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Multicast based fast handoff in Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) P Thejeswara Reddy and Neeraj Tyagi Department of Computer Science & Engineering, MNNIT, Allahabad {sw0309, neeraj}@mnnit.ac.in

Abstract—One of the major challenges for wireless network design is the efficient mobility management, which can be addressed globally (macromobility) and locally (micromobility). Mobile IP is current standard for supporting macro mobility of hosts. In the case of supporting micromobilty, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 is introduced for reducing signaling traffic and service disruption. However, it needs efficient packet forwarding mechanism with in the visited domain to reduce the packet loss. In this paper we introduce a multicast based scheme for fast handoff, which uses Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) as packet forwarding mechanism and L2 (Layer 2) triggers. Furthermore, robustness is achieved through multiple Mobility Anchor Points (MAP).

In this paper, we propose a multicast cased scheme for packet forwarding in foreign domain and our scheme uses L2 triggers for detecting handoff. So, that our scheme achieves fast handoff. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section II provides back ground information on Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) [2] and fast handover for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) [3]. Section III introduces related work on packet forwarding mechanism for fast handoff. Section IV describes our proposed scheme “multicast based packet forwarding architecture” for fast handoff in HMIPv6. Finally Section V concludes the paper. II. BACKGROUND

Index Terms—fast handoff, Hierarchical micromobility, multicast, robustness.

Mobile

IPv6,

I. INTRODUCTION

M

OBILE IPv6 [1] allows mobile node reachable while moving around in IPv6 network. Mobile IP has poor performance during handoff due to communication overhead with the Home Agent (HA). Micromobility techniques [6] attempt to improve either using per-domain foreign agents [2], [17] (hierarchical schemes) or by using complex caching and forwarding techniques between previous locations and new locations [3]. Micromobility approaches [6] include cellular IP [16] and Handoff-Aware Wireless Access Internet Infrastructure (HAWAII) [15]. A domain gateway registers its address with the HA and forwards the packets to Mobile Node (MN). These approaches need special signaling to update mobile-specific routes and require changing unicast routing in all routers. In cellular IP [16], signaling is data triggered to create paths by having routers snoop on packets. HAWAII [15] proposes a separate routing protocol and requires explicit signaling from mobiles, to setup paths. Dynamic HMIP [17], need no fixed hierarchical infrastructure architecture, the location update signaling traffic can be reduced by registering new CoA (Care of address) to previous FA (Foreign Agent). Ref. [21] employees buffering function at MN buffers UDP packets and TCP acknowledgements during handoff process, in order to improve handoff performance. To provide robustness against MAP failures, Robust HMIPv6 [22], a MN registers primary (PRCoA) and secondary (S-RCoA) regional Care of addresses to two different MAPs (Primary and Secondary) simultaneously, to provide robustness against MAP failures.

A. Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 Hierarchical schemes separate mobility management into micromobility (intra domain) and macro mobility (inter-domain) introduces a Mobility Routing Point (MRP) [6]. Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 mobility management (HMIPv6) [2] provides extensions to Mobile IPv6 [1] and IPv6 Neighbor Discovery [21] to allow for local mobility handling. The Mobility Anchor Point (MAP) equivalent to MRP in HMIPv6 intercepts all packets on behalf of the MN it serves and tunnels them to the MN’s on-link care-of address (LCoA). When a MN moves into a new MAP domain, it acquires a regional address (RCoA) and an on-link address (LCoA). RCoA and LCoA addresses are formed using the Stateless Address Auto configuration [19] protocol. After obtaining these addresses, the MN sends a Binding Update (BU) to the MAP, which will bind the MN’s RCoA to the LCoA. If successful, the MAP will return a binding acknowledgement (BAck) to the MN indicating a successful binding (registration). In addition, the MN must also register its new RCoA with its home agent by sending another BU that specifies the binding between its home address and the RCoA. When the MN moves to a new access router within the same MAP domain, it simply acquires an LCoA, and updates the MAP. In this HMIPv6 reduces the amount of signaling between the Mobile Node, its Correspondent Nodes and its Home Agent. B. Fast Handoff Scheme FMIPv6[3] as illustrated in fig.1 specifies enhancements to reduce the handover latency resulting from standard Mobile

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IPv6 procedures, namely movement detection, new Care of Address configuration and Binding Update, due to standard Mobile IPv6 procedures. It consists of three phases: handover initiation, tunnel establishment and packet forwarding. The handover initiation is started by the Layer 2 (L2) trigger; this is done by the MN sending a Router Solicitation Proxy (RtSolPr) message to the PAR (Previous Access Router) indicating that it wishes to perform a fast-handover to a new attachment point. The RtSolPr contains the link-layer address of the new attachment point, which is derived form the NAR’s (New Access Router) beacon messages. The MN will receive, in response, a Proxy Router Advertisement (PrRtAdv) message from the PAR, and specifies the network prefix that the MN should use in forming the new CoA. Subsequently, the MN sends a Fast Binding Update (F-BU) to the PAR using its newly formed CoA based on the prior PrRtAdv response, as the last message before the handover is executed. The MN receives a Fast Binding Acknowledgement (F-BAck) either via the PAR or the NAR indicating a successful binding. The tunnel establishment phase creates a tunnel between the NAR and the PAR. MN(at PAR)

PAR

NAR

RtSolPr PrRtAdv FBU

HI HAck

FBack

disconnect

connect

FBack

Forward pkts

FNA Deliver pkts

Fig. Fast handoff message interaction

To establish a tunnel, the PAR sends a Handover Initiation (HI) message (containing the MN’s requesting CoA and the MN’s current CoA) to the NAR. In response, the PAR receives a Handover Acknowledgement (HAck) from the NAR. If the new CoA is accepted by the NAR, the PAR sets up a temporary tunnel to the new CoA. Otherwise, the PAR tunnels packets destined for the MN to the NAR, which will take care of forwarding packets to the MN temporarily. Finally, the packet forwarding phase is performed to smoothen the handoff until subsequent registration by the MN to the home agent is completed. The PAR interacts with the NAR to facilitate the forwarding of packets between them, through the previously established tunnel. Once arriving at the new access network, the MN sends the Fast Neighbor Advertisement (F-NA) message to initiate the flow of packets (to itself) from the NAR.

III. RELATED W ORK Ref. [14] identifies three key design criteria in providing a seamless handoff framework. Firstly, the packet forwarding mechanism should be keep as close to the MN as possible. Secondly, additional packet duplication for forwarding to NAR from the MAP will increase the throughput performance. Thirdly, one must solve the problem of identifying the packet sequence; i.e. packets from MAP and PAR. A. Hierarchical Schemes Fast Handover for Hierarchical MIPv6 (F-HMIPv6) [4], an additional benefit by combining FMIPv6 with HMIPv6 is that the overall handover latency in FMIPv6 will be more reduced since in HMIPv6 the MN sends a location update with the local MAP, rather than the HA and CN that are typically further way. In F-HMIPv6, the tunnel for fast handover is established between MAP and NAR, rather than between PAR and NAR. Simultaneous Bindings for Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers [5] extends the Fast Handover protocol with a simultaneous bindings function and with a bicasting function to minimize packet loss at the MN. Traffic for the MN is therefore bicast or n-cast for a short period to its current location and to one or more locations where the MN is expected to move to shortly. It also claims to be able to address the problem associated with ping-pong movement of MNs between two access routers by this packet duplication process, as it is not necessary to reconfigure the MN’s CoA during ping-pong movement (rapid back and forth movement between two access routers/points). The Seamless Handoff architecture for Mobile IP (S-MIP) [7] is network determined handoff process using past history of handoffs. History located at Decision engine (DE) to make handoff decision. After the handoff decision is made, packets will be duplicated and send to both the PAR and the NAR simultaneously. This is referred to as the SynchronizedPacket-Simulcasting (SPS) [7] process. B. Multicast based schemes Multicast based schemes can be divided into two categories, depending on the scope of the area to which multicast is employed. The coverage area of the ?rst category is global and the coverage area of the second one is regional. Schemes belong to the ?rst category let the CNs to see a mobile node as a multicast group. MSM-IP (Mobility Support using Multicasting in IP) [9] and [10] belong to the ?rst category. These schemes assign a unique multicast address to each mobile node. In the schemes belongs to the second category, unicast packets from the CNs are converted into the multicast packets within the visited domain. The schemes proposed in [11]-[13] belong to this category since they use multicast in the restricted area, mainly in the visited domain. MMP (Multicast for Mobility Protocol) [11] uses CBT (Core Based Tree) mechanism. Ref. [12] uses multicast to reestablish traffic ?ow during intersub domain movement inside the foreign domain. Ref. [13] uses PIM-SM (Protocol Independent Multicast-

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Sparse Mode) obtains its unique multicast address using address auto configuration [19] inside the domain. Whenever it handoffs to new subnet it only required to join the multicast group which already joined in the previous subnet. IV.

PROPOSED SCHEME

Proposed scheme uses PIM-SM [18] as packet forwarding scheme on top of HMIPV6 with fast handover. It is a complementary approach to [4] [5], which need separate frame work to be built for such propose and [7] introduces handoff decision algorithm using mobile pattern prediction, works for mobile moving at constant speed and introduces complex signaling messages. Our approach is an extension to scheme proposed in [13] using procedure described in [3] for fast handoff. And our approach more robust than all nonmulticast extensions for fast handoffs, which needs separate framework to provide robustness, and also considers the ping-pong movement of MN.

this packet reencapsulates RCoA as source address and sends the packets to CN. Fig.3 shows the typical message interactions in the proposed scheme. An MN attached to AR performs fast handoff procedure as described in [3], HI message contains a flag J indicating, the NAR send a join request to MCoA using LCoA as multicast receiver. So NARs send a request RP to join the multicast tree. After handoff to NAR, the leave (prune) message to PARs delayed so that, MN still receives the packets during ping-pong movement and MN need not to register again.

MN(at PAR)

PAR

LCoA

MAP

NAR1

NAR2

MN(at NAR2)

MCoA

RtSolPr PrRtAdv FBU

HI HI HAck HAck

FBack

join join

FBack

CN

Multicast packets

HN

Internet A RCo

Foreign Network

MC oA

LCo A1

HI

AR

prune tree

connect

MCoA

n joi

join

FNA LCoA2

LBU

MAP

AR

disconnect

AR HI

Fig.3 Message interaction in proposed scheme

AR

Fig.2. Network architecture for proposed approach

In our approach as illustrated in fig.2, a MN entering into MAP domain gots three addresses for roaming inside the domain: 1) RCoA: (Regional Care of Address) unique address in MAPs domain, 2) LCoA : (on-Link Care of Address) specific to each AR, RCoA and LCoA obtained as specified in HMIPV6[2]. 3) MCoA: (Multicast Care of Address) unique multicast address in MAP domain obtained from mapping RCoA to multicast address. MAPs maintain a table for addresses of MNs. MAPs periodically exchange routing table information; it avoids packet loss due to packets entering from one MAP and leaving from another MAP. RCoA is registered with HA/CN, HA/CN unicasts packets destinated to MN using RCoA as source address to MAP (MAPs). One MAP acts as RP (Rendezvous Point), and all packets are forwarded to RP, then RP multicasts the packet to MCoA by mapping form RCoA to MCoA. ARs on the multicast tree deliver the packets to MN using LCoA or buffer the packets. Buffered packets are delivered to MN when the AR receives FNA and NAR sends Local Binding Update (LBU) message to MAP. When MN has data to send it uses LCoA as source address, CN as destination address. MAP on receiving

V. CONCLUSION We presented a multicast forwarding technique for fast handoff, which is pure IP based handover management. Unlike other IP handover techniques, our approach is more robust and no need to synchronize the data, i.e. duplicate packets received at MN are discarded. In future we plan to study performance of this approach with other IP based handover mechanisms for both TCP and UDP traffic.

REFERENCES [1] D. Johnson, and C. Perkins, RFC 3775: “Mobility Support in IPv6”, June 2004. [2] Hesham Soliman, and Karim El Malki, INTERNET DRAFT : “Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 mobility management (HMIPv6)“, October 2004. [3] Rajeev Koodli, INTERNET DRAFT: “Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6”, October 2003. [4] Hee Young Jung, Seok Joo Koh, Hesham Soliman, and Karim El-Malki, Bryan Hartwell, INTERNET DRAFT:“Fast Handover for Hierarchical MIPv6 (F-HMIPv6) ”, June 2004. [5] Karim El Malki, and Hesham Soliman, INTERNET DRAFT :

> Do not put any matter here < “Simultaneous Bindings for Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers”, October 2003. [6] A. T. Campbell, Gomez, J., Kim, S., Turanyi, Z., Wan, C-Y. and A, Valko, “Comparison of IP Micromobility Protocols ”, IEEE Wireless Communication Magazine, Vol.9, No.1, February 2002. [7] Hsieh, R., Zhou, Z.-G., and Seneviratne, A. “S-MIP: A Seamless Handoff Architecture for Mobile IP”. In Proceedings of INFOCOM, San Francisco, USA, 2003. [8] Hsieh, R, and Seneviratne, “Transport protocols: A comparison of mechanisms for improving mobile IP handoff latency for end-to-end TCP”. ACM Proceedings of the 9th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, September 2003 [9] J.P. Mysore and V. Bharghavan, “A New Multicastingbased Architecture for Internet Host Mobility,” Proceedings of ACM Mobicom, 1997. [10] C. Castelluccia, “A Hierarchical Mobility Management Scheme for IPv6”, In IEEE Proceedings of ISCC ’98, pp. 305309, 1998. [11] A. Mihailovic, M. Shabeer and A.H. Aghvami, “Multicast For Mobility Protocol (MMP) For Emerging Internet Networks”, In IEEE Proceedings of PIMRC 2000, Vol. 1, pp. 327-333, 2000. [12] A. Stephane, A. Mihailovic, and A. H. Aghvami, “Mechanisms and Hierarchical Topology for Fast Handover in Wireless IP Networks,” IEEE Communication magazine, Vol. 38, No. 11, pp. 112-115, Nov. 2000. [13] Hong-Sun Jun, and Miae Woo, “Performance Analysis of Multicast-based Localized Mobility Support Scheme in IPv6 Networks”, IEEE Proceedings on Communication Networks and Services Research (CNSR’04), 2004 [14] Robert Hsieh, Aruna Seneviratne, Hesham Soliman, and Karim El-Malki, “Performance analysis on Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 with Fast-handoff over End-to-End TCP”, In IEEE Proceedings of GLOBECOM, Taipei, Taiwan 2002. [15] R. Ramjee, K. Varadhan, L. Salgarelli, S. R. Thuel, S.-Y. Wang, and T.La Porta, “HAWAII: a domain-based approach for supporting mobility in wide-area wireless networks,” IEEE Networking, vol. 10, pp. 396–410, June 2002. [16] A. T. Campbell, J. Gomez, and A. G. Valko, “An overview of cellular IP,” in Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conf. (WCNC’99), New Orleans, LA, Sept. 1999, pp. 606–610. [17] Wenchao Ma, and Yuguang Fang, “Dynamic Hierarchical Mobility Management Strategy for Mobile IP Networks”, IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications, vol. 22, no. 4, May 2004. [18] D. Estrin et. Al, RFC 2362 “Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM): Protocol Specification”, june 1998 [19] S. Thomson, and T. Narten, RFC 2462, “IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration”, December 1998. [20] R. Hinden, and S. Deering, RFC 3513: “Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Addressing Architecture”, April 2003. [21] T. Narten, E. Nordmark, W. Simpson, RFC 2461: “Neighbor discovery for IP version 6”, December 1998.

4 [21] Koji OMAE, Takehiro IKEDA, Masahiro INOUE, Ichiro OKAJIMA and Narumi UMEDA, “Mobile Node Extension Employing Buffering Function to Improve Handoff Performance”, In IEEE Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications, Oct. 2002 pp 62-66 vol.1. [22] Taewan You, Sangheon Pack, and Yanghee Choi, “Robust Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (RH-MIPv6): An Enhancement for Survivability & Fault-Tolerance in Mobile IP Systems ”, In IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2003-Fall.

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Handoff-Aware Wireless Access Internet Infrastructure. (HAWAII) [15]. ... home agent by sending another BU that specifies the binding between its home address ...

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