Los Angeles Water System Seismic Resilience Program And Needed User-Oriented Research Los Angeles Department of Water and Power Craig A. Davis, Ph.D., PE, GE Towards More Resilient Cities 3rd UC Lifelines Week Strategies Policies and Tools Towards Resilient Infrastructure
April 21, 2015
LADWP Water System LADWP largest Municipal Utility in USA Founded 1902 Serves 3.9-million people 1214 km2 (465-square mile) service area 678 billion liter (179 billion gallon) annual water sales 2
Sources of Water Supply L.A. Aqueducts (Eastern Sierra) ---- 37% Local Wells (L.A. River Area) ---- 11% Metropolitan Water District ---- 51% Bay Delta 41% Colorado River 8%
Recycled Water --- 1% (5-year average, 2008-2013) 3
Seismic Resilience Program • Mayor Garcetti • Dr. Lucy Jones, USGS • • • •
Soft Story Buildings Non-ductile reinforced concrete buildings Communication Systems Water System
• Announced December 8, 2014 • LADWP Summary Report
http://www.lamayor.org/earthquake
• Water System Seismic Resilience and Sustainability Program • Continuous improvement building upon 100 years of effort
Resilience and Sustainability Water System Seismic resiliency and sustainability are achievable when the Water System: • Has the systemic ability to provide water services in a manner allowing the community to effectively respond to earthquake events, recover quickly from them, and adapt to changing conditions, while also taking measures to reduce future seismic risks, and • Is prepared to manage all threatening seismic hazards in a manner that minimizes and contains the hazard impacts while continuing a comprehensive approach to natural resource conservation and maintaining environmental quality.
Community
Resilience and Sustainability Water System Seismic resiliency and sustainability:
Community
Resilience and Sustainability Water System Seismic resiliency and sustainability: • Los Angeles considered resilient to the 1994 Northridge Hazard strike.
Los Angeles
Community
Resilience and Sustainability Water System
Los Angeles
Community
Seismic resiliency and sustainability: • Los Angeles considered resilient to the 1994 Northridge Hazard strike. • Los Angeles could experience a catastrophe from a Great San Andreas Earthquake
Los Angeles
Resilience and Sustainability
Los Angeles
Community
Water System Seismic resiliency and sustainability: • Los Angeles considered resilient to the 1994 Northridge Hazard strike. • Los Angeles could experience a catastrophe from a Great San Andreas Earthquake • Tohoku region Japan is partially unsustainable to the 2011 tsunami
Los Angeles
Japan
Resilience and Sustainability
Los Angeles
Community
Water System Seismic resiliency and sustainability: • Los Angeles considered resilient to the 1994 Northridge Hazard strike. • Los Angeles could experience a catastrophe from a Great San Andreas Earthquake • Tohoku region Japan is partially unsustainable to the 2011 tsunami • Pompeii was not resilient nor sustainable to the Mt. Vesuvius eruption.
Los Angeles
Pompeii Japan
WATER SYSTEM SERVICE CATEGORIES Water System resilience is dependent upon the amount of service losses suffered and time to reestablish Service Categories Description
Water Delivery
Quality Quantity
Able to distribute water to customers, but the water delivered Does water come may not meet water quality standards (requires water purification out of tap? notice), pre-disaster volumes (requires water rationing), fire flow requirements (impacting fire fighting capabilities), or pre-disaster functionality (inhibiting system operations). Is it safe to Drink? Water to customers meets health standards (water purification notices removed). This includes minimum pressure requirements. Can you get the Water flow to customers meets pre-event volumes (water amount you need? rationing removed).
Fire Protection
Able to provide pressure and flow of suitable magnitude and duration to fight fires.
Does Fire Dept. get what they need?
Functionality
The system functions are performed at pre-event reliability, including pressure (operational constraints resulting from the disaster have been removed/resolved).
Is the water system in working order?
LOS ANGELES WATER RESTORATION EXAMPLES • 1994 Northridge Earthquake • Magnitude 6.7 • Purpose: show water service restoration multidimensional aspects using actual case earthquake
• 2008 ShakeOut Scenario
California Aqueducts
• Magnitude 7.8 San Andreas Fault • Purpose: show application in a pre-earthquake evaluation
Los Angeles Aqueducts Elizabeth Tunnel
Los Angeles
Colorado R. Aqueduct
1994 NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE, L.A. EXAMPLE WATER RESTORATIONS
SAN ANDREAS FAULT EARTHQUAKE, L.A. EXAMPLE WATER RESTORATIONS Delivery
Fire
Normal Service Level
ShakeOut Scenario Event
Los Angeles Water Service (%)
100
80
60
H
Quality
I
Quantity
A 30% Rationing (11 months)
G
F 50% Rationing (3 months)
California Aqueducts
C
40 B
E 20
Functionality
D
0
-1
t0
1
3
5
7
A. Immediately after event B. 1-day after event, decline from pipe leaks C. 2-days after event, open emergency storage reservoirs D. Flow declines for 1-week due to pipe leaks and fire fighting demand E. 1 to 4-weeks: improved from pipe repairs and ground water pumping F. 1-month: Regional supplies are delivered G. 4-months: California Aqueduct West Branch returned to service H. 15-months: Colorado RiverAqueduct returned to service I. 18-months: Los Angeles Aqueducts returned to service
9
Time (months)
11
13
15
17
Los Angeles Aqueducts Elizabeth Tunnel
Los Angeles
Colorado R. Aqueduct
Seismic Hazards • Ground Shaking • Surface Fault Rupture • Liquefaction • Landslides • Other ground failures
Seismic Hazards • Ground Shaking • Surface Fault Rupture • Liquefaction • Landslides • Other ground failures
Earthquake Faults • 20+ active surface faults in LA • Several areas of significant threat to transmission pipe • All threaten distribution pipe
Earthquake Faults • 20+ active surface faults in LA • Several areas of significant threat to transmission pipe • All threaten distribution pipe
Earthquake Faults Los Angeles Aqueducts Sierra Nevada Fault
Los Angeles Aqueducts
Garlock Fault
San Andreas Fault San Gabriel Fault Los Angeles
Liquefaction Potential • Large areas of LA have potential for soil liquefaction during shaking • Liquefaction can cause large ground movements and severe pipe damage • Combination of ground shaking, surface fault rupture, and liquefaction can result in significant LA Water System disruptions.
Granada Trunk Line, Van Norman Complex - 1971
Landslides
Nimes Road Landslide – Bel Air
Asilomar Landslide Pacific Palisades
Landslides
Pipe
Landslide
Asilomar Landslide Pacific Palisades
Nimes Road Landslide – Bel Air
Pipe Landslide
Developing the Water System Resilience Program • Identify the important risk reduction items previously undertaken • Define an ideal resilience condition to be in the future (what is a resilient Los Angeles Water System and how does it support community resilience?) • Perform Gap Analysis • Identify tasks and projects to undertake • Recognize this is a never ending process • Establish a continuous program • Prioritize projects and implement when resources/funding available
Water System Seismic Resilience Program Primary Recommendations • Prepare a Seismic Resilience plan for implementing the Program. • Implement Water System seismic planning, evaluation, and monitoring to identify needed mitigations throughout the City and along the Los Angeles Aqueducts (LAA). • Develop a seismically resilient pipe network. • Increase water supply and storage reliability, including • • • •
Identify mitigation alternatives for LAA crossing the San Andreas Fault. Enhance the Dam Safety Program using risk-based methods. Identify alternative water supply sources for firefighting. Develop local supply sources to reduce dependence on imported water and enhance water availability in emergencies.
• Enhance emergency response capabilities.
Some Research Needs • Understanding inter-relation between water services and how they support community resilience • Performance criteria related to community resilience needs • Tools for creating seismic resilient networks • Social and Economic impacts from system outage • Fire following earthquake • Much more research needed to implement lifeline resilience …
NIST Lifelines Research, Development and Implementation Roadmap • Recent report prepared by lifelines experts • Managed by Contract to ATC and CUREE • Outlines and prioritizes research needs for creating resilient lifelines • • • • • •
Water Sewer Gas and liquid fuels Transportation Networks Electric Power Telecommunications http://www.nehrp.gov/pdf/nistgcr14-917-33.pdf
