Internship Report GroupNotes of Discrete Mathmatics and Mathematical Programming (DMMP) Lecture FacultyofofElectrical Electrical Engineering, Mathematics Computer Sciences (EEMCS) Faculty Engineering, Mathematics andand Computer Science (EEMCS)

Improvements of Lower Bounds Name of the Course on the Sequential Price of Anarchy of Certain Classes of Games

Author 1 Yuzixuan Author 2 Zhu Supervisor: Marc Uetz ... Date: 2014-09-23 Author n

Reference Number Date CourseID: Course Number Prints: Number of Prints Price: ePrice

(SPoA) SPoA 2 − 1/2n−1

4 n

SPoA = 1.75

SPoA SPoA

n

SPoA

SPoA

i∈N n

i r ∈ R r wr

N = {1, 2, ..., n} Ai = {A ⊂ R|A i Ai 1 Ai

i

=

r∈Ai

i} = (A1 , ..., An )

2

fr = dr + wr nr r

dr

nr

r

fr !

R

nr

fr

= i

!

i i∈N

i

Ai

fr1 = 2nr1 , fr2 = 5nr2 r2 r1

R = {r1 , r2 }, N = {1, 2}, A1 = {{r1 }}, A2 = {{r1 }, {r2 }} r1 2+5 = 7 4+4 = 8

2 ({r1 }, {r1 })

r1

=4<5=

I SPoA(I) =

(SPE) , (OPT )

SPE∈SPE(I)

SPE

OPT I SPoA =

I∈I SPoA(I).

SPoA

PoA

2 ({r1 }, {r2 })

Ai (i ∈ N ) A1 = A2 = · · · = An = {{r1 }, {r2 }, ..., {r|R| }}

SPoA

PoA SPoA

PoA

n=2 n=3 n≥3 n→∞ n≥2

SPoA ≥ 2.465521027 SPoA ≥ 2 − 1/2n−1 SPoA = 1.75

n=3

n=4 n≥2

SPoA 1.5 63 2 488 ≤n−1 ≥ 2 1e 4/3

PoA 2 2.5 2.5 2.5 4/3

SPoA x1 = 2,

xi = 1 +

" j
x2 = 3, x3 = 7, x4 = 43 I SPoA(I # ) = SPoA(I)

r∈R

I!# |Ai | ≤ xi i∈N |Ai | i∈N |R| ≤ 2 d r + wr ≤ n ·

2, |A2 | ≤ 3, |A3 | ≤ 7, |A4 | ≤ 43, |R| ≤ 2 d r + wr ≤ 4 ·

2+3+4+5

5, |R| = 2 63 2 488 ≈ 2.13

=2

14

xi , i ≥ 2.

SPoA = 255 (OPT )

(OPT ) |A1 | ≤

2+3+7+43

r∈R

|A1 | = 2, |A2 | = 3, |A3 | = 4, |A4 | = 2.465521027

= 16384

dr 0 wr A1 = {1.1, 1.2}, A2 = {2.1, 2.2, 2.3}, A3 = {3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4}, A4 = {4.1, 4.2, 4.3 4.4, 4.5} 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, ..., 4.5

r r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 r14 r15 r16 r17

wr

1.1

1.2 ! ! ! ! !

2.1 !

! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

r r18 r19 r20 r21 r22 r23 r24 r25 r26 r27 r28 r29 r30

wr

1.1 ! ! !

1.2

! !

!

2.1

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

(1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1) 3.3, 4.2) SPoA

(1.2, 2.3, 2.465521027

2.465521027/1 = 2.465521027

SPoA 2.465521027

SPoA

n r1

w1 = 1, r2

r2

w2 = 1 r2 r2

r3

w3 = 2

r1

r2

r3

r1

r1 SPoA ≥ 3/2 = 1.5 = 2 − 1/2 SPoA

SPoA ≥ 3/2 r1 w2 = 1, r3

w3 = 2 r2 r3 r1 r2

r4

w4 = 4

r1 r3 r2

r3

w1 = 1, r2 r2

r4 r3

r4 SPoA ≥ 7/4 = 1.75 = 2 − 1/4

SPoA ≥ 7/4 w2 = 1, r3 w3 = 2, r4 wn+1 = 2n−1 i n−1 2 ri+1 , i ∈ N n −1 SPoA ≥ 22n−1 = 2 − 1/2n−1

n w4 = 4, ..., ri i

n+1 r1 w1 = 1, r2 i−2 wi = 2 , ..., rn wn = 2n−2 rn+1 ri ri+1 , i ∈ N = {1, ..., n} ri , i ∈ N i n 2 −1 n n → ∞, SPoA ≥ 2 1e ≥ 2 − 1/2n−1 n

SPoA ≥ 2 − 1/2n−1

n

SPoA |A1 | ≤ 2, |A2 | ≤ 3, |A3 | ≤ 7 22+3+7 = 4096

2 + 3 + 7 = 12

SPoA = 1.75

r r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9

dr

wr

1.1 !

1.2 !

2.1 ! !

!

!

!

!

!

SPoA

!

!

!

0.25 + 0.5 + 1 = 1.75

SPoA

1.75 SPoA SPoA SP oA = 2 − 1/2n−1

n

SPoA ≥ 2.465521027

n=4

SPoA ≥ 2 − 1/2n−1 SPoA = 1.75

n≥2

n=3

SPoA

PoA SPoA 1.5 63 2 488 ≥ 2.465521027 1.75 ≤n−1 ≥ 2 − 1/2n−1 1 ≥ 2e 4/3

n=2 n=3 n=4 n=3 n≥4 n→∞ n≥2

PoA

SPoA

PoA 2 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4/3

SPoA

PoA SPoA SPoA

SPoA ≤ PoA 2.465521027 PoA

n = 2, 3 2.5

n=4 PoA

SPoA n≥2 n≥N

2 1e

2 − 1/2n−1 n

n→∞

N N

2 1e

(1.1, 2.1, ..., n.1)

A1 = {A11 , A12 }, A2 = {A21 , A22 , A23 }, A3 = {A31 , A32 , A33 , A34 },

A4 = {A41 , A42 , A43 , A44 , A45 } R = (A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 ) ∈ A1 × A2 × A3 × A4 r∈R 2+3+4+5 14 2 = 2 = 16384 A ∈ A1 ∪ A2 ∪ A3 ∪ A4 δrA r A dr wr !r vA = r∈R (dr + wr )δrA A ! oAA# = r∈R wr δrA δrA# = (A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 ) = v + o + o + o , ..., = v + o + o A1 A 1 A2 A1 A3 A1 A 4 4 A4 A4 A 1 A 4 A 2 + oA 4 A 3 !41 = i=1 i xA1 , x A1 A2 xA1 A2 A3 , x A1 A2 A3 A4 xA12 A23 = 0 A23 A12 1 (A1 ), 2 (A1 , A2 ), 3 (A1 , A2 , A3 ) 2 (A12 , A23 )

A12

A23 (A11 , A21 , A31 , A41 ) SPE SPE SPE

SPE .

δrA =

#

OPT

1, 0,

r ∈ A, r∈ / A.

= 1.

r ∈ R, A ∈ A1 ∪ A2 ∪ A3 ∪ A4 .

xA11 = 1,

xA12 = 0.

xA11 A21 = 1,

xA11 A22 = 0,

xA11 A23 = 1,

xA12 A21 = 1,

xA12 A22 = 1,

xA12 A23 = 0.

xA1 A2 A3 |A3 | = 4 < 7 = x3

xA1 A2 A3 A4 δrA

δrA . A

A11

A12

A21

A22

A23

A31

A32

A33

A34

A41

A42

A43

A44

A45

r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

r16384

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

r

x A1 A2 A 3 =

 0,        

xA 1 A2 A 3 A4 =

A3 A1 A2

1, ((A1 , A2 , A3 ) ∈ A1 × A2 × A3 ).

  0,  

A4 A1

A2

A3

1, ((A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 ) ∈ A1 × A2 × A3 × A4 ). r ∈ R.

dr ,

wr , r ∈ R. ( vA = (dr + wr )δrA , A ∈ A1 ∪ A2 ∪ A3 ∪ A4 . r∈R

oAA# =

(

wr δrA δrA# ,

r∈R

A, A# ∈ A1 ∪ A2 ∪ A3 ∪ A4 .

1 (A1 ), 2 (A1 , A2 ),

3 (A1 , A2 , A3 ),

A1 ∈ A 1 .

(A1 , A2 ) ∈ A1 × A2 .

(A1 , A2 , A3 ) ∈ A1 × A2 × A3 .

1 (A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 )

= vA1 +oA1 A2 +oA1 A3 +oA1 A4 ,

(A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 ) ∈ A1 ×A2 ×A3 ×A4 .

2 (A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 )

= vA2 +oA2 A1 +oA2 A3 +oA2 A4 ,

(A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 ) ∈ A1 ×A2 ×A3 ×A4 .

3 (A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 )

= vA3 +oA3 A1 +oA3 A2 +oA3 A4 ,

4 (A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 )

= vA4 +oA4 A1 +oA4 A2 +oA4 A3 , 4 (

(A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 ) =

(A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 ) ∈ A1 ×A2 ×A3 ×A4 . (A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 ) ∈ A1 ×A2 ×A3 ×A4 . (A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 ) ∈ A1 ×A2 ×A3 ×A4 .

i (A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 ),

i=1

SPE

:

(A11 , A21 , A31 , A41 ) =

OPT .

(A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 ) ≥ (A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 ) ∈ A1 × A2 × A3 × A4 . OPT , ( xA1 A2 A3 ≤ |A3 | − 1, (A1 , A2 ) ∈ A1 × A2 . A3 ∈A3

(

A4 ∈A4

xA1 A2 A3 A4 ≤ |A4 | − 1, 1 (A1 )

2 (A1 , A2 ) 3 (A1 , A2 , A3 )







1 (A

2 (A1 , A

3 (A1 , A2 , A

4 (A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 )

| |

1 (A1 )



#



#

(A1 , A2 , A3 ) ∈ A1 × A2 × A3 .

)+4·

)+4·

#

A 1 , A # ∈ A1 .

· xA1 ,

A1 ∈ A 1 , A 2 , A # ∈ A 2 .

· xA1 A 2 ,

A 1 ∈ A 1 , A2 ∈ A 2 , A3 , A # ∈ A 3 .

·xA1 A2 A3 ,

)+4·

4 (A1 , A2 , A3 , A

#

)+4·

(A1 ∈ A1 , A2 ∈ A2 , A3 ∈ A3 , A4 , A# ∈ A4 ). 1 (A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 )|

≤4·

· xA1 A 2 A3 A4 ,

· (xA1 A2 A3 + xA1 A2 A3 A4 ),

((A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 ) ∈ A1 × A2 × A3 × A4 , xA1 A2 = 0).

2 (A1 , A2 )

|



2 (A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 )|

≤4·

· (xA1 A2 A3 + xA1 A2 A3 A4 ),

((A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 ) ∈ A1 × A2 × A3 × A4 ).

3 (A1 , A2 , A3 )



3 (A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 )|

≤4·

((A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 ) ∈ A1 × A2 × A3 × A4 ).

· xA1 A 2 A3 A4 ,

SPoA

A11

SPoA A45

SPoA A1

A2

A3

A4

1

2

3

4

A1

A2

A3

A4

1

2

3

4

A1

A2

A3

A4

1

2

3

4

2 + 3 + 7 = 12 4

A1 , A2 , A3

A1 = {A11 , A12 } = {{r1 }, {r2 }}. A2 = {A21 , A22 , A23 } {{r1 }, {r2 }, {r3 }}, {{r1 }, {r3 }, {r4 }} {{r3 }, {r4 }, {r5 }} A3 j i Aji ∆rA r A # 1, {r} ∈ A, ∆rA = r ∈ R, A ∈ {A1 , A2 , A3 }. 0, {r} ∈ / A. ∆rA r

A

r

r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 A

r

r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 A r1 r2 r3 r4

A11

A12

A22

A32

A13

A23

A33

A43

A53

A63

A73

A83

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

A91

A10 2

A11 2

A12 2

A13 3

A14 3

A15 3

A16 3

A17 3

A18 3

A19 3

A20 3

1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

A21 1

A22 2

A23 2

A24 2

A25 3

A26 3

A27 3

A28 3

A29 3

A30 3

A31 3

A32 3

0 1 0 1

0 0 1 1

1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1

1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

A

r

r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12

A11

A12

A22

A32

A13

A23

A33

A43

A53

A63

A73

A83

0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

SPoA A11 , A32 , A43 A11 , A32 , A43

∆rA A

r

r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12

A11

A32

A43

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 A11 , A32 , A43

δrA A r r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8

A11

A12

A21

A22

A23

A31

A32

A33

A34

A35

A36

A37

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

A r r9 r10 r11 r12

A11

A12

A21

A22

A23

A31

A32

A33

A34

A35

A36

A37

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

(A12 , A21 , A31 ) SPoA 1.75

Name of the Course Improvements of Lower ... -

Improvements of Lower Bounds on the Sequential .... where SPE denotes ''subgame perfect equilibrium'', and OPT denotes the ''optimization'', i.e. the action profile that gives the minimum cost For a class of games I, the squential price of ...

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