Varun Sampath University of Pennsylvania CIS 565 -‐ Spring 2012
• Future • Note about sources
What is an SoC? • System-‐on-‐a-‐Chip
Mobile SoC Market Share 2011
– CPU, GPU, DSP, I/O – Single-‐chip soluKon
• Top mobile SoC vendors: – Qualcomm, Apple, TI, Samsung, NVIDIA
• Advantages of using SoCs? • Disadvantages? • We will see all consumer chips converge to SoCs
What is an SoC?
Others 12% TI 17%
Samsung 14%
Apple 23% NVIDIA 3% Qualcomm 31%
Market Share Data from PC PerspecKve
Image from iFixit
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Block Diagram of TI OMAP 4470
Brief Discussion of ARM • RISC CPU vendor that currently dominates mobile • Mobile Designs: Cortex-‐A8, A9, A15 • Fabless Designer – Core Design Licensees – Architecture Licensees • Qualcomm Scorpion/Krait • NVIDIA
Image from TI
The Constraints of Mobile
Some Energy Numbers
• Energy – Cell phone bacery capacity of 5-‐7 Wh (tablets 20-‐40 Wh) – How much energy can our chips consume?
• Area – PCB size constraints – Cooling constraints
Data from AnandTech
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Some Contributors to Switching Energy
Some TheoreKcal Performance Numbers
• Off-‐chip Interconnect (to DRAM) – Bandwidth is expensive – Minimize reasons to fire up memory bus
• High frequencies – Requires increased voltages
Apple iPad 2
ASUS Transformer Some Nice Prime Desktop
CPU
A5 @ 1GHz
Tegra 3 @ 1.4GHz
GPU
POWERVR SGX543MP2 @ 250MHz
Mobile GeForce @ GTX680 @ 1GHz 500MHz
Memory Interface
64-‐bit @ (maybe) 800MHz = 6.4GB/s
32-‐bit
256-‐bit @ 6GHz = 192GB/s
GPU GFLOPS
16 GFLOPS
12 GFLOPS
3 TFLOPS
Sandy Bridge @ 3.4GHz
Mobile Data from AnandTech GTX680 Specs from Newegg
GeForce GPU in NVIDIA Tegra 2
Tegra 2 Mobile GeForce • Separate vertex and pixel shaders – 4 of each, each capable of 1 mulKply-‐add /clock
• Pixel, texture, vertex, and acribute caches – Reduce memory transacKons – Pixel cache useful for UI components
• Memory controller opKmizaKons – Arbitrate between CPU & GPU requests – Reorder requests to limit bank switching Image from NVIDIA
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NVIDIA Tegra 3 (Kal-‐El)
PowerVR SGX
• Expanded Mobile GeForce – 4 vertex and 8 pixel shaders
• 4-‐PLUS-‐1 architecture Image from AnandTech
PowerVR SGX Series5XT
• TA (Tile Accelerator) – store scene data and split up screen into Kles • ISP (Image Synthesis Processor) – perform Hidden Surface Removal with z-‐ tesKng • TSP (Texture and Shading Processor) – run pixel shader
Image from ImgTec
Summarizing PowerVR SGX Series5XT • Used in Apple A5, A5X • Unified shader architecture (called USSE2) • Tile based deferred rendering (TBDR) – Will cover in more detail next week
• MulK-‐core architecture
Image from ImgTec
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Mobile GPU Families
Demands for Mobile
• Qualcomm Adreno
• Higher screen resoluKons
– Unified shaders, 4-‐wide SIMD – immediate mode with early-‐z
– Separate vertex (4) & pixel (8/12) shaders , scalar – immediate mode with early-‐z
– Requires more memory bandwidth – Pixel count growing higher than geometry?
• Longer bacery life • Higher quality mobile gaming
• ARM Mali
– Separate vertex (1) & pixel (4) shaders , 4/2-‐wide SIMD – immediate mode with early-‐z Analysis by AnandTech
Case Study: the new iPad
iPad Gaming Performance
• Screen resoluKon of 2048x1536 – Quadruple the pixels of previous 1024x768 version – Higher than nearly all desktop and laptop displays
• Bacery life approximately equal to previous version • Gaming performance?
Image from AnandTech
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Apple iPad StaKsKcs Apple iPad 2
Apple iPad (2012) 11” Apple MBA
CPU
A5 @ 1GHz
A5X @ 1GHz
Sandy Bridge @ 1.8GHz
GPU
POWERVR SGX543MP2 @ 250MHz
POWERVR SGX543MP4 @ 250MHz
Sandy Bridge IGP @ 350MHz/ 1.2GHz
Memory Interface
64-‐bit @ 800MHz = 6.4GB/s
128-‐bit (for GPU)
128-‐bit @ 1.3GHz = 20.8GB/s
Die Size
122mm2
163mm2
149mm2
42.5Wh
35Wh
Bacery Size 25Wh
Apple A5X Die Shot
Image from UBMTechInsights
Data and Image from AnandTech
What will the future bring? • GPU Compute – PowerVR SGX Series5XT OpenCL capable, but no drivers – Could do compute the old-‐fashioned way with GLSL – Direct3D 11 means Compute Shader support
• PowerVR Series6 press release suggests 100-‐1000 GFLOPS • Kepler-‐based GPU coming to a super phone near you?
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