Languages of South Africa, Wikipedia, 2013   

From Wikipedia 

 

 

Languages of South Africa      From Wikipedia    South Africa has eleven official languages: Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern  Sotho, Sotho, Swazi, Tswana, Tsonga, Venda, Xhosa and Zulu. Fewer than two  percent of South Africans speak a first language other than an official one.[1] Most  South Africans can speak more than one language. Dutch and English were the first  official languages of South Africa from 1910 to 1925. Afrikaans was added as a part of  Dutch in 1925. Dutch was replaced by Afrikaans when South Africa became a republic  in 1961,[2] and Dutch was dropped in 1984, so between 1984 and 1994, South Africa  had two official languages: English and Afrikaans.[3]     

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The English version of the South African constitution refers to the languages by the  names in those languages: isiZulu, isiXhosa, Afrikaans, Sepedi (referring to Northern  Sotho), Setswana,English, Sesotho (referring to Southern  Sotho), Xitsonga, Siswati, Tshivenda and isiNdebele (referring to Southern  Ndebele).[4]    In South Africa, Southern Ndebele is known simply as Ndebele, as most speakers of  Northern Ndebele live in Zimbabwe. The 1993 version of the Constitution referred to  Northern Sotho asSesotho sa Leboa, but the 1996 version referred to the language  as Sepedi.[5] Different government departments and official bodies use different  terms to denote Northern Sotho.[6][7]    The main language of government is English even if South Africans often take pride in  using indigenous languages for any purpose. Afrikaans also features prominently in  commerce together with English as the languages with the highest number of fluent  speakers are Afrikaans and English.[8]    In terms of linguistic classification, the official languages include two West‐ Germanic languages (English and Afrikaans) and nine Bantu languages. Four of these  are Nguni languages (Zulu, Xhosa, Swati and Ndebele) and three are Sotho–Tswana  languages (Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho and Tswana). Tsonga is a Tswa–Ronga  language.    South African Sign Language is a distinct though incompletely emerged national  standard language which also subsumes a cluster of semi‐standardised dialects.        Language demographics    The most common language spoken at home by South Africans is Zulu (23 percent  speak Zulu at home), followed by Xhosa (16 percent), and Afrikaans (14 percent).  English is the fourth most common home language in the country (9.6%), but is  understood in most urban areas and is (mainly for political reasons) the dominant  language in government and the media.[9]    The majority of South Africans speak a language from one of the two principal  branches of the Bantu languages represented in South Africa: the Sotho– Tswana branch (Sotho, Northern Sotho, Tswana), or the Nguni branch (Zulu, Xhosa,  Swati, Ndebele). For each of the two groups, the languages within that group are for  the most part intelligible to a native speaker of any other language within that group.     

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As can be seen from the accompanying maps, the nine indigenous African languages  of South Africa can be divided into two geographical zones, with Nguni languages  being predominant in the south‐eastern third of the country (Indian Ocean coast) and  Sotho languages being predominant in the northern third of the country located  further inland, as also in Botswana and Lesotho. Gauteng is the most linguistically  heterogeneous province, with roughly equal numbers of Nguni, Sotho and Indo‐ European language speakers. This has resulted in the spread of an urban  argot, Tsotsitaal, in large urban townships in the province.    Afrikaans, a language derived from Dutch, is the most widely spoken language in the  western half of the country (Western and Northern Cape). It is spoken as home  language by approximately 61 percent of whites and 76 percent  of Coloured (multiracial) people in the country.[1] Afrikaans is also spoken widely  across the centre and north of the country, as a second (or third or even fourth)  language by Black South Africans living in farming areas.    The 2011 census recorded the following distribution of home language speakers:[1]     

Language

Speakers

Percentage 

Zulu

11,587,374

22.7% 

Xhosa

8,154,258

16.0% 

Afrikaans

6,855,082

13.5% 

English

4,892,623

9.6%

Northern Sotho

4,618,576

9.1%

Tswana

4,067,248

8.0%

Sotho

3,849,563

7.6%

Tsonga

2,277,148

4.5%

Swati

1,297,046

2.5%

Venda

1,209,388

2.4%

Ndebele

1,090,223

2.1%

Sign language

234,655

0.5%

Other languages 

828,258

1.6%

Total 

50,961,443

100.0% 

   

 

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Other significant languages spoken in South Africa    Other languages spoken in South Africa, though not mentioned in the Constitution,  include Fanagalo, Lobedu (Khilobedu), Northern Ndebele (Sindebele), Phuthi  (Siphuthi). Lobedu has been variously claimed to be a dialect of Northern Sotho and  an autonomous language. Fanagalo is a pidgin often used as a mining lingua franca.    Significant numbers of immigrants from Europe, elsewhere in Africa, and the Indian  subcontinent means that a wide variety of other languages can also be found in parts  of South Africa. In the older immigrant communities there  are: Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Portuguese, Tamil, Urdu, Yiddish, and smaller numbers of  Dutch, French and German speakers.    These non‐official languages may be used in limited semi‐official use where it has  been determined that these languages are prevalent. More importantly, these  languages have significant local functions in specific communities whose identity is  tightly bound around the linguistic and cultural identity that these non‐official SA  languages signal.    The fastest growing non‐official language is Portuguese ‐ first spoken by white, black,  and mulato settlers and refugees from Angola and Mozambique after they won  independence from Portugal and now by more recent immigrants from those  countries again ‐ and increasingly French, spoken by immigrants and refugees from  Francophone Central Africa.    More recently, speakers of North, Central and West African languages have arrived in  South Africa, mostly in the major cities, especially in Johannesburg and Pretoria, but  also Cape Town and Durban.                  Course: Languages   

26011, Languages of South Africa, Wikipedia, 2013   

933 words 

 

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Languages of South Africa, Wikipedia, 2013

heterogeneous province, with roughly equal numbers of Nguni, Sotho and Indo-. European language speakers. This has resulted in the spread of an urban.

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