Acid-Base Titration

L M.5

Name:

Introduction One of the most common questions chemists have to answer is how much of something is present in a sample or product. If the product contains an acid or base, these questions are usually answered by titration. Titration is the name given to the process for determining the volume of solution needed to react with a given volume of a sample. You will use this process to study quantitatively the reaction between an acid and a base. A common neutralization reaction is the one between the hydrogen ion of an acid and the hydroxide ion of a base to form water:

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l) Equation 1: The Net Ionic Equation for most Neutralization Reactions

An indicator solution is used to determine when an acid has exactly neutralized a base. In this lab, we will use phenolphthalein. A suitable indicator changes color when equivalent moles of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions have reacted. This is termed the + equivalence point of the titration. That is, moles of H = moles of OH at the equivalence point. In this lab, you will titrate hydrochloric acid solution, HCl, with a basic sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH. The concentration of the NaOH solution is given and you will determine the unknown concentration of the HCl. When an HCl solution is titrated with an NaOH solution, the pH of the acidic solution is initially low. As base is added, the change in pH is quite gradual until close to the equivalence point, when equimolar amounts of acid and base have been mixed. Near the equivalence point, the pH increases very rapidly. It is for this reason that you must have patience and a steady hand whilst executing a titration. One drop too many can push you beyond the equivalence point and skew your data. To calculate the unknown HCl concentration, we must use the titration equation:

M A VA = M B VB Equation 2: Titration Equation

Purpose The purpose of this lab is to find the concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl) by titrating it with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) of known concentration.

Pre-Lab

1

1.

Make a Data/Results Table that is appropriate for this lab. Print the table and bring it to lab with you OR bring a device than can access and edit the table (you should try this out at home first to make sure you can edit it). All measurements must be included in the Data section and subsequent calculations (data analysis) must be included in the Results section.

2.

A 10.00-mL sample of HCl solution was transferred by pipet to an Erlenmeyer flask. Phenolphthalein indicator is added. The solution is the flask is titrated with 0.215 M NaOH until the indicator just turned pink (pH = 8-9). The exact volume of NaOH required was 22.75 mL. a. Using Equation 2, calculate the concentration of HCl. b. One student accidentally “overshot” the equivalence point and added 23.90 mL of 0.215 M NaOH. Is the calculated concentration of HCl likely to be too high or too low as a result of this error? Explain.

3.

Burettes are not designed to measure the volume of a substance contained within; they are designed to measure how much of that substance has been dispensed. a. Is it crucial to begin each titration at the 0-mL mark of the burette? b. A student begins one titration trial when the burette reads 3.4 mL. At the end of the titration, the burette reads 23.4 mL. How much of the solution in the burette was dispensed?

Duell

Caution! Dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions are irritating to skin and eyes. Notify Mr. Duell and clean up all spills immediately with large amounts of water. Phenolphthalein is an alcohol-based solution and is flammable. It is moderately toxic by ingestion. Keep away from flames and other ignition sources. Avoid contact of all chemicals with eyes and skin and wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the laboratory. Wear chemical splash goggles and a chemical-resistant apron.

Equipment § § §

beakers, 250-mL, 2 beaker, 400-mL burette, 50-mL, and stand

§ §

Erlenmeyer flask, 125-mL funnel, glass, thin-stem

§

graduated cylinder, 25- or 50-mL

§ §

pipet, for use with acid only wash bottle, distilled water

§

sodium hydroxide, NaOH, 0.1 M, 100 mL

Chemicals & Consumables § §

hydrochloric acid, HCl, 100 mL phenolphthalein indicator, 1 mL

Procedure 1.

Obtain and wear safety goggles and a lab apron. Gather all necessary equipment.

2.

Using a marker, label one 250-mL beaker “WASTE” and the other “BASE”. Label a 400-mL beaker “ACID.” Note! Do not write over any white markings on the beaker. These are very difficult to clean off.

3.

In your base beaker, obtain about 100 mL of standard sodium hydroxide solution and record the concentration of the solution. In your acid beaker, obtain about 100 mL of unknown acid (titrant).

4.

Take a moment to become familiar with the burette. A parallel stopcock position allows for the solution in the burette to flow; a perpendicular stopcock position stops the flow of the solution. Adjust the height of the burette so that you feel comfortable using it during the titration. The waste beaker and Erlenmeyer flask should fit comfortably underneath the tip of the burette.

5.

The burette at your station has distilled water in it. Place the waste beaker underneath the burette and drain the contents of the burette into the waste beaker.

6.

Place a funnel on the top of the burette. Because burettes have a tough time draining fully, add about 5-8 mL of NaOH to the burette and open the stopcock to drain into the waste beaker. This rinses any leftover distilled water out of the burette.

7.

Fill the burette to above the 0-mL mark with sodium hydroxide solution. Open the stopcock to allow any air bubbles to escape from the tip. Close the stopcock when the liquid level in the burette is at the 0-mL mark. Note: it is not crucial that you begin exactly at the 0-mL mark, but you must record the initial volume of NaOH whether it is 0 mL or something else.

8.

Record the initial volume of the solution in the burette. Note: volumes are read from the top down in a burette. Always read from the bottom of the meniscus and remember to include the appropriate number of significant figures. No math is required when using a burette – record exactly as it reads.

9.

Using a pipette and graduated cylinder, transfer 10.00 mL of the unknown hydrochloric acid solution to a clean, dry 125mL Erlenmeyer flask. Use distilled water to rinse any left-behind acid droplets from the graduated cylinder into the Erlenmeyer flask.

10. Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the flask. 11. Position the flask under the burette so that the tip of the burette is inside the mouth of the flask. Place a piece of white paper under the flask to make it easier to detect the color change of the indicator at the equivalence point. 12. Open the stopcock to allow approximately 5-8 mL of the sodium hydroxide solution to flow into the flask while continuously swirling the flask. Observe the color changes occurring. 13. Once it takes a few seconds for the pink color to dissipate, continue to add sodium hydroxide drop-by-drop while swirling the flask. Use a wash bottle to rinse the sides of the flask and the tip of the burette with distilled water during the titration. 14. When a very faint pink color appears and persists for 10 seconds or more while swirling the flask, the equivalence point has been reached. Close the stopcock and record the final volume on the burette. 15. Pour the solution out of the flask into the sink and rinse the flask with distilled water. 16. Repeat the titration (steps 8-15) with another sample of hydrochloric acid. Record all data for subsequent trials. Important Note: do not begin a titration trial with any less than about 25 mL of NaOH in the burette. The burette volume cannot be read below the 50-mL mark near the bottom. If you think you will dispense below the 50-mL mark, add more NaOH before begin the trial. 2

Duell

Data Analysis Data Analysis calculations should be done in the Results Section of the Data/Results Table and shared with Mr. Duell on Google Drive. For each trial: 1. Calculate the volume of NaOH used (VB). Note: you did this in Pre-Lab Question #3b.

3

2.

Calculate the unknown molarity of the HCl solution (MA). Note: you did this in Pre-Lab Question #2a.

3.

Calculate the average molarity for all trials.

Duell

Acid-Base Titration

L M.5

4

Name:

It is incredibly important to properly clean up after yourself in the laboratory. Accurate lab results depend on responsible care of the lab equipment as much as they do on lab technique. Thus, 41% of the points of this lab grade will be deducted if you do not properly clean up. When you have finished cleaning your lab station, stand with your partner next to your station and wait for Mr. Duell to sign in the box to the left.

Mr. Duell’s Approval

1.

Post-Lab Questions

Consider the following potential sources of error in the titration. Fill in the blank: “H” if the error would have caused the molarity of HCl to come out too high. “L” if the error would have caused the molarity of HCl to come out too low. “N” if the error would have had no effect on the calculated molarity of HCl. a.

There was a little distilled water in the Erlenmeyer flask before the titration began.

_____

b.

There was a little HCl in the Erlenmeyer flask before the titration began.

c.

There was a little distilled water in the burette before you began and you forgot to rinse it out with NaOH. _____

d.

You added 3 drops of phenolphthalein instead of 2 drops.

e.

Some NaOH solution dripped into the Erlenmeyer flask before the initial NaOH volume was measured.

f.

While you were titrating, some NaOH dripped out onto the table instead of into the Erlenmeyer flask.

_____

_____ _____ _____

2.

The actual concentration of the HCl solution was ______. Use your DRT spreadsheet to calculate your percent error.

3.

A few times during the lab, you used distilled water to rinse the sides of glassware and the tip of the burette. But doesn’t adding water change the concentration of a solution? Explain why it was OK to do this. Hint: think about moles…

Duell

L M.5 Acid-Base Titration.pdf

... alcohol-based solution and is flammable. It is moderately toxic by. ingestion. Keep away from flames and other ignition sources. Avoid contact of all chemicals ...

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