Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks: Multi-channel MAC and Power Control Duc Ngoc Minh Dang, Phuong Luu Vo, Chi Kwang Hwang and Choong Seon Hong Networking Lab, Department of Computer Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Korea
The 8th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
Outline 1
Background Introduction Related Works Starvation in CSMA-based wireless ad hoc networks
2
The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol The power control Control Frames and Data Structures The operation of STPC-MMAC protocol
3
Performance Evaluation Simulation settings Simulation results
4
Conclusion Duc Dang et. al
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 2 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
Introduction Related Works Starvation in CSMA-based wireless ad hoc networks
Introduction
The IEEE 802.11 DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) is based on CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance). The CSMA-based random access protocol can cause serious unfairness or flow starvation. =⇒ Propose a multi-channel MAC with the power control (STPC-MMAC) to mitigate the starvation: exploits the multiple channels by multi-channel MAC protocol.
Duc Dang et. al
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 3 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
Introduction Related Works Starvation in CSMA-based wireless ad hoc networks
Introduction
The IEEE 802.11 DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) is based on CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance). The CSMA-based random access protocol can cause serious unfairness or flow starvation. =⇒ Propose a multi-channel MAC with the power control (STPC-MMAC) to mitigate the starvation: exploits the multiple channels by multi-channel MAC protocol. improves the spatial reuse of wireless channel by power control mechanism.
Duc Dang et. al
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 3 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
Introduction Related Works Starvation in CSMA-based wireless ad hoc networks
Related Works Power control Node periodically increases the transmission power during data transmission in order to inform nodes in the carrier sensing range of its transmission. Different power levels between ATIM window and data window.
Duc Dang et. al
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 4 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
Introduction Related Works Starvation in CSMA-based wireless ad hoc networks
Related Works Power control Node periodically increases the transmission power during data transmission in order to inform nodes in the carrier sensing range of its transmission. Different power levels between ATIM window and data window.
Carrier sensing threshold tuning
Duc Dang et. al
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 4 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
Introduction Related Works Starvation in CSMA-based wireless ad hoc networks
Related Works Power control Node periodically increases the transmission power during data transmission in order to inform nodes in the carrier sensing range of its transmission. Different power levels between ATIM window and data window.
Carrier sensing threshold tuning Multi-channel MAC protocols: 4 approaches Dedicated Control Channel: 1 control channel + many data channels; 2 transceivers (e.g DCA-PC,...) Split Phase: Time = control interval + data interval (e.g MMAC,...) Common Hopping Parallel Rendezvous
Duc Dang et. al
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 4 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
Introduction Related Works Starvation in CSMA-based wireless ad hoc networks
Starvation in CSMA-based wireless ad hoc networks Carrier Sensing Range S1
R3
S4
R4
S2R2
R5
BO
RTS
BO
RTS
S4R4 RTS
R6
R2
S2
S1R1
S3 R1
BO
BO: Back off (a) Hidden node starvation
S3R3 (b) Asymmetric sense starvation
S7
S5
R7
S6 S5R5 S6R6 S7R7 (c) Carrier sense starvation
(a) when a sender is outside the carrier sensing range of another sender, but its receiver is within the carrier sensing range of another sender.
Duc Dang et. al
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 5 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
Introduction Related Works Starvation in CSMA-based wireless ad hoc networks
Starvation in CSMA-based wireless ad hoc networks Carrier Sensing Range S1
R3
S4
R4
S2R2
R5
BO
RTS
BO
RTS
S4R4 RTS
R6
R2
S2
S1R1
S3 R1
BO
BO: Back off (a) Hidden node starvation
S3R3 (b) Asymmetric sense starvation
S7
S5
R7
S6 S5R5 S6R6 S7R7 (c) Carrier sense starvation
(a) when a sender is outside the carrier sensing range of another sender, but its receiver is within the carrier sensing range of another sender. (b) when nodes have different transmission power levels, carrier sensing thresholds or channel conditions.
Duc Dang et. al
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 5 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
Introduction Related Works Starvation in CSMA-based wireless ad hoc networks
Starvation in CSMA-based wireless ad hoc networks Carrier Sensing Range S1
R3
S4
R4
S2R2
R5
BO
RTS
BO
RTS
S4R4 RTS
R6
R2
S2
S1R1
S3 R1
BO
BO: Back off (a) Hidden node starvation
S3R3 (b) Asymmetric sense starvation
S7
S5
R7
S6 S5R5 S6R6 S7R7 (c) Carrier sense starvation
(a) when a sender is outside the carrier sensing range of another sender, but its receiver is within the carrier sensing range of another sender. (b) when nodes have different transmission power levels, carrier sensing thresholds or channel conditions. (c) when the sender senses the transmission of its neighboring nodes that are not within the carrier sensing range of each other. Duc Dang et. al
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 5 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
The power control Control Frames and Data Structures The operation of STPC-MMAC protocol
Main ideas A
D
B
ATIM(A-B)
DATA(A-B)
ATIM_Win ATIM(C-D)
Data_Win
ATIM(E-F)
ATIM(C-D) ATIM(E-F) ATIM(G-H)
Beacon#1
ATIM(A-B)
CH#1CH#2CH#3
Beacon#2
C G E
F
H
DATA(E-F)
Channel#1 Channel#2
DATA(C-D) DATA(E-F)
DATA(C-D)
Time DATA(A-B) Channel#3 DATA(G-H) ATIM(Sender-Receiver): Exchanging ATIM/ATIM-ACK/ATIM-RES between Sender and Receiver DATA(Sender-Receiver): Exchanging DATA/ACK between Sender and Receiver
Adopts the IEEE 802.11 Power Saving Mechanism. Different Tx power levels used in ATIM window and data window. 2 transmission modes: Normal and Extended transmissions. Duc Dang et. al
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 6 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
The power control Control Frames and Data Structures The operation of STPC-MMAC protocol
The power control Transmission Range (RTR ): the range within which a packet can be successfully received and correctly decoded, based on the receiving power threshold PRXthold . Noise Threshold Range (RNT ): the range within which node receives the interference level greater than the noise power threshold PNthold . Sender S transmits with PtS , the receiving power PrS at receiver R: PtS ht2 hr2 = = c α, d αL d The Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) of the node R: PrS (R)
SINR(R) =
PtS Gt Gr
Signal PrS (R) = , P Interference σ0 + Pri (R) i=1,i6=S
Duc Dang et. al
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 7 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
The power control Control Frames and Data Structures The operation of STPC-MMAC protocol
The power control (cont’) I2
I1 I6
S
R
I5
I3 I4
6 first tier interfering nodes (worst case)
The maximum interference in the worst case: Total_Int = 6 · PNthold . The noise power threshold PNthold : PNthold = Duc Dang et. al
PRXthold . 6 · SINRthold
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 8 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
The power control Control Frames and Data Structures The operation of STPC-MMAC protocol
The power control (cont’) The minimum required transmission power Pd that node S can use Pmax · PRXthold Pd = . PrPmax The maximum transmission power for node which is in RNT (Pmax ) Pdmax =
PNthold · Pmax Pmax = . PRXthold 6 · SINRthold RNT(Pmax) RNT(Pd)
S R
J
0 Pd Pdmax Pmax I1 I2 I3 I4
R
0 0 0 Pmax I5 I6 I7 I8
RTR(Pd) RTR(Pmax)
(b) RNT(Pd) < RTR(Pmax) (ATIM/ATIM-ACK/ATIM-RES) Duc Dang et. al
S
(c) RNT(Pd) > RTR(Pmax) (ATIM/LATIM-ACK/LATIM-RES)
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 9 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
The power control Control Frames and Data Structures The operation of STPC-MMAC protocol
Control Frames ATIM/(L)ATIM-ACK/(L)ATIM-RES messages are transmitted on the default channel to negotiate the data channel
Duc Dang et. al
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 10 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
The power control Control Frames and Data Structures The operation of STPC-MMAC protocol
Control Frames ATIM/(L)ATIM-ACK/(L)ATIM-RES messages are transmitted on the default channel to negotiate the data channel
TLATIM - ACK < TATIM - ACK + SIFS + DIFS Bytes: 2
Bytes: 2
(L)ATIM-ACK
(L)ATIM-RES
2
Frame Duration Control
Bytes: 2
Duc Dang et. al
2
Frame Duration Control
ATIM
2
Frame Duration Control
6
6
6
Receiver Address
Transmitter Address
BSS ID
6 Receiver Address 6 Receiver Address
1
1
Tx Power Tx Mode level 1
1
Tx Power Tx level Mode
1
1
4
Tx Power Tx FCS level Mode
4 FCS
LATIM-ACK
4 FCS
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
LATIM-RES IMCOM 2014 10 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
The power control Control Frames and Data Structures The operation of STPC-MMAC protocol
Data Structures Neighbor Information List - NIL: stores the information about the neighbor nodes: channel, Next_ATIM and transmission mode. Table : Node A’s NIL Node C G E H ...
Channel-CHNL 2 3 2 3 ...
Duc Dang et. al
Next_ATIM 1 2 1 2 ...
Tx mode N-Tx E-Tx N-Tx E-Tx ...
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 11 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
The power control Control Frames and Data Structures The operation of STPC-MMAC protocol
Data Structures Neighbor Information List - NIL: stores the information about the neighbor nodes: channel, Next_ATIM and transmission mode.
Transmission Power List - TPL: stores the transmission power limit Plim of each channel. Table : Node A’s TPL
Table : Node A’s NIL Node C G E H ...
Channel-CHNL 2 3 2 3 ...
Duc Dang et. al
Next_ATIM 1 2 1 2 ...
Tx mode N-Tx E-Tx N-Tx E-Tx ...
Channel - CH CH1 CH2 CH3
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
Tx Power Limit - Plim 50 250 100
IMCOM 2014 11 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
The power control Control Frames and Data Structures The operation of STPC-MMAC protocol
G E
F
ATIM(A-B)
DATA(A-B)
ATIM_Win ATIM(C-D)
C ime
Data_Win
ATIM(E-F)
D
B
ATIM(C-D) ATIM(E-F) ATIM(G-H)
A
Beacon#1
)
ATIM(A-B)
CH#1CH#2CH#3
Beacon#2
The operation of STPC-MMAC protocol
DATA(E-F)
Channel#1 H Channel#2
DATA(C-D) DATA(E-F)
DATA(C-D)
Time DATA(A-B) Channel#3 DATA(G-H) ATIM(Sender-Receiver): Exchanging ATIM/ATIM-ACK/ATIM-RES between Sender and Receiver DATA(Sender-Receiver): Exchanging DATA/ACK between Sender and Receiver
1. Node S: checks the status of node R includes Tx mode, Plim of each channel ch to the ATIM message sends ATIM at maximum power Pmax
2. Node R: estimates the transmission power Pd from the receiving power PrPmax checks if the data channel ch can be used sends the (L)ATIM-ACK(Tx, Pd ) to node S Duc Dang et. al
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 12 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
The power control Control Frames and Data Structures The operation of STPC-MMAC protocol
G E
F
ATIM(A-B)
DATA(A-B)
ATIM_Win ATIM(C-D)
C ime
Data_Win
ATIM(E-F)
D
B
ATIM(C-D) ATIM(E-F) ATIM(G-H)
A
Beacon#1
)
ATIM(A-B)
CH#1CH#2CH#3
Beacon#2
The operation of STPC-MMAC protocol (cont’)
DATA(E-F)
Channel#1 H Channel#2
DATA(C-D) DATA(E-F)
DATA(C-D)
Time DATA(A-B) Channel#3 DATA(G-H) ATIM(Sender-Receiver): Exchanging ATIM/ATIM-ACK/ATIM-RES between Sender and Receiver DATA(Sender-Receiver): Exchanging DATA/ACK between Sender and Receiver
3. Node S confirms Tx mode and Pd by replying the (L)ATIM-RES(Tx, Pd ) 4. The neighbor nodes update their NILs and TPLs based on the overheard ATIM messages 5. After the ATIM window, both sender S and receiver R switch to the selected data channel ch and exchange the RTS/CTS followed by the multiple DATA/ACK packets. Duc Dang et. al
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 13 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
Simulation settings Simulation results
System model & Simulation parameters Parameters Number of nodes Number of channels Beacon Interval ATIM window ATIM ATIM-ACK ATIM-RES LATIM-ACK LATIM-RES Basic rate Data rate Data packet size Retry limit Path loss coefficient Maximum radio power PRXthold PNthold SINRthold (dB) Transmit power consumption Receive power consumption Idle power consumption Doze power consumption Duc Dang et. al
Value 50 nodes 3 channels 100 ms 10 ms 28 bytes 16 bytes 16 bytes 20 bytes 20 bytes 1 Mbps 2 Mbps 512 bytes 4 4 250 mW -82 dBm -95.78 dBm 6 1.65 W 1.4 W 1.15 W 0.045 W
Tool: Event-driven simulation tool built in Matlab Performance metrics: The aggregate throughput.
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 14 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
Simulation settings Simulation results
System model & Simulation parameters Parameters Number of nodes Number of channels Beacon Interval ATIM window ATIM ATIM-ACK ATIM-RES LATIM-ACK LATIM-RES Basic rate Data rate Data packet size Retry limit Path loss coefficient Maximum radio power PRXthold PNthold SINRthold (dB) Transmit power consumption Receive power consumption Idle power consumption Doze power consumption Duc Dang et. al
Value 50 nodes 3 channels 100 ms 10 ms 28 bytes 16 bytes 16 bytes 20 bytes 20 bytes 1 Mbps 2 Mbps 512 bytes 4 4 250 mW -82 dBm -95.78 dBm 6 1.65 W 1.4 W 1.15 W 0.045 W
Tool: Event-driven simulation tool built in Matlab Performance metrics: The aggregate throughput. The average delay.
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 14 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
Simulation settings Simulation results
System model & Simulation parameters Parameters Number of nodes Number of channels Beacon Interval ATIM window ATIM ATIM-ACK ATIM-RES LATIM-ACK LATIM-RES Basic rate Data rate Data packet size Retry limit Path loss coefficient Maximum radio power PRXthold PNthold SINRthold (dB) Transmit power consumption Receive power consumption Idle power consumption Doze power consumption Duc Dang et. al
Value 50 nodes 3 channels 100 ms 10 ms 28 bytes 16 bytes 16 bytes 20 bytes 20 bytes 1 Mbps 2 Mbps 512 bytes 4 4 250 mW -82 dBm -95.78 dBm 6 1.65 W 1.4 W 1.15 W 0.045 W
Tool: Event-driven simulation tool built in Matlab Performance metrics: The aggregate throughput. The average delay. The Jain’s fairness index.
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 14 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
Simulation settings Simulation results
System model & Simulation parameters Parameters Number of nodes Number of channels Beacon Interval ATIM window ATIM ATIM-ACK ATIM-RES LATIM-ACK LATIM-RES Basic rate Data rate Data packet size Retry limit Path loss coefficient Maximum radio power PRXthold PNthold SINRthold (dB) Transmit power consumption Receive power consumption Idle power consumption Doze power consumption Duc Dang et. al
Value 50 nodes 3 channels 100 ms 10 ms 28 bytes 16 bytes 16 bytes 20 bytes 20 bytes 1 Mbps 2 Mbps 512 bytes 4 4 250 mW -82 dBm -95.78 dBm 6 1.65 W 1.4 W 1.15 W 0.045 W
Tool: Event-driven simulation tool built in Matlab Performance metrics: The aggregate throughput. The average delay. The Jain’s fairness index. The energy efficiency.
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 14 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
Simulation settings Simulation results
Aggregate Throughput and Average Delay (a) Aggregate throughput, 50 nodes
(b) Average delay, 50 nodes
22
250
20 200
16 Average delay (msec)
Aggregate throughput (Mbps)
18
14 12 10 8
150
100
6 IEEE 802.11 MMAC DCA PC STPC MMAC
4 2 0
0
200 400 600 800 Packet arrival rate per flow (packets/sec)
Duc Dang et. al
1000
IEEE 802.11 MMAC DCA PC STPC MMAC
50
0
0
200 400 600 800 Packet arrival rate per flow (packets/sec)
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
1000
IMCOM 2014 15 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
Simulation settings Simulation results
Fairness Index and Energy Efficiency (c) Fairness index, 50 nodes
(d) Energy efficiency, 50 nodes 100
0.9
Jain’s fainress index
0.8
IEEE 802.11 MMAC DCA PC STPC MMAC
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0
200 400 600 800 Packet arrival rate per flow (packets/sec)
Duc Dang et. al
1000
Energy consumption per data packet (mJ/packet)
1
IEEE 802.11 MMAC DCA PC STPC MMAC
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
200 400 600 800 Packet arrival rate per flow (packets/sec)
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
1000
IMCOM 2014 16 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
Conclusion
STPC-MMAC combines the power control algorithm and the multi-channel MAC protocol.
Duc Dang et. al
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 17 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
Conclusion
STPC-MMAC combines the power control algorithm and the multi-channel MAC protocol. STPC-MMAC exploits the multiple channels as well as increases the spatial reuse to mitigate the starvation in wireless ad hoc network.
Duc Dang et. al
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 17 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
Conclusion
STPC-MMAC combines the power control algorithm and the multi-channel MAC protocol. STPC-MMAC exploits the multiple channels as well as increases the spatial reuse to mitigate the starvation in wireless ad hoc network. Simulation results show that STPC-MMAC can improve the aggregate throughput, the average delay, the energy efficiency and especially the fairness among nodes in the network.
Duc Dang et. al
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 17 / 18
Background The proposed STPC-MMAC protocol Performance Evaluation Conclusion
THANK YOU!
Duc Dang et. al
Mitigating starvation in Wireless Ad hoc Networks
IMCOM 2014 18 / 18
