekia

Antioxidant, antimicrobial

93o56.682N 25o02.788E

-

Cough, skin disease

Gilagachha/ Gela Amlaki

Pithpapra/ Tandal pambi -

Stomachic, laxative

Heikru

Hair tonic.

Sasaruti

Hirankhuri

Fever, stomach disease

Bhandhany a

Jungle dhanya

Burns, earache, fevers, hypertension, constipation

93o50.154N 24o57.208E 94o08.889N 24o00.485E 94°08.252N 25°27.268E 93o50.154N 24o57.208E 94o26.457N 25o18.783E 93o50.124N 24o57.232E

Equisetum arvense L. Eucalyptus 777lobules Labill. Euphorbia hirta L.

Durgandha

Horsetail

Eye inflammation

Tailapatra

Nasik

Asthma, muscular pains

Dugdhika

Cough, worm

50

Euphorbia royleana L.

Snuhi

Pakhambamaton -

Piles, cough

51

Euphorbia thymifolia L. Fagopyrum cymosum Meissn. Ficus hispida L. f

Dugdhika

Tengnou

Arthritis

Kampetti

-

Udambar

Ashi-heibong

Anthelmintic, antiphlogistic Jaundice

54

Gardenia florida J. Ellis

Gandhraj

-

Antioxidant

93 o 59.629N 25 o12.276 E

55

Gemelina Roxb.

Gambhari

Gambhari/ Gomari

Anthelmintic, diuretic, antibacterial, antioxidant

56

Gnaphalium luteoalbum L. Hedychium spicatum Buch.Ham

Gandhamuli

Jersy Cudweed Takhelleihanggammapan

Asthma, cough, bronchitis, fever Dyspepsia, stomachic

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. Hibiscus rosasinensis L. Hodgsonia macrocarpa Roxb. Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. Hydrocotyle rotundifolia L. Impatiens

Sariva

Anantamul

Japa

Urdhul/ Jubakushum

Anti-inflammatory, diuretic, vulnerary Hair care, cough,boils.

94°02.632N 25°18.593E 93o52.014N 24o58.911E 94 o 20.743N 24 o 03.941E 93o06.669N 25o15.180E 93o50.085N 24o57.273E 93o56.682N 25o02.788E 94o09.146N 24o56.436E 94o18.296N 24o00.978E 94o15.888N 24o59.976E 93o02.046N 25o05.304E 94o22.690N 24o68.357E 93o51.874N

41

42 43 44

45 46 47 48 49

52 53

57

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Ph ton

Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Drymaria cordata Willd. Entada scandens Adans. Emblica officinalis L.

Emilia sonchifolia ( L.) DC. Erynzium foetidum L.

arborea

-

Wounds

-

Toningkhok

Dieresis, detoxification

Brahmi

Awa-peruk

Brahmi

-

Indigestion, nervousness, dysentry Diuretic, cooling tonic

Balgam

Gul mehendi/

Snake bite, rheumatism,

93o57.135N 24o50.861E 93o52.014N 24o58.911E 93o57.135N 24o50.861E 93o56.971N 25o02.922E 93o01.598N 25o03.578E 93o00.869N 25o15.186E 93o51.094N 24o57.446E

777

balsamina L.

Khujang

25o02.106E

gastric

93o51.094N 24o57.446E 93o00.031N 25o62.148E

65

Jatropha curcas L.

Dravanti

Awa-kege

Digestive

66

Lantana indica L.

Katurangi

Raimuniya

Antimicrobial activity

67

Largestroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Leea macrophylla Roxb. Leucus indica (Willd.) Link Litsea citrata (Siebold & Zucc.) Hatus. Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Lygodium japonicum Thunb. Mahonia nepalensis (Lour.) Cogn. Melia azedarach L.

Siddhak/ Kramuka Kurkurjihw a Bhed Dronapushp i Banakari

-

Hypertension

Hathikana

Gastric, tumor, tetanus

Mayanglambu m Mejankari

Skin disease

Nakshatra

Lei-uri

Varahi

Lei-uri

Haladiya

-

High blood pressure, rheumatism, eczema Cardiac treatment, diuretic Antibiotics

Nimba

Seizrak

Skin diseases

68 69 70

71 72 73 74

Aromatherapy

93°55.949N 24°45.074E 93o85.650N 25o02.793E 93°55.638N 25°08.062E 93o58.670N 25o02.043E 93o56.682N 25o02.788E 93o00.031N 25o62.148E 94o00.031N 25o02.148E 94o26.646N 25o7.099E 93o57.874N 25o02.106E 94o15.868N 24o59.976E 93o51.094N 24o57.446E 94°07.618N 25°26.728E

75

Melothria heterophylla (Lour.) Cogn.

Antmool

Lamgi-shebot

Antitumor, antioxidant.

76

Mimosa pudica L.

Lajjalu

Emetic property.

77

Mirabilis jalapa L.

Krishnakeli

Lajawanti/ Kangphalikaithabi Gulabbas/ Mugalei

Boils, abscesses, nervous disorder, aphrodisiac

93o56.16N 25o02.793E

78

Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Musaendra roxburghii Hook.f. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Nephrolepis cordifolia L. Nicotiana tabacum L.

Kapikacchu

Konch beej

Ulcers

Siddhida

Hanurei

Hair lotion

Kamal

Thambal

Tuber ladder fern Tamraparn

-

Diarrhea, cholera, liver and cardiac complaints Roasted tuber are eaten

Hidakmana

Narcotics, sedative

94o02.783N 25o18.783E 93o50.085N 24o57.273E 94o07.349N 24o54.752E 93o52.014N 24o58.911E 94o16.550N 24o00.516E

79 80 81 82

and

tonic

83

Oroxylum indicum Venth.

Shyonaka

Shamba

Dysentery, leucoderma, asthma, bronchitis.

94o13.829N 24o58.774E

84

Paederia foetida L.

Prasarini

Oinam

Arthritis, tonic

85

Phyllanthus amarus L.

Bhumyamla ki

Bhuiaamlaki

Diuretic, antipyretic

94o15.888N 24o59.976E 93°55.949N 24°45.074E 93°55.582N 25°01.955E

Ph ton

778

86 87 88

89

Physalis angulata L. Plantago erosa L. Polygonum plebjum R.Br.Var. effuse Hook. f. Polypodium vulgare L.

Mahon

-

Antimicrobial activity

93o00.069N 25o15.180E

Ashwagol bhed -

Yempat Tarakmana

Boils ,snake bites, gastrointestinal disorders Cough, worm

93°55.582N 25°11.955E 93°55.162N 25°60.784E

Visphaz

Mahakanda

Tonic, arthritis

94o15.888N 24o59.976E

Madhuri/ Pungdol -

Tonic, tasty

-

Katchat /Braken fern

Antihelmintic, astringent

Tatri

Bhakumbar

Diarrhea

Raspberry

Heijampet/

Raspberry

Raspberry

Anti inflammatory, antipyretic Abortifacient, fistula

-

Torongkhongc hak Rongmei

93o03.978N 25o05.727E 93o03.978N 25o05.727E 94o22.690N 24o68.357E 94°07.764N 25°28.873E 93o56.772N 25o02.059E 94°29.996N 26°36.021E 93°55.183N 25°06.830E 94o22.690N 24o68.357E 94°09.978N 25°16.898E 93°55.188N 25°00.830E 93°57.906N 25°08.005E

90

Psidium guajava L.

Madhuri

91

Pteris vittalis L.

-

92

Pteridium aquilinum Kuhn

93 94 95 96 97 98

(L.)

Rhus semialata Burm. Rubus ellipticus Sm. Rubus molluccanus L. Rumex nepalensis (Sam.) A.J. Li Scoparia dulcis L.

Meethipatta

Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth Sesbania sesban Merr.

Madang gatal Agusti /jayantika

100

Sida rhombifolia L.

101 102

Smilax ovalifolia Roxb. Smilax aspera L.

103 104

99

105 106 107 108

109

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Antioxidant

Syphilitic ulcers Diabetes

Bala

Usoi/ Chiloni/ Makrisal Jayanti/ Chuchurangm ei Uhal

Tonic, cooling

Chobchini

Kaitha

Venereal disease

-

Health tonic

Solanum indicum L.

Chobchini bhed Brahati

Leipungkhang ga

Asthma, ulcer, worm

Solanum torvum Swartz Solanum nigrum L.

Brahati Bhed Kakamachi

Shingkhangga/ Brahati Mokoi

Liver, spleen enlargement Digestive

Solanum viarum Dunal Solanum tuberosum L.

-

-

Cough, worm

Alu

Alu

Diuretic, burns

Akarkara

Choveio

Toothache, body dysentery, piles

Madhabila

-

Diarrheoa, dysentry

Spilanthus panniculata Wall. ex. DC Stachytarpheta imbricata Enum.

Gonorrhea Dysentery, enlargement

spleen

93°55.949N 24°40.074E 94o09.217N 24o57.101E 94o08.889N 24o00.485E 94o07.349N 24o54.752E

ache,

94°09.978N 25°16.898E 94°02.632N 25°18.593E 94°06.4014N 25°25.351E 94o57.336N 25o66.80E 94°02.632N 25°18.593E 94°07.618N 25°26.728E

779

110 111

112

Stephenia glabra (Roxb.) Miers Terminalia myriocarpa Van Heurck Thalictrum foliolosum DC. Toona ciliate M. Roem.

Mezok, Tolhao Holak

Stomach pain, ulcer, diarrhea, fever Chest pain, cardiac stimulant

94o15.146N 24o59.581E 93o57.875N 25o02.106E

Mamera

Diuretic, antiperiodic

94o26.398N 24o07.449E 94o18.753N 25002.453E

Rajpatha

-

Nadisarj/ Kakubh

Tairel/ wood Geothum

Antioxidants Skin disease, arthritis, digestive disorder Liver protection

114

Triticum vulgare L.

Peetmoolik a Pratinidhi Trini/ Nandi briksh Gehu

115

Urena lobata L.

Vanbhedi

Sampakpi

116

Valeriana jatamansi Roxb.

Tagar

Sugandh bala

117

Wedelia calendulaceae (L.)

Peet bhringaraja

Xanthium strumarium L.

Kachchak, Karauni

Liver disorder, uterine hemorrhage and menorrhagia Eye disease, diuretic

93o50.124N 24o57.232E

118

Kesrai Ranwankikirin di Hameng Sampakpi

119

Zizypus Mill.

Ber

Boroi

Scabies, throat problem, nausea

94o03.978N 25o05.727E

113

jujuba

Toon

Bilious fever, regulating menstrual flow.

930 49.933N 24057.327E 94°09.978N 25°16.898E 94o20.793N 25003.941E

94°03.361N 25°20.062E

3.2 Quantitative studies: For quantitative studies assessment of frequency in the Natural habitat was made. Frequency of certain selected medicinal plants per unit area has been described in table 2 for herbs, shrubs and tree species. Table 2 Quantitative studies of selected medicinal plants: S. Name of the Specimen GPS Quadrate Size no. Data

No. plants

of

Frequency m2

1

Abelmoschus esculentus L.

94o10.792N 24o57.088E

10 m2

02

0.2

2

Acorus

94o00.844N 25o15.279E 94o07.349N 24o54.752E 93o59.694N 25o12.603E

10 m2

110

0.090

10 m2

105

0.095

50 m2 (5X10)

01

0.002

calamus

L.

3

Argyreia (Burm. f.)

4

Artemisia nilagarica (C.B.Clarke) Pamp.

94°24.996N 26°36.21E

10 m2 (5X2)

20

0.5

5

Adiantum (Burm. f.)

93o50.154N 24o57.446E

1 m2 (1X1)

15

0.06

6

Alnus nepalensis D.Don

93o50.154N 24o57.208E

100 m2 (10X10)

10

10

7

Costus speciosus King.) C. Specht

20 m2

20

1.0

8

Cassia occidentalis L.

93°57.906N 25°68.005E 94o00.866N 25o15.346E

10 m2

15

0.6

9

C. tora (L.) Roxb.

10 m2

180

0.05

Ph ton

nervosa

lunulatum

(J.

93o59.939N 25o02.014E

per

780

10

11

Cassytha filiformis L.

Cissampelos pareira (L.)

buchanani

93o85.650N 25o02.793E 93o55.588N 25o01.955E 93o50.031N 24o57.336E 94o13.408N 24o58.774E 94o07.349N 24o57.047E

100 m2

12

8.3

100 m2

15

6.6

50 m2

12

4.16

50 m2

08

6.25

50 m2

18

2.77

12

Cryptolepis (Burm.f.)

13

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.

93o57.65N 25o02.793E

100 m2

08

12.5

14

Desmostachys bipinnata L.

94o22.690N 24o68.357E

10m2

70

0.14

15

Emilia sonchifolia ( L.) DC.

94o26.457N 25o18.783E

1m2

22

0.04

16

Entada scandens Adans.

94o08.889N 24o00.485E

100m2

2

50.0

17

Equisetum arvense L.

93o57.135N 24o50.861E

10m2

150

0.06

18

Erynzium foetidum L.

93o50.124N 24o57.232E

1m2

10

0.01

19

Euphorbia hirta L.

93o57.135N 24o50.861E

1m2

15

0.06

20

E. thymifolia L.

93o01.598N 25o03.578E

1m2

25

0.04

21

Fagopyrum Meissn.

93o00.869N 25o15.186E

10m2

24

0.42

22

Hedychium spicatum Buch.-Ham

10m2

12

0.8

10m2

08

1.25

10m2

05

2.0

cymosum

23

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br.

93o06.669N 25o15.180E 93o50.085N 24o57.273E 93o56.682N 25o02.788E

24

Houttunia Thunb.

cordata

94o15.888N 24o59.976E

1m2

14

0.07

25

Hydrocotyle Thunb.

javanica

93o02.046N 25o05.304E

1m2

13

0.07

26

Leucus indica` (Willd.) Link

93o58.670N 25o02.043E

1m2

07

0.14

27

Litsea citrata (Siebold & Zucc.) Hatus.

93o56.682N 25o02.788E

100m2

12

8.3

28

Lygodium Thunb.

94o00.031N 25o02.148E

10m2

08

1.25

29

L. flexuosum (L.) Sw.

93o00.031N 25o62.148E

10m2

05

2.0

30

Mimosa pudica L.

10m2

26

0.38

31

Mirabilis jalapa L.

94°07.618N 25°26.728E 93o56.16N 25o02.793E

10m2

29

0.34

Ph ton

japonicum

781

(L.)

94o02.783N 25o18.783E

10m2

11

0.90

indicum

94o13.829N 24o58.774E

100m2

05

20.0

94o15.888N 24o59.976E

100m2

45

2.22

93°55.949N 24°45.074E 94o15.888N 24o59.976E

100m2

35

2.85

10m2

25

0.4

93o00.069N 25o15.180E 93°55.582N 25°11.955E

10m2

12

0.8

10m2

56

0.18

93°55.582N 25°01.955E 93o56.772N 25o02.059E

1m2

12

0.08

10m2

05

2.0

32

Mucuna DC.

33

Oroxylum Venth.

34

Paederia foetida L.

35

pruriens

Polypodium vulgare L. Physalis angulata L.

36

Plantago erosa L.

37

Phyllanthus amarus L.

38

Rhus semialata Burm.

39

Rubus ellipticus Sm.

94°29.996N 26°36.021E

10m2

07

1.43

40

R. molluccanus L.

10m2

06

1.6

41

Rumex nepalensis (Sam.) A.J. Li

93°55.183N 25°06.830E 94o22.690N 24o68.357E

10m2

55

0.18

42

Scoparia dulcis L.

94°09.978N 25°16.898E

1m2

09

0.11

43

Sesbania sesban Merr.

93°57.906N 25°08.005E

100m2

15

6.66

44

Sida rhombifolia L.

10m2

158

0.06

45

Smilax ovalifolia Roxb.

93°55.949N 24°40.074E 94o09.217N 24o57.101E

100m2

13

7.69

46

S. aspera L.

94o08.889N 24o00.485E

100m2

08

12.5

47

Solanum indicum L.

94o07.349N 24o54.752E

10m2

27

0.37

48

S. nigrum L.

94°02.632N 25°18.593E

10m2

25

0.04

49

S. torvum Swartz

94°09.978N 25°16.898E

10m2

32

0.31

50

S. viarum Dunal

94°06.4014N 25°25.351E

10m2

22

0.45

51

Spilanthus panniculata Wall. ex. DC

94°02.632N 25°18.593E

1m2

56

0.02

52

Stachytarpheta imbricata Enum.

94°07.618N 25°26.728E

10m2

08

1.25

Ph ton

782

glabra

94o15.146N 24o59.581E

100m2

12

8.33

foliolosum

94o26.398N 24o07.449E

10m2

19

0.52

Toona ciliat M. Roem.

94o18.753N 25002.453E

100m2

08

12.5

56

Urena lobata L.

10m2

38

0.26

57

Valeriana Roxb.

94°09.978N 25°16.898E 94o20.793N 25003.941E

10m2

12

0.83

58

Wedelia (L.)

93o50.124N 24o57.232E

10m2

128

0.07

59

Xanthium strumarium L.

10m2

65

0.15

60

Zizypus jujuba Mill.

94°03.361N 25°20.062E 94o03.978N 25o05.727E

100m2

12

0.83

53

Stephenia (Roxb.) Miers

54

Thalictrum DC.

55

jatamansi calendulaceae

4. Discussion The paper deals with the medicinal plants distribution in different parts of Manipur in Senapati and Ukhrul Forest Division in Senapati and Ukhrul forest ranges which are used by different Indian System of medicine and the herbal systems in neighbouring countries like China and Myanmar. Total medicinal plants collected during the study belongs to 60 families having 119 species from 104 genera. Among this diversity maximum number of plant species of Fabaceae is found in the Senapati and Ukhrul areas followed by the Solanaceae, Asteraceae etc. families. The medicinal plants of Manipur have been described by Sinha (1996). Some anti diabetic medicinal plants has also been described by Singh (2011) and the plants used by Meitei community of Manipur have been described by Devi (2011). Work on conservation through cultivation has not yet been studied in the areas for conservation. Sharma (2015) has produced a list of certain widely exploited medicinal plants from hills of Manipur which covers the plants of Wild Dendrobium, Kaempheria galangal, Panax pseudoginseng, Paris polyphylla, Swertia chirayita, Smilax lencifolia, Taxus wallichiana, Thalictrum sp. etc. As per topography and distribution of different tribal communities in the hills of the study areas it is found that the plants and its pharmaceutically important parts are collected and traded in Indian markets as well as the neighboring countries are being exploited in very unscientific manner i.e. cutting trees for collection of stem bark or leaf, uprooting entire plants for root, immature fruits and flowers where active principles are either developed in lesser quantity or undeveloped where fruits and flowers are the useful parts. In long run it happens that the plants are lost from the Natural Ph ton

habitat. Such things are happened in case of Paris polyphylla, Swertia chiryita, Rubia manjith, Taxus wallichiana, Valeriana jatamansi and several others in Alpine forests and Aquillaria malaccensis, Oroxylum indicum due to unscientific collection and not keeping the future prospect in mind. The studying the frequency of the selected medicinal plants which are having very high pharmaceutical value has been the purpose of providing status of abundance and threat for the plant concern. As per requirement of Pharmaceuticals in India and abroad the plants of Oroxylum indicum, Berginia ciliata, Berberis aristata, Paris polyphylla, Podophyllum hexandrum, Swertia chiryita, Nardostachys jatamansi, Rubia manjith, Taxus wallichiana, Valeriana jatamansi Zanthoxylum armatum and several others are highly demanded and they are growing in these forests which are widely exploited and used in an unscientific manner. This practice may cause depletion of the plants from its Natural habitat. These plants need to be cultivated and conserved in their Natural habitat. Commercial cultivation of medicinal plants growing in tropical and temperate hills can be made like Abelmoschus esculentus, Acorus calamus, Centella asiatica, Cissampelos pareira, Costus speciosus, Curcuma aromatica, C. zedoaria, Oroxylum indicum, Paederia foetida, Sida sp., Phyllanthus amaras, Smilax glabra, Solanum nigrum Tinospora cordifolia etc. in tropical and plants of Podophyllum hexandrum, Swertia sp., Valeriana jatamansi, etc. in temperate and alpine areas can be undertaken with an involvement of Forest Department and various Village Forest Management committees in the rural areas of Senapati and Ukhrul districts. Details of cultivation of Embelia ribes, Oroxylum indicum and several others has already been carried out

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(Rama Shankar et al, 2012; Rama Shankar and Rawat, 2012, 2013; Rama Shankar and Tripathi, 2015). However, the distribution with quantification of the medicinal plants has been described in this communication. Conclusion Rising demand of medicinal plants in the World for pharmaceutical and other nutra-ceutrical formulations the need of thorough exploration of medicinal plants in the Natural forests has been the excitation for exploration of these wealth in Manipur, the state with hotspot for Biodiversity the authors initiated the exploration with GPS locations with an initiative in two districts i.e. Senapati and Ukhrul having forests distribution from tropical up to alpine with an altitudinal variations from 800 to 2410 msl where varying types of medicinal plants were recorded. In the foot hills Abelmoschus esculentus, Acorus calamus, Centella asiatica, Cissampelos pareira, Costus speciosus, Curcuma aromatica, C. zedoaria, Oroxylum indicum, Paederia foetida, Sida sp., Phyllanthus amaras, Smilax glabra, Solanum nigrum Tinospora cordifolia etc. were recorded whereas in top hills of Siroi plants of Podophyllum hexandrum, Swertia sp., Valeriana jatamansi, etc. were recorded with . For establishing the quantitative approach of medicinal plants occurring in the study areas quantitative frequency of highly valuable medicinal plants have been assessed and expressed in the paper. Paper also deals with an urgent need of insitu conservation of high altitude medicinal plants in Siroi hill which is having much scope for undertaking cultivation of medicinal plants for trade by the Government or through the involvement of Private partners. Some of the medicinal plants growing in tropical hills need to be cultivated by the villagers for income generation. Training and encouragement of unemployed youth towards medicinal plants sector is the urgent need of time. Paper presents the exact location of medicinal plants required for pharmaceuticals.

Funding and Policy Aspects Distribution of medicinal plants in different parts of Senapati and Ukhrul districts of Manipur are of greater importance. It is helpful in improving villager financial status through systemic collection and trade of medicinal plants on one hand and involving medicinal plants cultivation on the other hand. Government policies for the cultivation of medicinal plants through National Medicinal Plants Board, Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy, Government of India assists the farmers involved in cultivation. Various herbal pharmaceuticals are also encouraging medicinal plants sector on by back basis. Author’s Contribution Dr. Rama Shankar has contributed in exploration of medicinal plants in field, collection of herbarium vouchers, identification of plants, matching of herbarium specimens with authentic specimens, collection of field information preparation and sequencing of manuscript. Dr. W. Rungsung has been assisting in field work during exploration, collection of field information, photographs etc. Miss Gyati Anku and Miss Shazia Neyaz in Herbarium processing, identification and electronic assistance, accession, care of specimens. Professor (Vaidya) K.S. Dhiman has provided overall guidance, supervision as well as technical and administrative support as Director General. Acknowledgements Authors are thankful to the Secretary, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi for financial assistance. Field assistance rendered by Masers D. J. Payeng, Field Attendant and T. Nampe is also thankfully acknowledged. References Sinha S.C., Medicinal plants of Manipur. 1996. Manipur Cultural Integration Conference (MCIC), Mass & Sinha Imphal.

Quantitative frequency by the use of different quadrates highlights the assessed vale for collection of crude drugs from wild sources.

Jain S.K., Rao R.R., 1976. A Handbook of Field and Herbarium Methods. Today & Tomorrow’s Publication, New Delhi.

Wherever, the signal of depletion comes local inhabitants need to be involved in cultivation practices.

Shankar R., Rawat, M.S., 2012. Medicinal Plants of Arunachal Pradesh. Internet Book Distributors, Dehradun.

There is need of regular assessment of highly valued medicinal plants in every forest areas.

Shankar R., Rawat M.S., 2013. Conservation and cultivation of medicinal plants in North East India. Internat. J. Biodiversity Cons. 5(9), 572-579. Shankar R., Tripathi A.K., 2015. Exploration, conservation and cultivation of Oroxylum indicum Vent.

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(Shyonak) in North east India. Internat. J. Med. Plants 650-657. Sharma K.D., 1996. Exploitation of Endemic Medicinal Herbs of Manipur A threat to rich bio-resources of Hills. www.e-pao.net. 15 August, 2015. Singh L.W., 2011. Traditional medicinal plants of Manipur as anti-diabetics. J. Med. Plants Res. (Acad. jour.) 5 (5), 677-687. Premila Devi A., 2011. Plants used by Meitei community of Manipur for the treatment of diabetes. Assam University Journal of Science & Technology: Biological and Environmental Sciences 7 (1), 63-66.

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