ASEAN Lecture, 21 April 2017
Dr. Dewi Wulandari
Content of presentation -Overview of mycorrhiza -Mechanism of symbiosis
-The importance of mycorrhiza -How to get effective mycorrhiza -Mycorrhiza for reforestation -Mycorrhiza for agriculture
Overview of Mycorrhiza - The word mycorrhiza was introduced for first time by Albert Bernard Frank in 1885 from the Greek term of mycorrhiza - Mycorrhiza is a fungus roots forming symbiotic association with plant root -There are 7 types of mycorrhizal fungi based on their attributes: arbuscular, ecto-, ectendo, arbutoid, monotropoid, ericoid, and orchidaceous mycorrhiza. -Among 7 types of mycorrhizal fungi, arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and ectomycorrhiza are the most abundant and wide spread
Major category of mycorrhizal fungi and their attributes
(Smith and read, 1997)
Develop arbuscules and vesicles within root cortical cells Arbuscules are where carbohydrates and
nutrients are exchanged Vesicles are used as storage organs
Common in herbaceous plants Form associations with >80% plant species, especially in warm/tropical grasslands and forests
Spore
Spore attached to root surface
Fungi grow between root cortical cells creats hartig net Form a mantle that covers the root surface Roots develop a swollen appearance Mantle acts as a barrier to pathogens
May develop above-ground fruiting bodies Mushrooms and puffballs
Common in pine, eucalyptus, dipterocarpaceae
Arbutoid mycorrhiza (nature.berkeley.edu)
Ericoid mycorrhiza (mycorrhizas.info)
• Fungus: Accesses water and minerals from the soil and decaying material and provides them in a form the plants can use (especially P) • Plant: Provides sugars, amino acids, and other organic materials
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi promote P acquisition of host plant. P acquisition by AM fungi depend on extension of extra-radical hyphae.
Non-mycorrhizal plant rhizosphere Pi
Mycorrhizal root rhizosphere Pi
Pi
Mycorhizosphere Pi
Pi
Pi Pi
Pi
収
Smith and Read, 2008
Non-Mycorrhizal root
Mycorrhizal root
Why mycorrhiza is important
(Finlay, 2008)
Utilization of Mycorrhiza -AM fungi: increase nutrient uptake, water uptake, improve seedling growth, tree height, plant yield. -AM fungi enhanced N, P, K uptake and growth of Eucalyptus tereticornis growing at bauxite mine spoils in India (Karthikeyan and Krishnakumar, 2012) -AM fungi improved tropical peat-swamp forest tree species, Ploiarium
alternifolium and Calophyllum hosei in Kalimantan Indonesia (Turjaman et al. 2008) Selected Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) Fungi + appropriate host plant Remediation, reforestation, plantation, agriculture
How to get an effective inoculums of mycorrhizal fungi
Isolation of mycorrhizal fungi from the nature
(Dodd and Thomson, 1994)
Screening of mycorrhizal fungi
(Dodd and Thomson, 1994)
Shoot growth of Sorghum bicolor with and without inoculation of AM fungi in three months after sowing A: Control
A
B
C
D
E F G
B
E
C
F
D
G
Mycorrhiza for Reforestation Deforestation in Indonesia -Over logging, forest fire, forest conversion into agriculture or oil rubber, and open cast mining
increase deforestation in Indonesia.
-In the past decade since 2000, the highest deforestation rates over areas in Indonesia was noted in Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi. -Rate deforestation reach 11.7 million ha per year in 2006 -Natural reforestation requires several hundred years.
Illegal logging
Forest fire
Opencast mining
Greenhouse experiment Inoculation of native AM fungi to Samanea saman grown in post coal mining soil • Post coal mine soil characteristics: pH (H₂O) 4.25, pH (KCl) 3.75; TC 0.69%; TN 0.07%; Av.P 1.13 mg P₂O₅/kg; Exchangeable Al 4.84 cmol/kg. • Plant species: Samanea saman • Treatment: Control; Native AM fungi (Acaulospora sp., Glomus sp. 1., Glomus sp. 2.); Non-native AM fungi: Gigaspora decipiens.
A
C
Gd
Gl.sp1
Gl.sp2
Ac.sp
Root fresh weight (g/plant)
Root (A) and root fresh weight (B) of Samanea saman grown in post coal mining soil two months after sowing 3.5
a
B
a a
3 2.5 2
b
b
C
Gd.
1.5 1 0.5 0
Gl. sp1 Gl. sp2 Ac. sp
Treatment C: Control; Gd.: Gigaspora decipiens; Gl. Sp.1: Glomus sp.1; Gl. Sp. 2: Glomus sp.2; Ac. sp: Acaulospora sp.
Growth (A) and shoot dry weight (B) of Samanea saman grown in post coal mining soil two months after sowing 2
Shoot dry weight (g/plant)
A
C
Gd
Gl.sp1 Gl.sp2
Ac.sp
B
a
a
a
1.5
1
a
b
0.5
0 C
Gd.
Gl. sp1 Gl. sp2 Ac. sp
Treatment C: Control; Gd.: Gigaspora decipiens; Gl. Sp.1: Glomus sp.1; Gl. Sp. 2: Glomus sp.2; Ac. sp: Acaulospora sp.
Nursery experiment Inoculation of AM fungi to Samanea saman and Mallotus paniculatus under nursery condition • Plant species: Samanea saman, Mallotus paniculatus • Treatment: Control; AM fungi (Gigaspora decipiens. Glomus clarum) • Media: compost
Compost sterilization by fire wood
800 gram sterilized compost
20 g inoculums of AM fungi
Grown in nursery for six months
1 kg polyethylene bag
Shoot dry weight of Mallotus paniculatus grown in nursery six months after sowing
a
-1
Shoot dry weight (g plant )
2
C
GD
GC
1.5 1 b
0.5 0
C: control; GD: Gigaspora decipiens; GC: Glomus clarum
b
Control
G. decipiens
Treatment
G. clarum
Shoot dry weight of Samanea saman grown in nursery
-1
Shoot dry weight (g plant )
six months after sowing
C
GD
GC
a
12 10
a
8 6 4
b
2 0
C: control; GD: Gigaspora decipiens;
GC: Glomus clarum
Control
G. decipiens
Treatment
G. clarum
AM colonization of Mallotus paniculatus (A) and Samanea saman (B) grown in nursery six months after sowing 100
a
A
100
a
B 80
AM colonization (%)
AM colonziation (%)
80
60
40
20
60
a
G.decipiens
G. clarum
40
20
b 0
a
Control
b G.decipiens
Treatment
G. clarum
0
Control
Treatment
Correlation between shoot nutrient content and shoot dry weight of Mallotus paniculatus grown in nursery six months after sowing 2.5 -1
2
Shoot dry weight (g plant )
-1
Shoot dry weight (g plant )
2.5
Control G. decipiens G. clarum
1.5
1
0.5
0
R=0.7624**
0
4
8 12 16 20 24 -1 Shoot N content (mg plant )
28
2
Control G. decipiens G. clarum
1.5
1
0.5
0
R=0.816***
0
2 4 6 8 -1 Shoot P content (mg plant )
10
Correlation between shoot nutrient content and shoot dry weight of Samanea saman grown in nursery six months after sowing 15 Control G. decipiens G. clarum
-1
10
5
R=0.979*** 0
Shoot dry weight (g plant )
Control G. decipiens G. clarum
-1
Shoot dry weight (g plant )
15
10
5
R=0.9751*** 0
0
100
200
300
400
500 -1
Shoot N content (mg plant )
600
0
5
10 15 20 25 30 -1 Shoot P uptake (mg plant )
35
Field experiment Inoculation of AM fungi to Samanea saman and Paraserianthes falcataria under field condition • Plant species: Samanea saman, Mallotus paniculatus • Treatment: Control; AM fungi (Gigaspora decipiens. Glomus clarum, Scutellospora sp.) • Media: compost in nursery
Growth of P. falcataria in seven months after transplanting in post coal mining field
Control
Glomus clarum
Gigaspora decipiens
Scutellospora sp.
Shoot N and P content, shoot dry weight, height, stem diameter, and survival rate of Paraserianthes falcataria seven months after transplanting under field condition Treatment
Shoot N
Shoot P Shoot dry
content
content
(mg/plant) Control
Stem
Shoot Survival
weight
diameter
Height
Rate
(g/plant)
(mm)
(cm)
(%)
6891.6 a
250.53 b
318 b
24.6 b
153.8 b
42 b
Scutellospora sp. 7744.1 a
544.04 a
421 ab
31.1 a
219.4 a
92 a
G. clarum
11461.3 a
441.47 a
532 a
31.4 a
202.8 a
94 a
G. decipiens
13178.9 a
561.35 a
559 a
35.8 a
230.6 a
78 ab
Shoot N and P content, shoot dry weight, height, stem diameter, and survival rate of Samanea saman seven months after transplanting under field condition
Treatment
Shoot N
Shoot P
Shoot dry
Stem
Shoot
Survival
content
content
weight
diameter
Height
Rate
(g/plant)
(mm)
(cm)
(%)
36.3 b
34 b
14.2 b
69.6 a
100 a
78.1 ab
74 ab
22.3 a
109.1 a
100 a
(mg/plant)
Control
1096.1 b
Scutellospora sp. 2492.3 ab G. clarum
3483.4 a
91.3 a
93 a
22.9 a
107.1 a
100 a
G. decipiens
1556.6 b
38.0 b
51 ab
18.7 ab
99.7 a
100 a
Mycorrhiza in Agriculture -The rapid population of human and animals creates pressure on agroecosystem due to inadequate food production -Traditional conventional agriculture system only sustainable at low productivity for low population -Plant-microbe interaction, particularly beneficial microbes associated with plant
root, contributes for the sustainable agriculture and crop productivity -Mycorrhizal fungi is one among beneficial microbes forming mutualistic association to plant -Bidirectional movement o nutrients characterize this symbionts where carbon flows to the fungus and inorganic nutrients get transported through mycorrhizal network to the plants.
Allium fistulosum growth under inoculation of Glomus R-10
with different level rate of phosphate fertilizer in field
The yield of A. fistulosum grown in soil containing 300 mg P2O5 kg−1 plus AM fungal inoculum was equal to that of plants grown in soil containing 1,000 mg P2O5 kg−1 but no AM fungal inoculum.
(Tawaraya et al., 2012)
Control
Control
Mycorrhiza
Mycorrhiza
Control
Mycorrhiza
Selected soil-borne fungal diseases controlled by AMF
(Gosling et al., 2006)
A. Linear relationship between percent root length colonized by mycorrhiza and shoot P content at 25 days after germination of maize plants in fallow, winter wheat, and dandelion plots
B. Linear relationship between percent root length colonized by mycorrhiza and percent of water stabe soil agregate at 54 days after germination of maize plants in fallow, winter wheat, and dandelion plots (Kabir and Koide, 2000)
Response of growth of tomato inoculated with AM fungi under saline water irrigation Salt components and conductivity of saline and nonsaline water used
(Al-Karaki, 2006)
AM colonization, shoot and root dry matter of tomato grown under nonsaline (NSW) and saline (SW) water in greenhouse
AM: Glomus mosseae (Al-Karaki, 2006)
Percentage change in fruit yield and nutrient content of tomato with or without AM inoculation grown under nonsaline (NSW) and saline (SW) water in greenhouse
AM: Glomus mosseae (Al-Karaki, 2006)
