Printable Spacecraft: Flexible Electronic Platforms for NASA Missions

NIAC Program Spring Symposium Ms. Kendra Short Dr. David Van Buren

Acknowledgements to our JPL team: Mike Burger, Peter Dillon, Brian Trease, Shannon Statham

March 27-29, 2012

Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY

Topics • Introduction – What is a Printable Spacecraft? • Proposal Objectives – Conclusions and Findings – #1: Is it a Viable Concept? – #2: Survey of Capabilities – #3: Identifying Gaps – #4: Investment Roadmap

• Summary

Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY

The Basic Idea… • Flexible printed electronics have revolutionized consumer products such as cellular phones and PDAs, allowing greater functionality with decreasing size and weight. We think the same can be done for spacecraft.

• We propose to investigate the feasibility of implementing a complete end to end spacecraft - science measurement through data downlink – based purely on flexible substrate “printed” electronics. • The benefits would be decreased design/fabrication cycle time, reduced unit level mass and volume, and decreased unit level cost. Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY

The Key Technology… • The printing process has been adapted to work with flexible mechanical substrates and specialized inks with specific conductive, insulating, photovoltaic, mechanical, and chemical properties to print just about every subsystem you would need for an entire spacecraft.

Figure 1 Simplified Block Diagram of a Printable Spacecraft

Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY

Flexible Printed Electronics 101 Substrates Flexible, stretchable, dissolvable Polyimide Metallic sheet Plastics

Silicon Polymers Glass

Kapton Ceramics Paper

Inks Aqueous, catalyst, CNT infused, etched Ferrites Polymers

Conductors Insulators

Manufacturing High precision, sheet based, production E-jet Aerosol-jet Screen printing

Roll to Roll Gravure Ink-jet Flexo Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. Transfer FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY

Metals Biological

1.1.1 Objectives Our objective is to explore the revolutionary architectural concept of designing and fabricating a spacecraft based entirely on flexible substrate printed electronics. We see opportunities to leverage the current commercial consumer electronics industry investment by augmenting its capabilities with advanced materials and engineering research performed by universities, industry, and NASA centers. With this revolutionary capability, NASA would be able to dramatically improve performance, flexibility, weight, cost, schedule, reliability and operational simplicity for many scientific and human exploration missions. We propose to: 1. Explore the viability of printed technologies for creating small 2D spacecraft, including mission concepts, architectures, materials, subsystems, integration and manufacturing aspects. 2. Complete an inventory of the availability and capability of relevant sensors and spacecraft subsystem elements. 3. Identify gaps between what is currently available in industry products and what is required for space applications. 4. Develop a high-level strategy for technology investments needed to fill those gaps.

Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY

Objective #1: Is it a Viable Concept? • Conclusion: Yes it’s a viable concept • Findings: – Sufficient market growth and commercial investment for this technology. • Projections show market growth. • Industry alliances and government support for technology is strong • Sufficient breadth of companies and Universities

– Sufficient coverage across “spacecraft subsystems” and investments in manufacturing techniques and fundamentals building blocks (inks, materials, design rules) – Sufficient science mission applications which show benefit due to benefits of low recurring cost, large numbers, and low mass. – Sufficient engineering applications which show benefit due to flexibility and form factors Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY

Total market (today) > $2B

Total market (projected 2020) > $58B NASA can not make this kind of investment and must leverage the developments in the commercial sector Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY

Where is the Industry Focused…. Interactive screens and displays

Bio-medical

Military Applications

Innovative consumer products, multifunction textiles Organic photovoltaics Photovoltaics

RFID, inventory, smart packaging

Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY

Blast dosimeters, printed with electronic sensors, memory processors and thin-film batteries. (made for DoD by PARC) Ink-jet printed gas sensor array using polymer functionalization Flexible Organic Photovoltaic cell (Source: Fraunhofer ISE)

Slot-die coating of Plexcore photovoltaic ink system on a 500mm R2R line TM

SENSORS

Typical flexible printed antenna

ANTENNAS

The printed, flexible and ecologicalSoftBattery®

UofI researchers develop nanoparticle inks to print 3D antennas These flexible carbon nanotube integrated circuits are the fastest low-power transistor arrays ever fabricated using a printer.

The world's first printed non-volatile memory device addressed with complementary organic circuits, the organic equivalent of CMOS circuitry

Thick film R2R deposition of solid state battery Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. PHOTOVOLTAIC FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION MEMORY/LOGIC BATTERY PURPOSES ONLY

Science Mission Applications • Held a half-day workshop to explore science mission applications and architectures. • Goal: Sketch a science mission and architecture which exploit the characteristics of a printed spacecraft – Flexibility: Storage and deployment options, Change shape on orbit, on surface, Conformal on other surfaces – Low recurring costs: Large numbers, “Disposable” for hi-risk environments – Low Mass & Volume: Large numbers, Secondary payloads – Short Cycle Time: Iterative testing and evaluation

• Participants from JPL & Xerox PARC – Scientists & Mission designers – Printable practitioners & Technologists

Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY

Proposed Mission Science • Focus on exploration rather than hypothesis testing • Detection rather than measurement: “I detect X!” • In-situ chemical, pressure, temperature sensing regarded as early highpayoff area – Atmospheres - flutterflyers – Surfaces - flutterlanders Printed actuator valves Printed photosensors detect color change

Printed OLED emitters Printed graded chemical marker pads change color when exposed to specific constituent (H20, H2S, CH4 etc)

Concept for printed threshold chemical sensor for Mars soil volatiles or Titan lakeshore organics Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY

Proposed Mission Architectures • Both teams focus on network based missions (atm, surface) • Emplace with traditional carrier spacecraft using flutterflyer / flutterlander concept • Atmospheric sensors designed to stay aloft for long periods • Large number of diverse threshold sensors can emulate a complex measurement • Very small radiated data packet – just enough to encode “I detect X!” • Sense telemetry with traditional orbital asset • Form factors range from sheet to postage stamp to confetti Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY

Proposed Engineering Applications • Next is an Engineering Workshop (April) – Further define functional requirements of one of the network mission platforms – Explore other engineering applications. • Conforms to interior of sample return capsule recording environmental history of sample (pressure, temp, atm constituents) • Conforms to rover wheel performing engineering mechanics of traverse or surface science measurements throughout terrain. • Functional systems and sensors imprinted onto balloon material substrate or solar sail and eliminate the gondola or spacecraft. • Mass/volume/cost savings in electronics packaging

Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY

Objective #2: Inventory of sensors and subsystem elements. • Conclusion: Variability in functionality and maturity • Findings: • Huge variability in maturity of design and manufacturing approaches • Functionality is limited in many areas • Even for mature components, there may be a hit on key figures of merit. • There are opportunities for hybrid systems, depending on which characteristics of a printed system are to be optimized for the application (flexibility, printability, cost, mass).

Avionics data storage processing logic clock data modulation/encryption Power photovoltaics batteries supercapacitors power management Thermal temperature control Communciations antennae transmitter receiver …… Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged.

FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY

Capability Map of Subsystems/Sensors Functionality/Performance

5

Temp

Antenna

4

Accel /Vibr Chem Sensing

3

Pressure /Force

Data Storage

2

Computation

1

Photovoltaics

Super Caps

1 Propulsion

Batteries

Imaging

2

3

4

5

Design Maturity/Manufacturing

Design Maturity/Manufacturing

Functionality / Performance

1

Demonstrated in lab/university environment

1

Basic functionality demonstrated but too low for practical use

2

Demonstrated by commercial company

2

Functionality supportive of rudimentary systems

3

First generation product

3

Acceptable performance but less than that of non-printed counterparts.

4

Second generation product/optimized for manufacturing

4

Similar performance but with notable drawbacks

5

Third generation product/mass production.

5

Performance equivalent to non-printed counterparts

Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY

Objective #3: Identify gaps between availability and need • Conclusion: Gaps exist in key areas, but can be closed multiple ways. • Findings: – Clearly there are gaps between performance and need in some key functional areas – but how do you define the need with such a variety of applications? – “Disruptive thinking” is needed to redesign mission architectures compatible with the existing capabilities – Industry will continue to invest and close the gap in most areas – The key areas which NASA will need to examine are: • • • •

System Design (NASA) Sensors development – sensitivity and variety (NASA) Environmental characterization (NASA) Computational, data functionality (partnership) Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY

Pyramid of Complexity Fewer participants Further time scale Larger investment More computation requried

The bulk of the investment is here

Complex Systems

Spacecraft, embedded medical devices, military systems

Simple or Hybrid Systems

Helmet blast dosimeter, cholesterol sensor, displays

Components

Building Blocks

Photovoltaics, antennas, TFTs, sensors, batteries

inks, substrates, materials, manufacturing, design rules

Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY

Sensor types and capabilities Chemical/Bio Sensing

Electromagnetic

Photonic

Temperature

Radiation

Acoustic

Wind Speed

Acceleration/ Vibration

Interferometry

Pressure/Force

pH / salinity

Strain

What’s needed? • nanoMolar chemical • High resolution time

• Single photon • R>100 Spectroscopy

Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY

Objective #4: Technology investment strategy System technologies Subsystems/Sensors Environments Integrated System Design

Data Storage

Radiation

Hybridizing

Computation/Processing

Temperature ranges

Smart Networks

Propulsion

Thermal cycling

Mobility

Imaging

Micrometeoroid

Multiplexed Communication

Spectroscopy

Planetary protection sterilization

Tracking

Outgassing

Deployment/Support systems

Lifetime, Storage Atmospheric constituents

Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY

Summary • We still think this crazy idea holds together. • There’s a lot of energy around thinking differently about missions and spacecraft. • There’s a lot of energy around pushing the application of this technology. • Even if we don’t get to the point of a highly functional, flexible, completely printed spacecraft, we will have learned a lot along the way that can benefit our traditional platforms. Copyright 2012 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. FOR PLANNING AND DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY

NIAC Spring Symposium Final [Compatibility Mode] - NASA

Mar 29, 2012 - The benefits would be decreased design/fabrication cycle time, reduced unit level mass ... Sufficient breadth of companies and Universities. – Sufficient ... Held a half-day workshop to explore science mission applications and.

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