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SAN PASQUAL HIGH SCHOOL AP BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY KEY TERMS organic chemistry carbon hydrocarbon isomer single bond double bond functional group hydroxyl carbonyl aldehyde ketone amino phosphate macromolecule monomer polymer monosaccharide glucose disaccharide dehydration synthesis(=condensation reaction) maltose sucrose lactose hydrolysis polysaccharide starch glycogen cellulose chitin fatty acid saturated unsaturated phospholipid steroid amino acid peptide bond polypeptide disulfide bond primary structure alpha helix secondary structure fibrous proteins keratins pleated sheet tertiary structure quaternary structure

denatured proteins conjugated proteins nucleic acids DNA parts of a nucleic acid purines adenine guanine pyrimidines cytosine thymine uracil RNA free energy 1st Law of Thermodynamics 2nd Law of Thermodynamics exergonic endergonic free energy back reaction kinetic energy thermal energy equilibrium constant activation energy coupled reactions catalyst activation energy enzyme substrate product active site induced fit hypothesis coenzymes and cofactors competitive inhibition noncompetitive inhibition feedback inhibition

QUESTIONS 1. What is the role of carbon in the molecular diversity of life? 2. Identify the functional groups listed in Table 4.3 on page 59 of your text. Given an unknown organic molecule, recognize and name the functional groups. 3. Describe the structure of a typical monosaccharide such as glucose. Write out a condensation reaction between two glucose molecules, and explain hydrolysis. 4. Explain the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid. Explain how three fatty acids can react with glycerol to make a fat. 5. Diagram a phospholipid molecule and point out the polar and nonpolar ends. Identify the hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends of this molecule. 6. Identify the alpha-carbon, the carboxyl group, the amino group and the R group of an amino acid. 7. Differentiate between the various levels of protein structure-primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. Explain why proteins are so sensitive to changes in temperature and pH. 8. Diagram an individual nucleotide, identify the five-carbon sugar, the phosphate group and the nitrogenous base. 9. Identify examples of each of the four main classes of organic molecules and the building block components of each. 10. Explain what is meant by activation energy and why the activation-energy barrier provides stability for high energy molecules. 11. Explain why the three dimensional structure of enzymes is the key to their function. 12. List and discuss factors affecting enzyme activity. 13. How do cells synthesize and break down macromolecules? 14. How do structures of biologically important molecules(e.g. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids) account for their functions? SAMPLE AP ESSAY QUESTION Discuss the biological importance of each of the following organic compounds in relation to cellular structure and function in plants and animals. a. Carbohydrates b. Proteins c. Lipids d. Nucleic acids

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