Mr. X's Smart Home

Smart Home Status

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$sql1="SELECT * FROM `data` where s_id=".$sid." AND ts > (now()-1000);"; //echo $sql1; $result1=mysql_query($sql1,$db);; $num1=mysql_num_rows($result1); echo ""; } ?>

Sensor ID	Status
".$sid."	"; if($num1 < 1) echo ""; else echo ""; echo "

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5.5.3.3 Data Analysis (Chart generation) The trends in data can be studied by viewing a dynamic plot of the data from the web application. It is a complete Ajax based chart-plotting solution wherein availability of new data is checked at regular intervals. If any new data is obtained, then the graph is appropriately updated.

Fig 5-6 Screenshot of the Data Analysis page

//chart.php

Mr. X's Smart Home

MUSN Server date:

(loading...)

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5.5.3.4 Remote Control From the web application, the user is allowed to change network parameters like baud rates and delay time between requests, application details and user details. All these parameters can be changed in order to control the behaviour of the network.

Fig 5-7 Screenshot of the Remote Configuration page

//config.php

Mr. X's Smart Home

=1){ ?>

Edit Configuration

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Network Details

NAME	VALUE
Baud Rate (in bps) :
Polling Frequency (/minute) :
Timeout (secs):

Application Details

NAME	VALUE
Application Name :
Location :

User Details

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NAME	VALUE
Title
First Name :
Last Name:
New Password :

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5.5.3.5 Historical Data The user can also view all the historical data related to a particular sensor. The data is displayed in a descending manner. Also the change in values is listed.

Fig 5-8 Screenshot of the Historical Data Analysis page

//history.php

Mr. X's Smart Home

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$result=mysql_query("select * from sensor where s_id=68",$db); $row=mysql_fetch_array($result); ?>

Sensor details
Sensor ID:
Node ID:
Link ID:	1

"; } ?>

TIME STAMP (Date-Time)	VALUE OF SENSOR	CHANGE IN VALUE
".$row["ts"]."	".$row ["val"]."	".($row["val"]-$old)."

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6 Applications, Enhancement and Limitations

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6.1 Immediate Applications 1. Monitoring temperature data at various points in a manufacturing facility to determine the efficiency of the running process and thus help in fine-tuning it. 2. Voting pads for audience in a popular game show. 3. Security and monitoring system for a facility. 4. Climatic monitoring within a facility 5. Monitoring of products as they move along an assembly line in a factory 6. A simple positioning system for tracking objects in a room.

6.2 Enhancements 1. The host computer can be placed online which then allows the network administrator to remotely monitor and configure the network. 2. Host computer can send network details/alarms to a remote moderator through email or SMS 3. “Sensor Network Management Software” can also be extended to support wireless sensor networks (WSN). Distribution protocol and error handling mechanism to account for increased error rate would become major concern of this software. 4. Actuators: To complete the logical loop of information flow it makes sense to add actuators in the network. Depending upon the data received by the sensors feedback is given to the actuators to undertake necessary actions. For example, in a network when a temperature sensor senses the temperature above predetermined threshold value, actuators in the form of hit sinks or fans can be set up in action. Increasing temperature of the network’s environment will lead to increase in the rotational speed of fan. Similarly dehumidifiers can be set up to counter increasing humidity level.

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6.3 Limitations 1. As far as error handling is concerned, software reacts only to the non-events. It does not account for the wrong data sent by the sensor. No prediction strategy is implemented to contrast and compare the data obtained from the sensors. The CRC checksum in the packet field can be used to detect only the errors that may occur during data transmission. 2. No error handling routines are written to account for the hardware failure. Hence manual debugging is to be carried out in the debug mode of the software.

6.4 Performance Issues 1. To monitor the performance of the network, we look at the network congestion details reviewed from data loss. Although sensors in the network are polled in round-robin manner, data fails to reach the host computer. This can be due to the failure of node to respond or data loss along the links or due to the data getting garbled. Regular logging of data on host computer reflects good performance. 2. For the performance enhancement we propose hierarchical structure of the network wherein data is collected and stored on each of the levels of hierarchy. Consider the case of MUSN-Smart home being implemented in a multi-storey apartment. Here the data-collections and data logging will occur at three levels. First level at individual home, second level at each story and then third level for the entire apartment. This structure increases the availability of data and thus facilitates recovery in case of failure of any of the part of network. 3. Increasing the production volume in an industrial area where network has been laid out will entail increase in the number of sensor nodes to be deployed. Increasing the node count entails increase in baud rate at which microcontroller is set. But this baud rate has some threshold value that cannot be exceeded. 4. Increasing the production volume does not demand heavy increase in the memory usage at microcontroller.

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7 Hardware Implementation

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7.1 Design of Sensor Node The Sensor Node is the main workhorse of the system. It has to satisfy the following functional requirements. 1. A carefully chosen microcontroller serving as the central intelligence for the node. The microcontroller should have built-in peripherals like USART, ADC, EEPROM and PWM for cost effectiveness. The microcontroller should be power efficient. The microcontroller must be capable of boot loading over the network. 2. A carefully chosen RS-485 Transceiver for communication with the host computer and other nodes. 3. Connectors for easy connection to the network in a daisy chain fashion. 4. On board regulator for supplying 5 volts to the microcontroller, transceiver and the sensors connected to it. A separate regulator supplying 12 volts might be needed for sensors requiring 12 volt supply. There should be an option for sourcing power from the following sources: i. From power lines distributed with RS-485 network itself ii. From Mains power lines if present in vicinity iii. From local battery 5. Option for insertion of line terminating and biasing resistors. 6. Option for external Crystals. External standard crystals could be used to decrease baud rate errors at higher speeds. 7. Connectors for easy connection of sensors and actuators to the board. 8. LEDs for indication of dataflow to and from the network. 9. The Sensor board should be sturdy and must withstand wear and tear. 10. Power on reset circuitry. 11. Connector for In-System Programming of the microcontroller. We have chosen to operate the RS-485 Network in Half Duplex mode to decrease the number of wires required and to make the network easily scalable to multi master system.

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The RS-485 Network itself requires many points to be considered while designing. The Six main rules for designing RS-485 Networks are: 1. Use the slowest drivers possible for the bit rate. 2. Terminate long lines with their characteristic impedance. 3. Wire the nodes in a bus topology. 4. Bias inactive links. 5. Use twisted-pair cable. 6. Limit common-mode voltages. We had chosen the node Microcontroller as ATmega8. The block diagram showing the requirements of the sensor node is shown in Fig 7-1.

Fig 7-1 Block diagram of the Sensor Node Keeping the above points in mind, we designed the first generation of the sensor nodes as follows:

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7.2 Design of the First Prototype 7.2.1 Sensor Node The first generation of the sensor nodes were designed specifically for testing out the basic structure of the network. Keeping this in mind, we designed the nodes for a specific application that was the most simple to implement: The Voting Pads network. The Voting Pads network like those used for audience poll in game shows like “Who wants to be a Millionaire?” have very simple requirements. In this case instead of sensors, four switches are interfaced to the microcontroller. Four LEDs are also connected to the microcontroller indicate the selected option. An acknowledge LED indicates whether the selected option has been read by the host or _____

not. The RE/DE signal of the MAX485 / DS75176 transceiver was controlled by the ATmega8 microcontroller it self. DB9 connectors were used to connect the node to the network in a daisy chain fashion. The actual network links were created using serial cable commonly available in the market. The network carried four signals: A, B, Ground and +12 volts. The +12 volts signal was required to power the nodes whereas the A, B signals served as the actual carrier of the data signals. The Ground signal served as the common ground for all the nodes. The Ground signal acted as the return path for the power supplies and also served as a reference for voltages on the A and B data signals. The onboard voltage regulator (LM7805) was used to derive +5 volts for the microcontroller and associated circuitry on board the node. DIP switches were also added to the node circuit with the intention of setting the node address. The schematic and layout were designed using the Eagle 4.11 PCB Layout editor. The PCB created was single sided so that it could be etched easily in our colleges’ PCB lab. The schematic, PCB Layout and photos of this prototype have been shown below.

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Fig 7-2 Schematic of the first prototype of the sensor node

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Fig 7-3 PCB Layout for the First Prototype of the Sensor Node

Fig 7-4 The First Prototype sensor node

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Fig 7-5 The whole network assembled using the first prototype sensor boards.

Fig 7-6 Termination and biasing of the network was achieved using the above circuit

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7.2.2 RS-232 to RS-485 Bridge The first prototype of the RS-232 to RS-485 Bridge involved an ATmega128 microcontroller which has two USARTs. One of the USARTs was interfaced to the Host Computer using the MAX232 transceiver IC. The other USART was interfaced _____

to the network using the MAX485 / DS75176 transceiver IC. The RE/DE signal was connected to one of the port pins of the microcontroller. The USARTs were put into interrupt driven mode. The ATmega128 was programmed to act as a relay between the RS-485 network and the Host Computer. It passed on data from USART to the _____

other while toggling the RE/DE signal as required. Since only one bridge was required, the circuit was hand soldered as shown below.

Fig 7-7 First prototype of the RS-232 to RS-485 Bridge

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7.2.3 Power Supply for the Network All prototype versions of our network distributed power to the nodes using the same power supply. The power supply used was off the shelf 12 Volt 2 Ampere power supply that converted 230 volts AC to +12 volts DC. The power supply was a switch mode converter with over current shutdown. The RS-232 to RS-485 Bridge was mounted on this power supply itself and this acted as the entry point of DC power to the network. The photo of the power supply is given below:

Fig 7-8 12 volt 2 ampere Switched Mode Power Supply used for the Network

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7.3 Faults encountered with the First Prototype We encountered many faults with the first prototype of the network. These are listed as below:

7.3.1 Faults in the RS-485 Network Wiring We used off the shelf available serial cables for wiring up the network. These wires are not twisted. Hence the A and B signals weren’t twisted and so the noise induced was enough to cause errors in the data transmission. We had assumed that since these cables had the internal wires tightly bound together, they would serve as good carriers since the A and B signals would be placed close to each other all the time. This together with the fact that non-twisted pairs caused a mismatch between the characteristic impedance and termination resistance led to data transmission errors which forced us to decrease the speed to 1200 bps. Many other factors that were responsible for the unreliability and slow speed of the network are analysed below.

7.3.2 Faults in the Sensor Node Design The following faults were identified in the Sensor Nodes (Voting pads): 1. DB9 connectors were used for interfacing the node to the network. These proved to be very cumbersome since they were created for RS-232 links and not for RS-485 links. The off the shelf serial cables used with them were not twisted. Most differential signalling networks do not use DB9 connectors. 2. Absence of decoupling capacitors causes noise to get coupled from the power supply lines into the data lines. 3. Absence of ISP connectors delayed the development and testing process 4. Absence of Tx and Rx LEDs made debugging difficult. 5. There was no option of adding and external crystal for generating accurate clock reference for the USART. _____

6. Absence of pull down resistor on the RE/DE signal of the MAX485 transceiver. 7. The DIP switches used were of inferior quality. 8. No room for adding terminating and biasing resistors on the extreme nodes itself

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7.3.3 Faults in the RS-232 to RS-485 Bridge Design The RS-232 to RS-485 Bridge consisted of ATmega128 which is only available in packages meant for surface mount soldering. Since we did not follow proper Electro-Static Discharge (ESD) prevention precautions while soldering, many of them got damaged beyond repair. We had used ordinary soldering irons to solder ATmega128 that may cause damage to these microcontroller. ATmega128 also costs 5 times more than ATmega8 thereby making the cost of the Bridge circuit highly prohibitive.

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7.4 Design of the Second Prototype 7.4.1 Sensor Node In the second prototype we were able to eliminate all the above listed faults. Again we focused on getting the basic network up and running by designing the nodes specifically for the Voting Pads application. In the new design we incorporated the following features: 1. EMC design considerations were taken into account. 2. Decoupling capacitors at the input and output of the voltage regulator. 3. Decoupling capacitors placed very close to the input supplies and the ADC reference voltages of the microcontroller. 4. External 3.6864 Mhz crystal oscillators. 5. External power on reset circuitry. 6. RJ45 connectors for interfacing with the network. 7. ISP connectors for smooth development process. 8. Rx/TX LEDs for easy debugging. _____

9. Pull down resistor on the RE/DE signal of the MAX485 transceiver. 10. No DIP switches (EEPROM was used for storing the IDs). 11. Option for adding terminating/biasing resistors on board. Besides the above features, we also used the CAT5 cables for wiring the network. CAT5 cables consist of 4 twisted pairs of wires. One of these pairs was used for the A and B signals while the other pairs were used for power supply and ground signals (in multiple). The Schematic, PCB Layout and Photos of the Second Prototype boards are as follows:

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Fig 7-9 Schematic of the Second Prototype of the Sensor Node

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Fig 7-10 PCB Layout of the Second Prototype Sensor Node

Fig 7-11 The Second Prototype Sensor Node

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7.4.2 RS-232 to RS-485 Bridge The Second Prototype of the Bridge was totally redesigned using the ATmega8 microcontroller. In the second prototype ATmega8 microcontroller controlled the direction of flow of data between the network and the Host Computer. ATmega8 has relaxed handling precautions and hence isn’t affected much by ESD. ATmega8 is also very cheap as compared to ATmega128. The block diagram of this new bridge is given below.

ATmega8

_____

RE/DE DI

MAX485

B

RS485 N/W

A

RO MAX232

TXD

RXD Computer

Fig 7-12 Block Diagram of Second Prototype of RS-232 to RS-485 Bridge _____

In the new bridge, a pull down resistor on RE/DE signal of the MAX485 transceiver keeps the bridge and hence the Host Computer always in the receiving mode. All data that flows on the network is received by the computer via the bridge in the following order: RS-485 Network → MAX485 Transceiver → MAX232 Transceiver → Host Computer As we can see, while receiving the data from the network, ATmega8 remains isolated and does not interfere with the data flow. If the host computer needs to send the data to a node on the network, it sends out the data serially on its TXD line. This data is first received by ATmega8 via its own RXD line and then passed on to the MAX485 transceiver for transmission via its own TXD line. While doing this, ATmega8 enables the transmitter of MAX485 _____

by asserting the RE/DE signal. The ATmeag8’s USART is operated in the interrupt driven mode. Here ATmega8 merely acts as a buffer between the Host Computer and the Network. The flow of data while the Host is transmitting is as below: 95

Host Computer → MAX232 Transceiver → ATmega8→ MAX485 Transceiver → RS-485 Network The Schematic, PCB Layout and Photo of the Second Prototype of the bridge are shown below. This bridge used RJ45 connectors for interfacing to the network

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Fig 7-13 Schematic of the Second Prototype of the RS-232 to RS-485 Bridge

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Fig 7-14 PCB Layout of the Second Prototype RS-232 to RS-485 Bridge

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Fig 7-15 The Second Prototype RS-232 to RS-485 Bridge

Fig 7-16 The network with RS-232 to RS-485 Bridge, power supply and five Voting pads of the second prototype.

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7.4.3 Design of the Final Sensor Node Using the second prototype of the sensor node, we were able to achieve error free speeds of up to 115200 bits per second without any delay between the packets. After our success with the second prototypes we went on to upgrade our design to generate “multi-utility” nodes. These nodes had connectors for interfacing sensors too. They could be used for Voting Pad network and other applications such as home monitoring and industrial monitoring as well. They were sturdier and were etched on pass through double-sided glass epoxy boards. Their basic circuit was the same as those of the second prototype boards with only the addition of connectors for interfacing the sensors. Terminal blocks were used for interfacing the node to the network. This board and external crystal of 6.144 Mhz and were operated at speeds of 38400 bps. The bridge circuit used with these sensor nodes was the same as the second prototype Bridge circuit but with the RJ45 connector replaced by terminal blocks. The Schematic, PCB Layout and Photo of these nodes are as follows:

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Fig 7-17 The Schematic of the final Sensor Boards

101

Fig 7-18 The PCB Layout of the final Sensor Boards

Fig 7-19 The final Sensor Boards

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7.5 Oscilloscope Traces The following figures show the oscilloscope traces obtained using the final boards running at 38400 bps.

Fig 7-20 Oscilloscope trace showing the A and B signals of the RS-485 network. The central signal, which is A-B, was obtained by using the oscilloscope’s math features

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Fig 7-21 Oscilloscope trace showing the transmission (partial) of a packet on the RS485 bus. The transmitted packet is “a012KQ.” Each character is transmitted starting with LSB. The symbols s and d indicate the start and stop bits respectively

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8 The Elecrama Experience

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Industrial Electrical and Electronics Manufacturer's Association (IEEMA) organizes an international level exhibition for electrical and electronic goods under the banner of 'Elecrama' biennially. This year ‘Elecrama 2006,' the 7th International Exhibition of Electrical, Professional Electronics and Allied Products was held in Mumbai at Bombay Exhibition Centre from 18th to 22nd January 2006. Elecrama is a platform where the best of industries, both Indian and multinational showcase their cutting edge technologies and cost effective products. About 1,500 companies participated in the exhibition with visitor count reaching up to 20,000 each day. The exhibition was segregated into many halls such as International Pavilion, Power Electronics Pavilion and Industrial Automation Pavilion etc. A small but significant part of the exhibition was the Students’ Pavilion, which brought forward many constructive ideas. The Elecrama 2006 organizing committee received up to 80 entries from various colleges across India. The committee short-listed 41 competitive projects. The criteria of selection were as follows 1. Practical approach 2. Innovative Idea 3. Market value 4. Technological content Our project ‘Multi Utility Sensor Network’ was selected to represent our college at the 'Elecrama 2006' contest. The contest stretched over a period of 5 days. We reached the contest venue a day before the contest to feel the pulse of the exhibition. Over the next few days a crowd of people and many distinguished businessmen and top-level executives visited our project stall and gave us their valuable feedback. The feedback comprised a gamut of ideas - Market oriented approach, Technical limitations, aesthetic value of the product and many more interesting comments. All visitors appreciated the novelty of our project. They were especially impressed by our implementation of ‘Kaun Banega Crorepati’ and thanks to this implementation we were easily amongst the most popular stalls in the Students’ Pavillion. What encouraged us even more was the constant interest from people from the industry. They were impressed by the utilitarian value of our project and even enquired if we could implement similar networks for them in their industrial plants. All in all, 'Elecrama 2006' provided us with a platform through which we could display our product in front of the masses and only through this, did we realize the market potential of our product. It also helped us in interacting with eminent people who were well aware of the market technicalities and their feedback was a morale booster. It was a superb experience which we shall always cherish.

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Appendix 1 - List Of References

107

URLs: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

http://www-lce.eng.cam.ac.uk/~jkf21/sv/prevproj.php http://www.koders.com/java/fidCB087DC72A13E84C19A63DDE0F74E4D2 77217607.aspx http://users.frii.com/jarvi/rxtx/doc/gnu/io/RS485.html http://www.intel.com/research/exploratory/wireless_sensors.htm http://nesl.ee.ucla.edu/research http://www.xbow.com/Products/productsdetails.aspx?sid=64 http://www.engberg.dk/icpdas/ http://www.hth.com/snap/ http://www.lvr.com/serport.htm http://www.arcelect.com/485info.htm http://www.hth.com/plm-24/default.htm http://jgrapht.sourceforge.net/ http://www.omnetpp.org http://java-source.net/ http://java-source.net/open-source/charting-and-reporting http://www.jfree.org/jfreechart/samples.php http://www.jfree.org/jfreechart/samples.php http://thermal.gg.utah.edu/~gettings/source/SerialDAS/

Books: Java • • •

Anthony Potts, David Friedel - Java Programming Language Handbook Peter Dibble - Real-Time Java Platform Programming (Prentice Hall) Dick Steflick, Prashant Sridharan, Richard Steflik - Advanced JAVA Networking 2e (Prentice Hall)

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Appendix 2 - Data Flow Diagrams

109

USER/Admin Launch Application

Login

User Interface

Fetch Details

Validate Username/ Password

Error

A

Write to log

Update account

Write to log

Activity Log

User DB

Write Details

Update User Info Error

DFD showing User Login and Modification of User Details

A

A

Generate Pattern

Edit Map/ Nodes

Fetch details from DB

Edit Network Topology

Get current topology

Write new topology

N/w Topology DB

Get sensor reading from DB

Write to log

Activity Log

DFD showing Network Topology modification

Draw Trend/ Pattern

Sensor DB

DFD showing Pattern Generation

110

A Get all sensor details

Broadcast

Return to interface

Get details one by one

Error Detection/ Correction

Error Reporting

Activity Log

Write to log

Write to database

Sensor DB

DFD showing details/reading fetch from all sensors/nodes

111

ER Diagram

112

Appendix 3 - Table Of Figures

113

Fig 1-1 Network Topology ............................................................................................3 Fig 3-1 Use Case Diagram...........................................................................................13 Fig 4-1 Block diagram of the system...........................................................................15 Fig 4-2 Module Interaction Diagram ...........................................................................16 Fig 5-1 Screenshot of Eclipse Editor ...........................................................................22 Fig 5-2 Screenshot of KBC..........................................................................................37 Fig 5-3 Screenshot of Smart Home Control Interface .................................................62 Fig 5-4 Screenshot of Authentication page..................................................................66 Fig 5-5 Screenshot of the Status page..........................................................................69 Fig 5-6 Screenshot of the Data Analysis page .............................................................71 Fig 5-7 Screenshot of the Remote Configuration page................................................73 Fig 5-8 Screenshot of the Historical Data Analysis page ............................................76 Fig 7-1 Block diagram of the Sensor Node .................................................................83 Fig 7-2 Schematic of the first prototype of the sensor node ........................................85 Fig 7-3 PCB Layout for the First Prototype of the Sensor Node.................................86 Fig 7-4 The First Prototype sensor node......................................................................86 Fig 7-5 The whole network assembled using the first prototype sensor boards..........87 Fig 7-6 Termination and biasing of the network. ........................................................87 Fig 7-7 First prototype of the RS-232 to RS-485 Bridge.............................................88 Fig 7-8 12 volt 2 ampere Switched Mode Power Supply used for the Network .........89 Fig 7-9 Schematic of the Second Prototype of the Sensor Node.................................93 Fig 7-10 PCB Layout of the Second Prototype Sensor Node......................................94 Fig 7-11 The Second Prototype Sensor Node..............................................................94 Fig 7-12 Block Diagram of Second Prototype of RS-232 to RS-485 Bridge..............95 Fig 7-13 Schematic of the Second Prototype of the RS-232 to RS-485 Bridge ..........97 Fig 7-14 PCB Layout of the Second Prototype RS-232 to RS-485 Bridge .................98 Fig 7-15 The Second Prototype RS-232 to RS-485 Bridge.........................................99 Fig 7-16 The network with RS-232 to RS-485 Bridge, power supply and five Voting pads of the second prototype................................................................................99 Fig 7-17 The Schematic of the final Sensor Boards ..................................................101

114

Fig 7-18 The PCB Layout of the final Sensor Boards ...............................................102 Fig 7-19 The final Sensor Boards ..............................................................................102 Fig 7-20 Oscilloscope trace showing the RS-485 network signals A, B and A-B; the latter was obtained by using the oscilloscope’s math features. .........................103 Fig 7-21 Oscilloscope trace showing the transmission (partial) of a packet on the RS485 bus. The transmitted packet is “a012KQ”...................................................104

115

Appendix 4 - Index

116

Ajax.........................................6, 65, 71

Packets, types of

Sajax.................................. See Sajax

Data packet ...................................24

Apache ..............................................65

Query packet.................................24

ATmega8.........................................4, 5

Reset packet ..................................24

AVRStudio 4.11..................................6

PHP ...............................................6, 65

Data Acquisition .....................9, 17, 65

Protocol.................3, 5, 6, 9, 17, 23, 79

Data Monitoring................................18

Remote Administration.....................65

database..5, 6, 8, 15, 17, 19, 45, 63, 65,

Authentication ..............................66

66, 67

Data Analysis......................9, 71, 76

database server ..........................5, 6, 63

Historical Data ..............................76

Eagle 4.11 ...........................................6

Remote Control.............................73

Eclipse.....................................6, 22, 24

Status Check .................................69

Ethernet ...............................................3

RS-232 to RS-485 Bridge....3, 5, 8, 11,

GUI ...............2, 8, 9, 12, 17, 31, 37, 45 Host computer..3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 15, 17, 23, 24, 26, 79

17, 23, 24 RS-485 ................................3, 4, 5, 6, 9 RS-485 Bus.....................3, 4, 5, 11, 15

Java .............................5, 6, 22, 24, 108

RX/TX ..............................................24

Java Runtime Environment..... See JRE

Sajax .................................................65

Java RX/TX ........................................6

Sensor Network i, 2, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15,

JavaScript................................6, 65, 71

17, 24, 31, 79

JRE................................................5, 11

Sensor Network Management Software

MAX485 .........................................4, 5

......................8, 9, 15, 17, 24, 31, 79

Modules Database............................15, 17, 19

Sensor Nodes ......................2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Sensors...2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 17, 18, 23, 45,

Distribution Protocol.........15, 17, 19

69, 80, 108

Interacation between .....................16

Acceleration....................................4

Pattern generation .............15, 18, 20

Flame ..............................................4

User Interface..............15, 17, 19, 31

Gas ..................................................4

MySQL ...................................6, 63, 65

Hall effect .......................................4

Network Topology ......3, 12, 17, 18, 45

Humidity .....4, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56

117

Sensors(contd.)

Serial Communication ................23, 24

LVDT..............................................4

Smart Home Monitoring...5, 31, 45, 63

Mercury/Tilt Switches ..4, 48, 50, 52

Use Case Diagram ............................13

Optical.............................................4

Voting Pad ........................5, 31, 37, 79

Proximity.......................4, 50, 52, 53

Web Interface....................................65

Shaft Encoders ................................4

Web Server ...................................6, 65

Strain Gauge....................................4

WinAVR 2005 ....................................6

Temperature ..................4, 48, 52, 57

118

119