Most people are familiar with the term nuclear, but few know what nuclear means. Nuclear reactions are when a reaction causes a change in the nucleus of the atom. Unlike chemical reactions, nuclear reactions can change elements into other elements. The nucleus can be changed in two ways, it can either lose particles and be split into two atoms with smaller nuclei (number of protons and neutrons) or it can combine with another atom and become an element with a larger nucleus (larger number of protons and neutrons).
Model 1
1. What element is shown in Model 1? 2. What particles are found in the nucleus of an atom? 3. In order for the element from Model 1 to change into a different element on the periodic table, what particle in the nucleus would need to change? Why?
Read This! Isotopes are the same element with different number of neutrons and therefore have a higher or lower atomic mass. Some isotopes are radioactive and are unstable, so they can go through a nuclear reaction spontaneously- without an outside force causing the change. In order for a radioactive isotope to become stable it will eject a particle from the nucleus, and these particle are called alpha particles and beta particles.
Model 2- Alpha and Beta Decay In Formula Original Element: !"# !"𝑈
Products: !"# !"𝑇ℎ
+ !!𝐻𝑒 + gamma rays gamma rays
Original Particle: ! !𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
Products:
In Words The element uranium, with ______ neutrons, is split into a helium atom with _____ neutrons and the element thorium with _____ neutrons.
Original Element:
Products:
gamma ray
4. Refer to model 2. What does each of the following symbols mean? e 5. Complete model 2 by giving the formulas for both the original element, the products and the process in words. 6. What product(s) is the same in both the alpha decay of uranium-238 and the beta decay of thorium-234? 7. What is the α particle? 8. What is the β particle? 9. The alpha decay of uranium-238 gives the product of thorium-234. Uranium starts with 92 protons and 146 neutrons and ends as thorium-234. Explain how the protons and neutrons are changed and where they end up after the decay event.
10. The beta decay of thorium-234 gives the product of protactinium-234. Thorium starts with 90 protons and 144 neutrons and ends as protactinium-234. Explain how the protons and neutrons are changed and where they end up after the decay event.
11. As a group, write a grammatically correct definition of alpha decay.
12. As a group, write a grammatically correct definition of beta decay.
13. Contrast alpha and beta decay. 14. Could the following reactions be an alpha decay reaction? Explain your answer. ! !"! a. !"! !"𝐼 ! ! 𝑋 + !"𝑋𝑒 ! !"# b. !"# !"𝑃𝑡 ! ! 𝑋 + !"𝑃𝑏 15. Explain why the mass number of an atom does not change when a beta particle is emitted.
16. An alpha particle is not a neutral atom. It has a charge of +2. Why is this the case?
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