Need For Speed . B . s r M

Table of Contents How it All Started ....

Pages 1-6

All About Henry...

Pages 7-10

Going Nowhere !

Pages 11-17

Glossary

Page 18

How it All Started .... like all inventions there were some problems. Cugnot I had always thought Henry Ford was the first person to invent the car and that the automobile was an American invention. Boy was I wrong! There were versions of a car powered by steam as far back as 1769. There were versions of a car powered by gasoline before Henry Ford. There were inventions to do with the design of the car and even the tires before Henry Ford’s famous invention. Germany and France share a big piece of the invention know as automobiles. That goes to show you there is always more information out there before the most known inventions. Steam makes sense when you think that the great vessels of this time period used steam to power great steamboats and trains. It is only logical to think someone would think if they could power a cart or carriage using the same idea- steam. A French army engineer named Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot did just that. “The Cugnot steam tractor puffed along at less than two miles per hours.” He actually built two versions, one to carry people and one to be used as a tractor to pull heavy cannons for the military. Unfortunately, 1

could not find a way to safely steer or stop his inventions. I guess smashing into walls is not the best way to stop a car.

The Cugnot steam cars were not the last of the steam powered cars. During the beginning of the 1800’s others experimented with big steam carriages to travel in the public streets and transport many people at once. They had figured out how to safely steer and stop these carriages. However, they were not popular as they were unreliable. They broke down often. “They made a terrible noise, hissing steam, puffing out smoke, frightening horses and pedestrians. Sometimes they exploded”. It would be years and years later until successful steam cars were built in many countries including the United States. 2

A more modern "city" steam car called the Stanley steam car.

3

Next, moving forward into the 1880’s we have two German engineers, Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz working separately but both coming up with vehicles driven by gasoline powered engines. Daimler and his partner Wilhelm Maybach designed the first ever motorcycle in 1885 and then a four wheeled car in 1886. Karl Benz drive his first three- wheeled car which had an electric ignition, water-cooled gasoline powered engine and different driving gears- all common in most cars today. Daimler started a company called DMG or Daimler-Mercedes. Benz started a company called Benz & Cie. Have you guessed it? Yes, these two companies merged in 1926 to become Mercedes-Benz. These two German engineers had created and produced successful gasoline powered vehicles 10 years before Henry Ford! Fun Fact: The logo of Mercedes-Benz was created by Then Paul and Adolf Daimler – the company founder’s two sons, – remembered that their father, had once used a star as a symbol. The three-pointed star was supposed to symbolize Daimler’s ambition of universal motorization – “on land, on water and in the air”. 4

By 1891, a French company called Panhard et Levassor, had developed the soon to be winning car design that was used in all cars up until the late 1970’s. They “placed a Daimler engine in the front of the car and used revolving chain to transfer power to the rear wheels. Most cars had a front engine and a rear-wheel drive until the late 1970’s when front-wheel drive became more popular.” To continue with our French companies, in 1895 “ a rubber-making firm,Michelin, introduced the first automobile tires filled with compressed air” for the first time. Today most used still use this compressed air system in their tires for their automobiles. It wasn’t until 1896 when Henry Ford announced to the world his first successful car. “At approximately 4:00 a.m. on June 4, 1896, in the shed behind his home on Bagley Avenue in Detroit, Henry Ford unveils the “Quadricycle,” the first automobile he ever designed or drove.” Ford was working as the chief engineer for the Edison Illuminating Company at the time of his invention. Yes, Thomas Edison was his boss. He didn’t do this alone either, he had help of his friends, one was an engineer named Charles King. “After months of work and many setbacks, Ford was finally ready to test-drive his creation–basically a light metal frame fitted with four bicycle wheels and powered by a two-cylinder, 5

four-horsepower gasoline engine–on the morning of June 4, 1896” Today if an inventor created something while working for another company- that company would own all inventions. In a different time, Thomas Edison would of owned the patent for the automobile. There is more to this story of Henry Ford and his first car but that is for another article- read on.

Sources: “World Book looks at Inventions and Discoveries” book based on the information from the World Book Encyclopedia. @1996 World Book Inc. Website: daimler.com History behind the Mercedes-Benz Brand Website: history.com Henry Ford Test Drives His Quadricycle

6

All About Henry...

“I will build a motor car for the great multitude...large enough for the family but small enough for the individual...But it will be so low in price that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one-and enjoy with his family the blessing of hours of pleasure in God’s great open spaces.” This was a quote from Henry Ford’s book, “My Life and Work” in 1922 and it was his dream to bring the freedom and wonder of the car to every working man and family. Henry was not the first person to invent the car but he was the first person to make it his goal to make it so that everyone could get one. 7

As a child Henry was always taking apart people’s watches and putting them back together again. He did this not just once- but over and over again. The springs and moving parts just fascinated him. Henry had a mechanical mind and big ideas. Unfortunately, his father was a farmer and he was one of five children all required to work on the farm for his family. Henry hated working on the farm and found farm work boring and tedious. So at the age of 16, Henry left home and became an apprentice for three years for a machinist in Detroit. He went back home and helped out on the farm a little, met a girl and married.

A few years later he was employed by the Edison Illuminating Company. Yes, that Edison, Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb. He and his family, no with a son named Edsel, had a shack in the back of their house where Henry would tinker. It is here that Henry first invented his quadricycle. Henry was not the first one to invent the car but the person “who gave the car to America.”. With resources and encouragement from Thomas Edison to build a better model. About eight years later and many revisions later and Henry was ready to present “The Model T” to the Edison executives. A few more years later and The Ford Company was born. 8

Next came what Ford was most famous for creating and championing the moving assembly line which allowed for mass production of his Model T. This allowed many cars to be built quickly because one worker was only working on the same part and then passing the next piece to be put on to the next worker down the line. By 1918, “half of the cars in America were Model T’s”.

Henry had a dream that everyone could own one of his cars. His car was simple to drive and cheap to repair. What is interesting about Henry is he was a man of conflicting ideas. He wanted to take care of his workers make sure they only worked 5 work days instead of the usual 6 day work week. Henry wanted his employees to have 2 days off to drive around and explore the country -side in a Model T. 9

Henry has many good years of creating and designing new cars. He even invented a car model call the Edsel after his son who would one day run his father’s empire. Henry died at 83 and is forever remembered as changing America’s economy and industry forever.

Sources: http://www.biography.com/people/henry-ford-9298747#philosophyphilanthropy-and-anti-semitism Driven: A Photobiography of Henry Ford Book by Don Mitchell Images : www.assemblymag.com www.danieldalanzo.com www.facts-about.org.uk 10

Going Nowhere !

For the millions of Americans that commute to work everyday by driving their cars, there are many problems with the traffic they endure. This gridlock can have a tremendous impact on their personal lives, careers, health, safety, their finances and even the fate of our planet!. The old saying “time is money” talks about your time is as valuable as money. For many families, long commutes means less time spent with loved ones and the quality of their lives. Many people careers are affected by being late for important meetings or events at their workplaces which can change how successful they are at their jobs.

Anyone stuck in grid-like traffic while trying to get to work on time daydreams about being able to somehow by-pass all this traffic, but how? There are more than 263 million cars registered in the United States as of 2016. Only China has more registered cars in the world! Us Americans love our cars! But, with everyone driving everywhere our roads and highways are getting more and more crowded. How do we solve the problem of traffic?

11

The stress and frustration many people feel while being trapped in gridlock traffic can cause many health problems such as heart attacks. Emergency vehicles such as ambulances have a hard time getting through traffic when lives are on the line! Safety is a concern with being bored and looking to cell phones for distraction and texting, talking and being on social media has caused many accidents and deaths. Road rage ends up as shouting matches on the road, intentional tailgating, revenge traffic maneuvers and mostly a lack of attention being paid to the traffic around the people involved. “It is basically a temper tantrum by frustrated drivers in traffic.” 12

Next, traffic affects your finances because sitting in traffic with all the stop and go burns more fuel meaning you need to buy more gas. It also puts wear and tear on your brakes causing you more money for repairs. You may be wondering how does traffic affect the fate of our planet? Well, I bet you guessed it! Pollution. All that stopping and starting in traffic not only burns through your fuel faster but it sends out higher amount of emissions released by your car. “ These emissions create air pollution and are related to global warming. “ Top Ten Worst Cities for Traffic

13

Sun Sentinel Times

O.K. O.K. Traffic is a BIG problem! How do we fix it? Is there a solution? There have many solutions people have tried over the years. They range from making public transportation better to using technology to make new innovations to help. Many major cities such as Los Angeles, New York and Boston has put money into extending routes and improving the tracks and subway cars to lure more commuters to take public transit. Some would say these very expensive public transportation expenses are not worth it because it only solves a fraction of the traffic problem as many people still will drive. EZ-Pass in Massachusetts just took down all its toll booths along the Mass Turnpike to help the traffic flow more smoothly. However all drivers either need a transponder or they will be charged by taking a photo of their license plate.

14

Many people have started using traffic apps for their phones that can alert you to upcoming traffic and suggest alternate routes to save time. Another solution to build a better “smarter” car that causes lower emissions and uses less fuel. These cars are becoming more common but still are expensive to buy. Lastly, perhaps, the most exciting of all solutions is the flying car.

Fun Fact: The Boston Globe ranks Boston as the 8th Worst City with Traffic.

Yes, you heard me- a flying car. According to Newsela, a dozen companies around the globe are competing to be the first to develop a flying car. Just like Henry Ford and Karl Benz competing over the first successful car - inventors are battling right now to have the best design for a flying car. 15

The biggest obstacle is convincing the government that flying cars are safe. There would be a lot of regulations around flying cars so they would not be a danger to the already crowded skies with planes, helicopter and now even drones. Cities would have to figure out how to keep thousands of flying cars from crashing into each other. The training involved for a citizen to get their driving license takes about a year or so with driving education classes and driving tests. Imagine the training to be able to drive a flying cars. Some companies are already to start “air taxi” businesses where they would drop customers off on the rooftops instead of streets. There are many solutions being explored today but we won’t know which ones will become more popular. 16

Well, next time you are stuck in traffic and getting frustrated imagine flying over all the traffic like Ron & Harry in their flying car in Harry Potter. That will help your stress and at least help to keep you healthier. Deep breath- just not with the window down to breath in all those emissions.

Glossary Emissions: substances discharged into the air ( ex.smokestack or auto engine) Gears: one of two ore more adjustments of a transmission (bicycle or car) that determine mechanical advantage, relative speed, and direction of travel. Ignition: a device that activates an ignition system (as in an electric spark that ignites a fuel mixture) ( ex. put the key in the ignition) Innovation: the introduction of something new; a new idea, method, or device Road Rage : a motorists' uncontrolled anger that is usually provoked by another motorist's irritating act and is expressed in aggressive or violent behavior

Sources: http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/CHART-Worst-Traffic-Cities-inAmerica-298205271.html https://newsela.com/articles/flying-cars/id/26341/ http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/sfl-photos-traffic-congestion-in-the-unitedstates-20160322-photogallery.html http://traveltips.usatoday.com/effects-traffic-congestion-61043.html http://www.businessinsider.com/5-ways-to-solve-the-nations-worsening-trafficproblem-2015-6 http://archive.boston.com/business/gallery/mostcongestedcities/

Stress: a physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension resulting from factors that tend to alter an existent equilibrium (ex. Job related stress) Transponder: a radio or radar set that upon receiving a designated signal emits a radio signal of its own and that is used especially for the detection, identification, and location of objects and in satellites for relaying communications signals. Sources: all definitions are directly from www.merriam-webster.com

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