Module 2 Summary     1   

  Running Head: MODULE 2 SUMMARY    Module 2 Summary  Emily Callender, Journey Herbeck, Justin Vann, March Kerschner,  Mary Torske, Neely Vacura, & Scott King  Northern Plains Transition to Teaching  Montana State University                                 

Module 2 Summary     2   

 

The four articles selected for Module 2 reading can be discussed from the viewpoint of 

today's students needing to be literate in the use and application of the myriad types of  technology in use today. All the articles point out that using technology needs to be an  integral part of today's education process. Students are willing learners when it comes to  using technology and some studies have shown student outcomes are improved because they  use technology.   

Schools must necessarily change to accommodate today's students who readily use 

technology. Success in the 21st century will come to the student who can use technology to  his or her benefit, knows how to learn, and remains a life‐long learner.   

The Educational Testing Service (ETS) worked with several colleges   and universities to 

develop the National Higher Education Information and Communication Technology (ICT)  Initiative. The assessment was built upon the belief that a person’s cognitive skills have a  bigger impact on a person’s ability to function in our current levels of technology‐rich society  than knowledge of any specific computer program. According to Linda Tyler, they have  determined a society needs citizens who not only know how to obtain information, but those  who can analyze and evaluate what they learn in order to develop an informed opinion (Tyler  2005). The ICT initiative identified several factors administrators and professors would need in  order to gauge effective education and training in ICT. The fruit of their efforts lies in the  seven proficiency objectives developed. These objectives incorporate the range of activities  involved in 21st Century ICT and are as follows: define, access, manage, integrate, evaluate,  create, and communicate.  

Module 2 Summary     3   

 

The goal of our educational system is to prepare students to succeed   in the 

workforce. In order to prepare our students for 21st Century jobs, schools need to utilize 21st  Century technology in the classroom. Unfortunately, educational institutions tend to adopt  technology slowly. Once adopted, technology is used to perform familiar tasks in the same  familiar ways such as writing an essay. Schools eventually start branching out to new methods  as they learn to embrace the technology (Prensky, n.d.).    

Prensky addressed the notion of two barriers preventing schools from adopting 

technology faster: the lack of one‐to‐one computing and social resistance. In one‐to‐one  computing, each student has a computer he or she can work on and take home. Until each  student has this opportunity, true technological advancement cannot occur. In the second  barrier, teachers and administrators are slow to change and in many cases are resistant to  change. By resisting today's ICT methods such as cell phones, Myspace, and Wikipedia, schools  are hampering our children's education. The only way to move forward effectively is to  combine what they know about technology with what we know and require about education.  Schools must take the first steps to integrate technology in new ways so students benefit from  having technology available within learning institutions (Prensky, n.d.).   

In the article, "A Quantitative Synthesis of Recent Research on the 

  Effects of Teaching and Learning With Technology on Student Outcomes" (2002), several  recent meta‐analyses were discussed which focused on specific aspects of technology. The  results of these meta‐analyses were both discouraging and encouraging. The discouraging  aspect was the overall effects were quite modest, although they were similar to other recent  meta‐analyses conducted in the arena of instructional technology. In addition, there have 

Module 2 Summary     4   

been criticisms of the quality of the research similar to previous concerns raised by other  researchers in the field of instructional technology (Waxman, Connell, and Gray 2002).    

The aspect of the present study which is most encouraging, and may   stimulate future 

research, lies in the extensive list of variables included in the meta‐analysis. This finding  suggests teaching and technology processes may either directly impact student outcomes or  interact with technology features which indirectly impact outcomes. There are many  unanswered questions about the effects of teaching and learning with technology on student  outcomes. The authors maintain, however, that research can play a critical role in answering  some of these questions. Although recognition of the uniqueness of each school and  classroom situation will always need to be considered, the accumulation of research evidence  over time and across studies may provide consistent findings which will enhance all of our  understandings of the role of teaching and learning with technology.   

Partnership for 21st Century Skills believes that attaining 21st   Century knowledge and 

skills is an important new metric for judging students’ success in high school (2003). The  Partnership feels we need to restructure high schools to teach and assess students’ capacity in  21st Century knowledge and skills. We also need to hold high schools accountable to this  mission. According to the Partnership, we cannot ignore the compelling need for 21st Century  learning, which has profound implications for the vision of tomorrow’s high schools (2003).  Reform must be a collaborative effort amongst all stakeholders. The Federal Government  must lead the conversation and work with state and local governments to fund and  incorporate 21st Century skills education into graduation requirements.  

Module 2 Summary     5   

 

In the future, high schools will be most effective in educating   students if new designs 

are based on specific student outcomes and attributes that are valued in the world today.  Outcomes should drive change. The Partnership has created a vision for education which is  compelling, widely supported and relevant to high school reform initiatives. The vision  encompasses: core subjects; 21st Century content such as global awareness, financial  economic and business literacy; civic literacy; learning and thinking skills; creating the passion  for lifelong learning; ICT literacy; life skills and authentic assessments within each category.    

Professional development in 21st Century skills is critical for  success. Educators need 

support in helping high school students meet 21st Century expectations. Teacher preparation  programs should prepare teachers to teach students effectively in the modern world.  Teachers will need ongoing education and training, which will complement the work they are  already doing, to prepare students with the new knowledge and skills relevant today in our  growing global society. Professional development should create a culture of collaborative  learning communities for educators and students (Partnership 2003).   Advocates of high  school redesign and 21st Century learning should   partner with the business community and  community based organizations. High schools should share the responsibility for providing  opportunities for students to acquire 21st Century skills. Businesses and community‐based  organizations can help high schools extend teaching and learning beyond the classroom walls  and the school day into the real world.   

 Technology is an important tool needing to be infused into every   classroom across 

the country (Prensky, 2005; Tyler, 2002; Partnership for 21st Century Skills, 2006), however  the precise manner in which it will help classrooms the most is not well known. The No Child 

Module 2 Summary     6   

Left Behind Act (2001) requires educational programs be chosen based on their scientifically  proven effectiveness, and therefore the way schools choose their technology suites should be  no different.  Increased study into the effectiveness of technology usage in teaching and  learning needs to be performed in order to prevent schools from choosing technology simply  based on a few anecdotal reports from individual classrooms and teachers.      

 

Module 2 Summary     7   

References  Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (2006) “Results that Matter: 21st Century Skills and High  School   Reform.” Retrieved March 2009 from    http://www.21stcenturyskills.org/documents/RTM2006.pdf.  Prensky, Marc. (n.d.) “Adopt and Adapt: Shaping Tech for the Classroom.” Retrieved March  2009 from Edutopia Database http://www.edutopia.org/adopt‐and‐adapt.  Tyler, Linda. (2002) “ICT Literacy: Equipping Students to Succeed in an Information‐Rich,  Technology‐Based Society.” Retrieved March 2009 from National Resource Center  Database http://www.sc.edu/fye/resources/assessment/essays/Tyler‐11.3.05.html.  Waxman, Hersh C., Connell, Michael L., & Gray, John. (2002) “A Quantitative Synthesis of  Recent  Research on the Effects of Teaching and Learning With Technology on  Student  Outcomes.”   Retrieved March 2009 from    http://www.coe.ufl.edu/Courses/eme5054/Foundations/Articles /waxman.pdf. 

Module 2 Summary 1 Running Head: MODULE 2 ...

change. By resisting today's ICT methods such as cell phones, Myspace, and Wikipedia, schools ... The only way to move forward effectively is to ... economic and business literacy; civic literacy; learning and thinking skills; creating the passion.

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