HYDROPRIMING TECHNIQUES FOR RICE

Farooq, M., Basra, S.M.A., Afzal, I. and Khaliq, A. (2006), Seed Sci. & Technol., 34, 507-512

Research Note Optimization of hydropriming techniques for rice seed invigoration M. FAROOQ1, S.M.A. BASRA1, I. AFZAL1 AND A. KHALIQ2 1

Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan (E-mail: [email protected]) 2 Departmant of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan 1

(Accepted July 2005)

Summary Hydropriming techniques were optimized for vigour enhancement in fine and coarse rice (Oryza sativa L.) types by evaluating the germination and seedling vigour. For hydropriming, seeds were soaked for 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h in aerated tap water. All the seed treatments resulted in vigour enhancement in both rice types except seeds hydroprimed for 60 h. Maximum vigour enhancement as indicated by high germination and seedling vigour was noted in seeds hydroprimed for 48 h which was followed by that of 36 h in both rice types.

Experimental and discussion Seed vigour enhancement treatments have proven to be very effective to achieve rapid and uniform seed germination of several vegetable species (Taylor et al., 1998) and field crops including rice (Lee et al., 1998; Basra et al., 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005; Afzal et al., 2003, Farooq et al., 2004, 2005). These treatments include seed priming, hardening, humidification, growth regulators and dry heat treatments. The term priming often refers to a number of different approaches to seed improvement, all involving controlled seed hydration. Hydropriming is a special type of seed priming in which seeds are soaked in water and dried before sowing to accomplish seed hydration (Soon et al., 2000). Soaking by submerging seeds in water can be performed with or without aeration (Thornton and Powell, 1992). It is very simple, economical and environmental friendly technique because simple water is used. In an earlier study, hydropriming for 24 h in wheat resulted in increased grain yield compared with sowing untreated seeds (Kahlon et al., 1992). In a field experiment hydropriming in maize increased the speed of seedling emergence and improved the field stand and plant growth (Nagar et al., 1998). In contrast Pill and Necker (2001) found that hydropriming failed to improve germination in common Kentucky bluegrass seeds but Basra et al. (2002) found that wheat seeds responded to different presowing seed treatments with hydropriming for 48 h showing the maximum invigoration followed by hydropriming for 24 h. 507

M. FAROOQ, S.M.A. BASRA, I. AFZAL AND A. KHALIQ

Although, a lot of studies have been conducted on hydropriming, reports on the benefits associated with hydropriming techniques in rice are missing and no comprehensive study has been made so far to find the most optimum technique for vigour enhancement both in fine and coarse rice. The present study was therefore, executed to optimize the hydropriming treatment/s for vigour enhancement in fine and coarse rice. Seeds of coarse rice cultivar (KS-282) and of fine rice cultivar (Super-Basmati) were obtained from Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kakoo, District Sheikhupura, Pakistan. The initial seed moisture contents were 8.04% and 8.43% (dry weight basis) in coarse and fine rice, respectively. Hydropriming was achieved using a weighed quantity of seeds (250 g) that was soaked in aerated tap water at 27°C±2 for 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h followed by drying to initial moisture under shade with forced air (with electric ceiling fan) (Basra et al., 2002). Seeds were then sealed in polythene bags and stored at 5°C for further use. Following hydropriming treatment germination tests were conducted. Seeds (15 in each) were sown in petri dishes between the layers of moist Whatman 45 at 27°C±1. A completely randomized design with four replications was used. Germination was observed daily according to the AOSA method (AOSA, 1990). The time to 50% germination (T50) was calculated according to the following formula of Coolbear et al. (1984) modified by Farooq et al. (2005) as under: ´ ¥N ¦ ni µ (t j t i ) 2 ¶ T50  t i § n j ni Where N is the final number of germination and ni, nj cumulative number of seeds germinated by adjacent counts at times ti and tj when ni < N/2 < nj. Mean germination time (MGT) was calculated according to the equation of Ellis and Roberts (1981) as under: ¤ Dn MGT  ¤n Where n is the number of seeds, which were germinated on day D, and D is the number of days counted from the beginning of germination. Germination index (GI) was calculated as described in the Association of Official Seed Analysts (1983) using the following formula: GI 

No. of germinated seeds Days of first count







No. of germinated seeds Days of final count

Seedling emergence was assessed for control and treated seeds sown in plastic trays (25 in each) containing moist sand, replicated four times and placed in a growth chamber (Windon, England) in completely randomized fashion. Day and night lengths were 15 and 9 h with 30°C and 24°C temperatures, respectively. The relative humidity was maintained at 70%. Emergence was recorded daily according to the seedling evaluation Handbook of Association of Official Seed Analysts (1990). Mean emergence time was calculated according to the method described earlier. 508

HYDROPRIMING TECHNIQUES FOR RICE

The response of both fine and coarse rice types to different hydropriming techniques was similar (tables 1, 2). Earlier germination was recorded as indicated by lower values of T50 and MGT. Seeds hydroprimed for 48 h had the lowest values, followed by 36 h seed treatment. Maximum final germination, GI, radicle and plumule length were also recorded for seeds hydroprimed for 48 h followed by hydropriming for 36 h in both rice types (tables 1, 2). Lowest final germination and GI, radicle and plumule length were observed in untreated seeds and seeds hydroprimed for 60 h in both rice types, except in case of radicle length in coarse rice. Table 1. Effect of hydropriming treatments on the germination vigor of fine rice. Treatments

T50 (days)

MGT (days)

GI

Final Germination (%)

Radicle length (mm)

Plumule length (mm)

Control

1.80 a*

3.19 a

16.50 d

63.33 e

35.90 d

41.56 d

Hydropriming 12 h

1.47 b

2.73 b

22.50 c

76.00 d

41.50 c

51.73 b

Hydropriming 24 h

1.27 c

2.60 b

26.00 b

83.33 c

47.34 b

45.66 c

Hydropriming 36 h

1.07 d

2.33 c

28.50 b

92.00 b

55.43 a

56.53 b

Hydropriming 48 h

0.90 e

2.13 d

39.00 a

100.00 a

57.71 a

67.46 a

Hydropriming 60 h

1.53 b

3.17 a

17.34 d

65.56 e

31.10 d

44.26 d

LSD at 0.05

0.154

0.143

2.61

6.07

5.31

8.07

*Figures not sharing the same letters in the same column differ significantly at p 0.05 Table 2. Effect of hydropriming treatments on the germination vigor of coarse rice. Treatments

T50 days)

MGT (days)

GI

Final Germination (%)

Radicle length (mm)

Plumule length (mm)

Control

1.40 a*

2.70 b

19.50 d

66.33 d

40.08 c

36.56 c

Hydropriming 12 h

1.37 b

2.66 b

24.50 c

74.00 c

46.50 b

46.73 b

Hydropriming 24 h

1.17 b

2.40 c

28.00 b

83.00 b

45.34 b

46.66 b

Hydropriming 36 h

0.87 c

2.03 d

38.50 a

86.33 b

53.41 a

51.54 b

Hydropriming 48 h

0.80 c

1.91 d

38.00 a

100.00 a

53.73 a

60.46 a

Hydropriming 60 h

1.41 a

2.91 a

20.34 d

68.56 d

45.10 b

39.26 c

LSD at 0.05

0.213

0.188

4.43

5.09

4.11

7.06

*Figures not sharing the same letters in the same column differ significantly at p<00.05

A significant (P<0.05) effect of seed hydropriming treatments was seen on the seedling vigour of both fine and coarse rice seeds (tables 3, 4) with similar responses from both rice types (tables 3, 4). In both rice types, the highest MET was noted in the control and after hydropriming for 12 h and 60 h. However, the rest of the treatments resulted in lower MET than the control (tables 3, 4) and minimum MET was noted in seeds hydroprimed for 48 h (tables 3, 4). Maximum final emergence was seen in seeds hydroprimed for 48 h, which was statistically similar to that for seeds hydroprimed for 36 h in fine and 509

M. FAROOQ, S.M.A. BASRA, I. AFZAL AND A. KHALIQ

Table 3. Effect of hydropriming treatments on seedling vigor of fine rice. Treatments

MET (days)

Control

6.51 a*

Hydropriming 12 h

6.03 a

Hydropriming 24 h

4.87 b

Hydropriming 36 h

4.15 b

Hydropriming 48 h

3.64 c

Hydropriming 60 h

6.21 a

LSD at 0.05

0.64

Final Emergence (%)

Root length (cm)

Shoot length (cm)

43.41 d

45.05 c

30.88 d

20.29 c

5.35 c

72.03 b

54.45 b

49.77 c

27.77 b

7.65 b

74.97 b

57.87 b

57.75 b

27.05 b

8.10 b

83.19 a

72.42 a

66.29 a

30.03 a

8.61 b

88.19 a

77.07 a

67.55 a

32.87 a

9.86 a

64.75 c

44.85 c

28.34 d

20.29 c

5.43 c

5.42

7.02

6.76

3.812

0.704

Seedling fresh weight (mg)

Seedling dry weight (mg)

*Figures not sharing the same letters in the same column differ significantly at p 0.05

Table 4. Effect of hydropriming treatments on seedling vigor of coarse rice. Treatments

MET (days)

Final Emergence (%)

Root length (cm)

Shoot length (cm)

Seedling fresh weight (mg)

Seedling dry weight (mg)

Control

5.41 a*

41.41 c

44.05 c

32.43 d

22.29 c

09.13 d

Hydropriming 12 h

5.23 a

62.03 b

54.45 b

51.57 c

33.77 b

11.65 c

Hydropriming 24 h

3.67 b

71.97 a

57.87 b

59.65 ab

34.05 b

12.28 b

Hydropriming 36 h

3.05 b

64.19 b

73.52 a

61.29 a

36.03 a

12.61 b

Hydropriming 48 h

2.44 c

74.19 a

77.87 a

67.55 a

37.87 a

13.86 a

Hydropriming 60 h

5.31 a

39.75 c

46.85 c

30.34 d

24.29 c

09.43 d

LSD at 0.05

0.774

5.233

7.312

5.016

0.924

0.761

*Figures not sharing the same letters in the same column differ significantly at p 0.05

for 24 h in coarse rice (tables 3, 4). Maximum and similar root and shoot lengths were noted in seeds hydroprimed for 48 h and 36 h. Minimum root and shoot length were observed in untreated seeds and seeds hydroprimed for 60 h. All other seed treatments resulted in higher root and shoot length than the control (tables 3, 4). All treatments, except hydropriming for 60 h, resulted in higher seedling fresh and dry weight than that for the control (tables 3, 4). Maximum seedling fresh and dry weight was recorded from seeds hydroprimed for 48 h with similar values for seeds hydroprimed for 36 h (tables 3, 4). This study revealed that employing hydropriming treatments could invigorate both fine and coarse rice seeds. Earlier and more uniform germination and emergence was observed in seeds hydroprimed for 48 h and 36 h as indicated by lesser MGT and T50, and higher GI, final germination percentage and higher radicle and plumule length (tables 1, 2). The reduced T50 and MGT indicated earlier and rapid germination while, higher GI express the power of germination i.e. germination spread over the time (tables 1, 2). These findings support the earlier work where improved germination rate and percentage were observed 510

HYDROPRIMING TECHNIQUES FOR RICE

following hydropriming for 48 h in wheat (Basra et al., 2002; Nayyar et al., 1995), maize (Afzal et al., 2002) and gourd seeds (Soon et al., 2000). The higher germination percentage in hydroprimed seeds [except hydropriming for 60 h] might be the consequence of breakdown of dormancy as fresh seeds were used during the investigations. The earlier and synchronized germination might be attributed to increased metabolic activities in the hydroprimed seeds (Soon et al., 2000; Basra et al., 2002). Hydropriming treatments not only improved the germination rate and time but also enhanced the seedling vigour as indicated by lower values of MET and higher final emergence, root and shoot length and seedling fresh and dry weights (tables 3, 4). Enhanced replication in root tips has also been reported by hydropriming (Bose and Mishra 1992). Delayed and poor germination, and emergence in seeds subjected to hydropriming for 60 h is probably due over priming, as was reported by Lee and Kim (1999, 2000) for rice. It may be concluded from present studies that seed hydropriming is an effective vigour enhancement tool both in fine and coarse rice seeds. Hydropriming for 48 h was the most effective technique, while, hydropriming for 60 h resulted in excess priming. Acknowledgement Authors acknowledge the Higher Education Commission, Government of Pakistan, for financial support of the present studies. References Afzal, I., Basra, S.M.A, Ahmad, N., Cheema, M.A., Warriach, E.A. and Khaliq, A. (2002). Effect of priming and growth regulator treatment on emergence and seedling growth of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 4, 302–306. Association of Official Seed Analysis (AOSA). (1983). Seed Vigour Testing Handbook. Contribution No. 32 to the Handbook on Seed Testing. Association of Official Seed Analysis (AOSA). (1990). Rules for testing seeds. Journal of Seed Technology, 12, 1–112. Basra, S.M.A., Farooq, M., Tabassum, R. and Ahmed, N. (2005). Physiological and biochemical aspects of seed vigour enhancement treatments in fine rice (Oryza sativa L.). Seed Science and Technology, 33, 623–628. Basra, S.M.A., Farooq, M., Hafeez, K and Ahmed, N. (2004). Osmohardening: A new technique for rice seed invigoration. International Rice Research Notes, 27, 74–75. Basra, S.M.A., Farooq, M. and Khaliq, A. (2003). Comparative study of pre-sowing seed enhancement treatments in fine rice (Oryza sativa L.). Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, 1, 5–9. Basra, S.M.A., Zia, M.N., Mehmood, T., Afzal, I. and Khaliq, A. (2002). Comparison of different invigoration techniques in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds. Pakistan Journal of Arid Agriculture, 5, 11–16 Bose, B. and Mishra, T. (1992). Response of wheat seed to pre-sowing seed treatments with Mg (NO3 ). Annals of Agricultural Research, 13, 132–136. Coolbear, P., Francis, A. and Grierson, D. (1984). The effect of low temperature pre-sowing treatment on the germination performance and membrane integrity of artificially aged tomato seeds. Journal of Experimental Botany, 35, 1609–1617. Ellis, R.A. and Roberts, E.H. (1981). The quantification of ageing and survival in orthodox seeds. Sees Science and Technology, 9, 373–409. Evan, T.A. and. Pill, W.G. (1989). Emergence and seedling growth from osmotically primed or pre germinated seeds of asparagus. Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 64, 275–282. Farooq, M., Basra, S. M.A., Hafeez, K and Ahmad, N. (2005). Thermal hardening: a new seed vigour enhancement tool in rice. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 47, 187–193.

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Farooq, M., Basra, S. M.A., Hafeez, K and Warriach, E.A. (2004). The influence of high and low temperature treatments on the seed germination and seedling vigour of coarse and fine rice. International Rice Research Notes, 29, 69–71. Kahlon, P.S., Dhaliwal, H.S., Sharma, S.K. and Randawa, A.S. (1992). Effect of pre-sowing seed soaking on yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under late sown irrigated conditions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 62, 276–277. Lee, S.S. and Kim, J.H. (2000). Total sugars, α-amylase activity, and germination after priming of normal and aged rice seeds. Korean Journal of Crop Sciences, 45, 108–111. Lee, S.S. and Kim, J.H. (1999). Morphological change, sugar content, α-amylase activity of rice seeds under various priming conditions. Korean Journal of Crop Sciences, 44, 138–142. Lee, S.S., Kim, J.H. Hong, S.B. and Yun, S.H. (1998). Effect of humidification and hardening treatment on seed germination of rice. Korean Journal of Crop Sciences, 43, 157–160. Nagar, R.P., Dadlani, M. and Sharma, S.P. (1998). Effect of hydropriming on field emergence and crop growth of maize genotypes. Seed Science and Technology, 26, 1–5. Nayyar, H., Walia, D.P. and Kaishta, B.L. (1995). Performance of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds primed with growth regulators and inorganic salts. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 65, 112–116. Pill, W.G. and Necker, A.D. (2001). The effects of seed treatments on germination and establishment of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Seed Science and Technology, 29, 65–72. Smith, P.T. and Cobb, B.G. (1991). Accelerated germination of pepper seed by priming with slat solutions and water. HortScience, 26, 417–419. Soon, K.J., Whan, C.Y., Gu, S.B., Kil, A.C. and Lai, C.J. (2000). Effect of hydropriming to enhance the germination of gourd seeds. Journal of Korean Society of Horticultural Sciences, 41, 559–564. Taylor, A.G., Allen, P.S., Bennett, M.A., Bradford, J.K., Burris, J.S. and Mishra, M.K. (1998). Seed enhancements. Seed Science Research, 8, 245–256. Thornton, J.M. and Powell, A.A. (1992). Short-term aerated hydration for the improvement of seed quality in Brassica oleracea. Seed Science Research, 2, 41–49.

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Optimization of hydropriming techniques for rice seed invigoration ...

Pill, W.G. and Necker, A.D. (2001). The effects of seed treatments on germination and establishment of. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Seed Science ...

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