Notes from the

Island Fox Conservation Working Group Meeting June 14 - 15, 2016

photo courtesy Hal Epstein

photo courtesy of NPS, Monique Navarro

Island Fox Update 2016 On August 11, 2016 the three northern subspecies of Channel Island fox were delisted from Endangered status by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). Island foxes from San Miguel, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cruz Island were first listed as Endangered in 2004. Their successful return is the fasted recovery of an ESA-listed Endangered mammal species in North American history. The Santa Catalina Island fox subspecies was downlisted to Threatened status. California Fish & Wildlife may also pursue delisting or downlisting some island fox subspecies. Presently the state continues to regard all island fox subspecies as Endangered. In 2016, Channel Island fox populations continue to be robust despite challenges from continuing regional drought. The astonishing recovery of this endangered mammal species highlights the dedicated efforts of private conservation organizations, government agencies, academic institutions, and individuals working together. Fortunately, the heart of this effort, The Island Fox Conservation Working Group, continues to meet and provide a forum for island-fox issues. In 1998, island fox populations were plummeting on California’s northern Channel Islands due to golden eagle predation. Simultaneously, the island fox population on Santa Catalina Island was decimated by introduced disease–canine distemper virus (CDV). Since the height of the crisis, the Island Fox Conservation Working Group has met annually to update population status, discuss problems, consider strategies, and determine action plans. Friends of the Island Fox supports the Working Group and participates in their annual meeting. The following is an update from the June 2016 meeting hosted by the Santa Barbara Zoo. Population numbers reported here are the official estimates from each island, calculated from the fall 2015 count and reported June 14, 2016. Channel Island foxes faced five major threats in 2016: • climate change, which is causing historic drought, impacting food resources and enabling parasite species • historical loss of native vegetation which has left San Miguel and San Nicolas Islands with reduced plant biodiversity to respond to the on-going drought • biosecurity–the introduction of non-native plants, animals and disease • low genetic diversity, especially in recently bottlenecked populations • reduction of management funding to maintain adequate monitoring in the future Friends of the Island Fox c/o Pat Meyer, 2530 So. Moray Ave., San Pedro CA 90732 www.islandfox.org [email protected]

Island Fox Update 2016, FIF, pg 2 of 8

San Miguel Island, land manager: Channel Islands National Park Status: Recovered (USFWS); Endangered (CA FWS) 700

Population: Historical est.: 350-450

525

Low Point: 15

350

Recent est. high of 652 in 2013 175 0 2015 est.: 382 1993 1995 1998 2002 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Captive breeding of the San Miguel Island fox (Urocyon littoralis littoralis) ended in 2007 and all foxes were returned to the wild. The population reached an estimated high of ~650 individuals in 2013 and has been considered stable since 2010. From 2010-2013, individual island foxes had a 90% chance of survival each year (Coonan 2014a). From 2014 into 2015, this annual individual survival rate has declined to a 70% individual survival rate and the population decreased to an estimated 350-400 animals. Drought impacts combined with recently-introduced and reoccurring parasites have increased the rate of mortality (Coonan 2015a). While there were signs of greater pup numbers early in 2015, few seemed to have survived. The island may have reached carrying capacity (Coonan 2015a). The density of foxes per sq km was 20 individuals. While the general physical condition of individuals has declined, the population remains stable (Gallipeau 2016a). Past monitoring has included annual counting using mini-grids. Health checks have included microchipping all first-time animals, vaccinating ~100 individuals against rabies and distemper, and radio collaring ~60 individuals. The NPS has assured FIF that this level of monitoring will continue for at least 10 years following USFWS delisting. FIF funded 100 CDV vaccinations on San Miguel in 2016. Concerns: Fox weight has been declining since 2007; in 2016 individuals continued to appear emaciated (Coonan 2014a, Coonan 2015a, Gallipeau 2016a). Drought impacts on food and parasites may be causing a decline in general fox health. The majority of the island’s vegetation is introduced ice plant. Ice plant and the non-native invertebrates found in it have died off during the drought leaving island foxes with less available food. Native vegetation has been slower to recover than expected (Coonan 2015a). Drought has also reduced native deer mice, important prey during the island-fox breeding season (Coonan 2015a). Adult foxes are surviving, but for the third year (2015) reproduction was low (Gallipeau 2016a). (In 2012 - 32 pups counted; 2013-3; 2014-3; Coonan 2015a) Pup numbers for 2015 were not provided (Gallipeau 2016a). Late in 2016, population figures for San Miguel Island were recalculated by the NPS, the graph above reflects these revised figures. A species of Acanthocephalan or spiny-headed worm (Onicicola) continues to cause a growing number of island fox fatalities (Gallipeau 2016a). Previously 25 island foxes are known to have died from this parasite (17 - 2013; 8 - 2014) (Coonan 2014a, Woods 2014, Coonan 2015a). Official number of fatalities in 2015 not provided (Gallipeau 2016a). Biologists continue to investigate the specific worm species and its transmission vector. Insect specimens have been collected and checked, but the host species has not yet been found. Since 2014, lung worm has also reappeared in the San Miguel population (Coonan 2015a) .Reduced overall health, due to food stress, may be making the San Miguel population more susceptible to parasites.

Positive Note: Since 2010, the San Miguel population has reached historically documented levels (Coonan 2015a). Predation by golden eagles has not reoccurred. Monitoring foxes via radio-telemetry collars has provided early identification of new health threats. (Coonan 2015a).

Friends of the Island Fox c/o Pat Meyer, 2530 So. Moray Ave., San Pedro CA 90732 www.islandfox.org [email protected]

Island Fox Update 2016, FIF, pg 3 of 8

Santa Rosa Island, land manager: Channel Islands National Park Status: Recovered (USFWS); Endangered (CA FWS) 2000

Population: Historical est.: 1,780

1500

Low Point: 15

1000 500

2015 est.: 1,256

0 1996

2000

2004

2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

Predation by golden eagles caused the near catastrophic population collapse between 1996 and 2000. Captive breeding continued for the Santa Rosa Island fox (Urocyon littoralis santarosae) until 2008 when all foxes were returned to the wild. The annual individual survival rate climbed to 90% between 2007 & 2009, but was decreased in 2010 by golden eagle predation (seven island foxes killed during one breeding season). Six of the preyed upon foxes were young adults and their reproductive loss dramatically impacted the population (Coonan 2011b). Annual individual survivability has returned to 90% and for a third year the subspecies is statistically considered to have less than a 5% risk of extinction in the immediate future (Coonan 2015b, Gallipeau 2016b). The Working Group considers five years of this status a sign of complete recovery. Fox density has increased from ~3.8 individuals per sq. km (Coonan 2015b) to ~4.1 per sq. km in 2016 (Gallipeau 2016b). Past monitoring has included annual counting using small grids. Health checks have included microchipping all first-time animals, vaccinating ~140 individuals against rabies and distemper, and monitoring ~50 individuals by radio collar. (Coonan 2014b). The NPS has reassured FIF that this level of monitoring will continue for at least 10 years following USFWS delisting. FIF funded 150 CDV vaccinations on Santa Rosa for 2016. Concerns: In 2010, two yearling male island foxes died from kidney failure caused by a parasite, Leptospira (transmitted directly via ingestion or indirectly through prey, still water or contact with sea lions). To date the parasite has been limited to island foxes and spotted skunks on Santa Rosa Island (Guglielmino, 2011). No cases were reported in 2014-2015 (Coonan 2015b), but deaths from Leptospira have reoccurred in 2015-2016 and further investigation is warranted. Specific mortality number 2015-2016 not provided (Gallipeau 2016b). As island fox numbers have recovered, the island spotted skunk on Santa Rosa has declined. Further investigation of the connections between the island fox and the spotted skunk is needed.

Positive Note: Since the removal of deer and elk at the end of 2011, there is little to attract golden eagles to Santa Rosa Island. Additionally, nesting bald eagles have helped to keep golden eagles away. There have been no known island fox deaths by golden eagles since 2010 (Coonan 2015b). Drought impacts have been less severe and the minimal increase in rain in 2015 benefited Santa Rosa. Island fox age distribution is normal and the population continues to recover successfully (Gallipeau 2016b).

Friends of the Island Fox c/o Pat Meyer, 2530 So. Moray Ave., San Pedro CA 90732 www.islandfox.org [email protected]

Island Fox Update 2016, FIF, pg 4 of 8

Santa Cruz Island, land managers: Nature Conservancy & Channel Islands National Park Status: Recovered (USFWS); Endangered (CA FWS) 3000

Population: Historical est.: 1,465

2250

Low Point: 80

1500

Est. high 2,700 in 2014 2015 est.: 2,170

750 0 1996

2000

2004

2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

Predation by golden eagles caused the near catastrophic population collapse between 1996 and 2000. Captive breeding ended in 2008 for the Santa Cruz Island fox (Urocyon littoralis santacruzae) and all foxes were returned to the wild. The population continues to be stable, however individual annual survival rate has declined slightly to 88% (Boser 2016). Drought impacts are not believed to have been as severe on Santa Cruz, but the island may have reached carrying capacity. A golden eagle may have killed a radio-collared island fox in 2016 and several others may have been victims of the few cars on the island. Necropsy was pending on these fatalities, so cause of death had not been verified (Boser 2016). The total population on Santa Cruz appears robust and the density is ~6.28 adult foxes per sq. km (Boser 2016). The density with pups is estimated at ~8.6 foxes per sq. km (Boser 2016). Annual counting was changed to mini-grids in 2013 to reduce costs. The 2013 decline in population estimate is believed to be a reflection of that modeling change. During annual health checks all first-time animals are microchipped, ~150 individuals are vaccinated against rabies and canine distemper. Currently, 50 individuals (20 sentinels) are monitored by radio collar (Boser 2016). Concerns: While transient golden eagles still pose a threat, disease introduced via human visitation poses the greatest potential threat to the Santa Cruz Island fox. As the population recovers funding continues to decrease. TNC has reduced their annual counting effort, aerial monitoring, radio collars, necropsies and vaccinations (Boser 2016). Blood testing to monitor antibodies (titers), which identify possible disease threats, will only be completed every five years (Boser 2015). Collared sentinel foxes are the only way to identify introduced disease on Santa Cruz. As fox density increases the threat of rapid dispersal of an infectious disease is magnified (Hugens, 2014a; Ferrara, Hudgens & Garcelon, 2008). On Cruz vaccination takes place in a core area of the island rather than throughout the island (Boser 2015) and less than 120 individuals were vaccinated in 2016 (Boser 2016). Any visitation by domestic dogs or introduced wild animals, like raccoons, could introduce potentially fatal disease.

Positive Note: Foxes appear robust and stable. Native vegetation on Santa Cruz offers greater biodiversity than on most of the other islands. Native plants are providing food for island foxes despite the drought. Bald eagle nesting continues and golden eagle predation is believed to be minimal (Boser 2016). Biosecurity signage has been posted at entrances into TNC areas of the island (Boser 2015) and biosecurity response protocol is in place (Boser 2016).

Friends of the Island Fox c/o Pat Meyer, 2530 So. Moray Ave., San Pedro CA 90732 www.islandfox.org [email protected]

Island Fox Update 2016, FIF, pg 5 of 8

Santa Catalina Island, land manager: Catalina Island Conservancy Status: Threatened (USFWS); Endangered (CA FWS) 2000

Population: Historical est.: 1,342

1500

Low Point: 103

1000

Est. high of 1,852 in 2013 2015 est.: 1,812

500 0 1996

2000

2004

2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

The Santa Catalina Island fox (Urocyon littoralis catalinae) was decimated by canine distemper virus (CDV), introduced via a raccoon, between 1998-2000. Captive breeding ended in 2006 and foxes were returned to the wild. Since 2011 the population has remained above 1,500 individuals (higher than known historical population estimates). Drought impacts on birthrates and pup survival were first documented on Catalina. In normal rain years, pups may constitute 40% of the population, in drought years 6% (King 2015). Rodent populations are similarly impacted by drought (King 2015), reducing an important fox food resource during breeding (Coonan 2015a). The Catalina population appears healthy with an island population at carrying capacity. Spring rainfall benefited pup survival in 2016 (King 2016). Fox density remains high: ~9.33 individuals per sq. km (King 2016). Annual counting uses cages along “strings.” During health checks all first-time animals are microchipped, all are treated for ear mites (to prevent cancerous tumors), ~300 individuals are vaccinated against rabies & canine distemper, 50-60 radio-collared foxes are monitored weekly (King 2016). FIF funded 350 CDV vaccinations on Santa Catalina for 2016. Concerns: Threats to foxes include vehicles, domestic dogs, feral cats, disease, and wild animals transported from the mainland (King 2106). Over a million people visit the city of Avalon annually. Raccoons and opossums stowing away on private boats continue to pose a vector for disease introduction (King 2015). In 2016, two dead raccoons washed ashore, but no other animals are known to have arrived (King 2016). Drought continues to cause high levels of external parasites: lice and fleas (King 2016). Infested foxes decline in health, parasites increase, and a downward spiral can become fatal (King 2015). Serology testing in 2010 first identified the presence of canine adenovirus (origin of “kennel cough” and canine hepatitis); 58% of tested foxes also showed exposure to corona virus (King 2011). Prevalence of parvovirus in 2014 may have contributed to low pup survival (King 2015). Continued serology testing of all checked foxes has documented a decrease in corona and distemper prevalence (King 2016). The combination of people, pets and wild animals from the mainland poses a constant threat for the introduction of disease on this island.

Positive Note: Permanent signs regarding stowaway raccoons are posted in mainland marinas (King 2011) and 2015 may have had no biosecurity events (King 2016). Threats from fatal ceruminous gland carcinoma have been almost eradicated by effective treatment of ear mites (Vickers, et al 2015; King 2016). Foxes are vaccinated throughout the island’s interior to provide the greatest protection against disease (Hudgens, 2014a). “Watch for Foxes” traffic signs and “Fox-Saver” bins installed at high traffic areas for people and island foxes have significantly reduced island fox death by cars; from 21 in 2014 (King 2014) down to 9 in 2015 (King 2016). FIF has funded 7 “Fox-Saver” bins; Replacing old and dangerous receptacles remains a priority.

Friends of the Island Fox c/o Pat Meyer, 2530 So. Moray Ave., San Pedro CA 90732 www.islandfox.org [email protected]

Island Fox Update 2016, FIF, pg 6 of 8

San Clemente Island, land manager: United States Navy Status: Endangered (CA FWS), stable Population:

1200

Historical est.: 1,000 minimal data between 2004-2008

Est. high of 1,128 in 2011 2015 est.: 888 (adults only)

900 600 300 0 1996

2000

2004

2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

The San Clemente Island fox (Urocyon littoralis clementae) population continues to be stable though a slight decline in 2015 may be connected to continued drought (Booker 2016). [2014 population estimate revised down to 1,011 from 1,230 (adults only), (Booker 2016)] Reproduction on this most southern island is occurring two months earlier than on northern islands; pups are born in February (Booker 2014). Different social behavior has also been observed: polygamy (one male with two breeding females) and females helping raise another female’s pups (Booker 2011). Individual annual survival rate is 89% (Booker 2016). Fox density remains high, but may have leveled out across the island (Booker 2016). In 2014 areas near humans had ~40 individuals per sq. km (Booker 2015), while least desirable natural habitat had density less than 1 individual per sq. km (Booker 2015). Drought impact may be greater in these habitats. Counting takes place annually on mini-grids. During annual health checks all first-time animals are microchipped. A decreased number of foxes were vaccinated in 2016: rabies 46 and canine distemper 45 (Booker 2016). Approximately, 95 individuals are radio collared for monitoring (Booker 2015). The goal is to monitor collared animals every 5 days. Concerns: Eleven sentinel foxes died in 2015 due to car strike or emaciation. The rehabilitation of native plant communities has benefited the Clemente Island fox, but lower population numbers were seen in areas where native plants have not yet been reestablished. More foxes seemed stressed for resources (Booker 2016). A domestic dog, that fell off a private boat and swam ashore to this secured island, went undetected for 33 days. This highlights the potential biosecurity threat of introduced animals to all islands. Fortunately, the dog was in good health, no disease outbreak or parasite introduction is known to have occurred (Booker 2016). Seven unusual fox mortalities occurred in a limited area in 2014. These animals died due to airborne minerals impacting the lungs (Booker, 2014; Woods, 2014). The source and cause remains unknown. Records show similar deaths have occurred on all islands, but they were previously regarded as isolated events (Woods, 2014). No additional deaths of this kind occurred in 2015.

Positive Note: Vehicular traffic is the major cause of island fox death on this island. Two young male pups, whose mother was hit by a car, were transferred to the Santa Barbara Zoo (Booker 2016). Roadside mowing, signs, painted warnings on the asphalt, a speed detection sign, and personal contact with personnel are all helping reduce fox fatalities (Booker 2016). From a high of 68 animals in 2010, the efforts have led to a low of 36 car-strike fatalities in 2015 (Booker 2016).

Friends of the Island Fox c/o Pat Meyer, 2530 So. Moray Ave., San Pedro CA 90732 www.islandfox.org [email protected]

Island Fox Update 2016, FIF, pg 7 of 8

San Nicolas Island, land manager: United States Navy Status: Endangered (CA FWS), stable at a low number; management action pending 800 600 Historical est.: 520 400 minimal data between 2002-2007 200 Recent est. high of 725 in 2008 0 1996 2015 est.: 260 (adults only)

Population:

2000

2004

2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

Monitoring island foxes (Urocyon littoralis dickeyi) on San Nicolas Island began in 2000. Historically this has been a robust population with the greatest fox density in the world. Since 2009 the population has been declining. Initially the loss of older animals was regarded as a natural population adjustment (Hudgens 2011). Since 2012, however, the population has fallen 41%. Declines initially became apparent in grassland areas and among young adults (Hudgens 2014b). By 2015 fatalities were greatest in the highly occupied dune areas where foxes had survived on introduced ice plant and the snails and insects that lived in it (Hudgens 2016). Overall population density has decreased. Pup survival has dropped from 65% before the drought, to ~30% (Hudgens 2016). Serology testing has identified no specific disease epidemic and no unexpected predator has been found (Ferrara 2015; Ferrara 2016). Island fox necropsies have revealed common denominators of emaciation, Spirocerca, and other parasites (Ferrara 2016). Pathologists are also investigating heavy metals and perchlorate in fox tissues, however safe levels of these contaminants are unknown (Ferrara 2016). Drought has significantly impacted San Nicolas; dead ice plant has created a 1ft.-thick thatch which blocks native plant growth. Starvation appears to be the main cause of decline. Counting takes place annually on mini-grids. During annual health checks first-time animals are microchipped, vaccinated against rabies and canine distemper, ~56 individuals are radio collared for monitoring (Ferrara 2015). Concerns: Internal parasites–tapeworm and Spirocerca–have increased during drought conditions and may be exacerbating declines in island fox health (Ferrara 2015; Ferrara 2016). Debilitated health puts these animals at greater risk if disease is introduced (Hudgens 2014b; Ferrara, Hudgens & Garcelon, 2008). New research reveals that a low population in the 1970s created a genetic bottleneck for this subspecies leaving it with the least genetic diversity of any known mammal, including cheetah and Tasmanian devil (Robinson 2016). Road signs and Naval staff education greatly reduced automobile deaths of island foxes. However, as foxes wander further to find food, vehicular trauma has increased; 20 individuals were hit in 2015 (Ferrara 2016). Foxes have also been fatally trapped in pipes and small openings offering shelter or possible food (Ferrara2016).

Positive Note: Restoration of the native plant community is vital to the San Nicolas Island fox’s long-term survival (Ferrara 2015). Over 8,000 native plants were planted in 2015-2016, including prickly pear cactus. An estimated 3,000 cactus fruits will be available for fox consumption in fall 2016(Ferrara 2016). Close monitoring is enabling biologists to take action while fox numbers are reasonably high (Hudgens 2014b). Preparations to list the San Nicolas Island fox as Endangered and potentially bring individuals in for captive breeding are being considered.

Friends of the Island Fox c/o Pat Meyer, 2530 So. Moray Ave., San Pedro CA 90732 www.islandfox.org [email protected]

Island Fox Update 2016, FIF, pg 8 of 8

Island Fox Update 2016 References: Booker, M. (2016, June 14). San Clemente Island Update. Paper presented at 2016 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Santa Barbara, CA. Booker, M. (2015, June 16). San Clemente Island Update. Paper presented at 2015 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Booker, M. (2014, June 17). San Clemente Island Update. Paper presented at 2014 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Booker, M. (2011, June 14). San Clemente Island Update. Paper presented at 2011 Annual Meeting, Integrated Island Fox Recovery Team, Ventura, CA. Bosner, C. (2016, June 14). Santa Cruz Island Update. Paper presented at 2016 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Santa Barbara, CA. Bosner, C. (2015, June 16). Santa Cruz Island Update. Paper presented at 2015 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Coonan, T. (2015, June 16, a) San Miguel Island Fox Update. Paper presented at 2015 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Coonan, T. (2014, June 17, a). San Miguel Island Update. Paper presented at 2014 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Coonan, T. (2015, June 16, b). Santa Rosa Island Update. Paper presented at 2015 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Coonan, T. (2014, June 17, b). Santa Rosa Island Update. Paper presented at 2014 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Coonan, T. (2011, June 14, b). Santa Rosa Island Update. Paper presented at 2011 Annual Meeting, Integrated Island Fox Recovery Team, Ventura, CA. Ferrara, F. (2016, June 14). San Nicolas Island Update. Paper presented at 2016 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Santa Barbara, CA. Ferrara, F. (2015, June 16) San Nicolas Island Update. Paper presented at 2015 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Ferrara, F. J., Hudgens, B. R., & Garcelon, D. K. (2008, February 5-7). Automated remote telemetry: Developing a management plan for the San Nicolas Island fox. Paper presented at Seventh California Island Symposium, Oxnard, CA. Gallipeau, R. (2016, June 14, a) San Miguel Island Fox Update. Paper presented at 2016 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Santa Barbara, CA. Gallipeau, R. (2016, June 14, b) Santa Rosa Island Fox Update. Paper presented at 2016 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Santa Barbara, CA. Hudgens, B. (2016, June 14). San Nicolas Island Update. Paper presented at 2016 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Santa Barbara, CA. Hudgens, B. (2014, June 17, a). Mapping Epidemic Risk in Island Foxes. Paper presented at 2014 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Hudgens, B. (2014, June 17, b). San Nicolas Island Update. Paper presented at 2014 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Hudgens, B. (2011, June 14). San Nicolas Island Update. Paper presented at 2011 Annual Meeting, Integrated Island Fox Recovery Team, Ventura, CA. Guglielmino, A. (2011, June 14). Leptospira Infection in Santa Rosa Island Foxes. Paper presented at 2011 Annual Meeting, Integrated Island Fox Recovery Team, Ventura, CA. King, J. (2016, June 14). Santa Catalina Island Update. Paper presented at 2016 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Santa Barbara, CA. King, J. (2015, June 16). Santa Catalina Island Update. Paper presented at 2015 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. King, J. (2011, June 14). Santa Catalina Island Update. Paper presented at 2011 Annual Meeting, Integrated Island Fox Recovery Team, Ventura, CA.

Friends of the Island Fox c/o Pat Meyer, 2530 So. Moray Ave., San Pedro CA 90732 www.islandfox.org [email protected]

Robinson, J., Wayne, B., (2016, June 14) Genome Sequencing of Island Foxes Shows Accumulation of Deleterious Variation. Paper presented at 2016 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Santa Barbara, CA. Vickers, W., Moriarty, M., King, J., & Hendricks, S., (2015, June 16). Ear Tumors: Mite Treatment and Genetics. Paper presented at 2015 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Woods, L. (2014, June 17). Island Fox Pathology Update. Paper presented at 2014 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA.

Friends of the Island Fox c/o Pat Meyer, 2530 So. Moray Ave., San Pedro CA 90732 www.islandfox.org [email protected]