Notes from the

Island Fox Conservation Working Group Meeting June 16 - 17, 2015

photo courtesy of Eric Gotthelf

Island Fox Update 2015 In March of 2015, the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) announced the initiation of status review for the four subspecies of Channel Island fox federally designated as Endangered. The successful and rapid recovery of the San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, and Santa Catalina subspecies of island fox has been a joint effort of government agencies, academic institutions, private conservation organizations, and dedicated individuals all working together. In 1998, island fox populations were plummeting on California’s northern Channel Islands due to golden eagle predation. At the same time, the island fox population on Santa Catalina Island, to the south, was decimated by introduced disease–canine distemper virus (CDV). Since the height of the crisis, the Island Fox Conservation Working Group has met annually to update population status, discuss problems, consider strategies, and determine action plans. Friends of the Island Fox supports the Working Group and participates in their annual meeting. The following is an update from the June 2015 gathering. Population numbers reported here are the official estimates from each island, calculated through the fall 2014 count, and reported June 16, 2015. Channel Island foxes face two major threats in 2015: • climate change which is causing historic drought and impacts on food resources • a lack of canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccine From 1998-2000, CDV nearly wiped out the Santa Catalina Island fox. Since 2006, island foxes have been vaccinated with a dead-virus vaccine, which is safe for this rare species. Since late 2013, the vaccine has been unavailable. Most island foxes have gone unvaccinated for this highly transmissible disease for two years. Recently a new vaccine became available, however, its effectiveness for island foxes is unknown. The Working Group resolved that vaccinating island foxes for CDV was a priority and immediate action was needed to determine the new vaccine’s effectiveness. Each island committed to radiocollaring and vaccinating five additional individual island foxes (animals that had never been vaccinated before). ID microchips enable the identification of these foxes. Friends of the Island Fox funded the five radio collars for Santa Rosa Island. If the vaccine proves to form antibodies in the 30 radio-collared island foxes, all islands will move forward to vaccinate against CDV during fall 2015 health checks. Protection against CDV is vital to the survival of these rare animals. Friends of the Island Fox A Program of the Channel Islands Park Foundation 1901 Spinnaker Drive, Ventura, CA 93001 www.islandfox.org [email protected]

Island Fox Update 2015, FIF, pg 2 of 8

San Miguel Island, land manager: Channel Islands National Park Status: Endangered (USFWS and CA FWS), but recovered 600

Population: Historical est.: 350-450

300

Low Point: 15 Recent est. high of 581 in 2011 2014 est.: 520

450 150 0 1993 1995 1998 2002 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Captive breeding of the San Miguel Island fox (Urocyon littoralis littoralis) ended in 2007 and all foxes were returned to the wild. The population has been stable with over 500 individuals since 2010. From 2010-2013, individual island foxes had a 90% chance of survival each year (Coonan 2014a). However, from 2014 into 2015, this annual individual survival rate declined. Drought impacts combined with recently-introduced and reoccurring parasites have increased the rate of mortality (Coonan 2015a). The population remains stable at historical levels and the island may have reached carrying capacity (Coonan 2015a). Fox density remains high, averaging 12 individuals per sq. km (up to 20 in some areas) (Coonan 2015a). Foxes are counted annually using mini-grids. During annual health checks all first-time animals are microchipped, ~100 individuals are vaccinated against rabies and distemper (with approval of the new vaccine), ~60 individuals are monitored by radio collar. Concerns: Fox weight has been declining since 2007; in 2015 individuals appear emaciated (Coonan 2014a, Coonan 2015a). Drought and parasites appear to be causing a decline in general fox health. The majority of the island’s vegetation is introduced ice plant. Ice plant and the non-native invertebrates found in it have suffered during the drought, leaving island foxes with less available food. Native vegetation has been slower to recover than expected (Coonan 2015a). Drought has also impacted native deer mice, reducing important prey during island-fox breeding season (Coonan 2015a). Adult island foxes are surviving, but for the second year in a row only three fox pups were seen during island-wide counting. A lack of resources appears to have shutdown reproduction on this island in 2013-2014. (In 2012 - 32 pups counted) (Coonan 2015a). An unidentified species of Acanthocephalan or spiny-headed worm (Onicicola) continued to cause island fox fatalities through 2014. To date 25 collared island foxes are known to have died with this parasite (17 - 2013; 8 2014) (Coonan 2014a, Woods 2014, Coonan 2015a) Biologists continue to investigate the specific worm species and its transmission vector. In 2014, lung worm also reappeared in the San Miguel population (Coonan 2015a) .Reduced overall health, due to food stress, may be making the San Miguel population more susceptible to parasites. Biologists will continue to monitor.

Positive Note: Since 2010, the San Miguel population has reached historically documented levels (Coonan 2015a). Predation by golden eagles has not reoccurred. Monitoring foxes via radio-telemetry collars has provided early identification of new health threats. Increased rainfall in spring 2015 may have had a positive impact on vegetation. Four litters of pups have been observed. Though challenged by climate-change impacts the San Miguel Island fox population remains stable (Coonan 2015a). San Miguel Island is currently closed to visitation for reasons unrelated to the island fox. However, the closure reduces the probability of introduced disease by domestic dogs or introduced wild animals, like raccoons.

Friends of the Island Fox A Program of the Channel Islands Park Foundation 1901 Spinnaker Drive, Ventura, CA 93001 www.islandfox.org [email protected]

Island Fox Update 2015, FIF, pg 3 of 8

Santa Rosa Island, land manager: Channel Islands National Park Status: Endangered (USFWS and CA FWS), but recovering Population: Historical est.: 1,780 Low Point: 15

2000 1500 1000

Recent est. high of 894 in 2013 2014 est.: 874

500 0 1996

2000

2004

2007

2009

2011

2013

Captive breeding continued for the Santa Rosa Island fox (Urocyon littoralis santarosae) until 2008 when all foxes were returned to the wild. The annual individual survival rate climbed to 90% in 2007-2009, but was decreased in 2010 by golden eagle predation (seven island foxes killed during one breeding season). Six of the preyed upon foxes were young adults and their reproductive loss dramatically impacted the population (Coonan 2011b). Annual individual survivability has returned to 90% and for a second year the subspecies is statistically considered to have less than a 5% risk of extinction in the immediate future (Coonan 2015b). The Working Group considers five years of this status a sign of complete recovery. Fox density is ~3.8 individuals per sq. km (Coonan 2015b). Foxes are counted annually using small grids. During annual health checks all first-time animals are microchipped, ~140 individuals are vaccinated against rabies and canine distemper (with approval of the new vaccine), ~50 individuals are monitored by radio collar (Coonan 2014b). Concerns: In 2010, two yearling male island foxes died from kidney failure caused by a parasite, Leptospira (transmitted directly via ingestion or indirectly through prey, still water or contact with sea lions). To date the parasite has been limited to island foxes and spotted skunks on Santa Rosa Island (Guglielmino, 2011). There have been no recent cases of this parasite (Coonan 2015b). Drought impacts on this island have been less severe, however, food resources have been reduced and fewer pups were counted in 2014. Currently the population remains healthy (Coonan 2015b).

Positive Note: Since the removal of deer and elk at the end of 2011, there is little to attract golden eagles to this island. Additionally, nesting bald eagles have helped to keep golden eagles away. There have been no known island fox deaths contributed to golden eagles in three years (Coonan 2015b). The island fox population on Santa Rosa continues to recover successfully.

Friends of the Island Fox A Program of the Channel Islands Park Foundation 1901 Spinnaker Drive, Ventura, CA 93001 www.islandfox.org [email protected]

Island Fox Update 2015, FIF, pg 4 of 8

Santa Cruz Island, land managers: Nature Conservancy & Channel Islands National Park Status: Endangered (USFWS and CA FWS), but recovered Population: Historical est.: 1,465 Low Point: 80

2000 1500 1000 500

0 2014 est.: 1,750 (adults only) 1996

2000

2004

2007

2009

2011

2013

Captive breeding ended in 2008 for the Santa Cruz Island fox (Urocyon littoralis santacruzae) and all foxes were returned to the wild. The population continues to recover and individual annual survival rate is near 90% (Boser 2015). The number of pups counted declined in 2014, but the total estimated population was up significantly (Boser 2015). Counting was changed to mini-grids in 2013 to reduce costs. The 2013 decline in population estimate is believed to be a reflection of that modeling change. In 2015, fox density was calculated to be ~11 individuals per sq km (This is a dramatic statistical increase from the ~4.3 per sq. km reported in 2014. Because of this unusually large estimate change FIF, has chosen to report the conservative ‘adult only’ population figure.) During annual health checks all first-time animals are microchipped, ~150 individuals are vaccinated against rabies and canine distemper (with approval of the new vaccine), 50 individuals are monitored by radio collar (Boser 2015). Concerns: While transient golden eagles still pose a threat, disease introduced via human visitation poses the greatest potential threat to the Santa Cruz Island fox. As the population recovers less funding is available and The Nature Conservancy (TNC) is transitioning to a smaller area for annual counting: twelve mini grids. Blood testing to monitor antibodies (titers), which identify possible disease threats, will only be completed every five years (Boser 2015). Collared sentinel foxes are the only way to identify introduced disease on Santa Cruz. As fox density increases the threat of rapid dispersal of an infectious disease is magnified (Hugens, 2014a; Ferrara, Hudgens & Garcelon, 2008). Vaccination is taking place in a core area of the island rather than throughout the island (Boser 2015). Any visitation by domestic dogs or introduced wild animals, like raccoons, could introduce unexpected, and potentially fatal, disease. Drought has ravaged the island’s pine forest, leaving most pines dead. Fire has become a major concern.

Positive Note: Foxes appear robust and increasing. Native vegetation on Santa Cruz offers greater biodiversity than on most of the other islands. Native plants are providing food for island foxes despite the drought. Bald eagle nesting continues and there have been no known cases of golden eagle predation in three years (Boser 2015). Biosecurity signage has been posted at entrance ways into TNC areas of the island (Boser 2015). Identification microchips enabled biologists to identify a female fox, F77, that was born during captive breeding, released, lived a full life and passed away at 12 years old; the oldest documented island fox on Santa Cruz.

Friends of the Island Fox A Program of the Channel Islands Park Foundation 1901 Spinnaker Drive, Ventura, CA 93001 www.islandfox.org [email protected]

Island Fox Update 2015, FIF, pg 5 of 8

Santa Catalina Island, land manager: Catalina Island Conservancy Status: Endangered (USFWS and CA FWS), but recovered Population: Historical est.: 1,342 Low Point: 103

2000 1500 1000

Recent est. high of 1,852 in 2013 2014 est.: 1,717

500 0 1996

2000

2004

2007

2009

2011

2013

The Santa Catalina Island fox (Urocyon littoralis catalinae) was decimated by canine distemper virus (CDV), introduced via a raccoon, between 1998-2000. Captive breeding ended in 2006 and foxes were returned to the wild. Since 2011 the population has remained above 1,500 individuals (higher than known historical population estimates). Drought impacts on pup birthrates and survival were first documented on Catalina. In normal rain years, pups may constitute 40% of the population, in drought years 6% (King 2015). Rodent populations are similarly impacted by drought (King 2015), reducing an important fox food resource during breeding (Coonan 2015a). The Catalina population appears healthy, but the island may have reached carrying capacity. Drought impacts have caused a slight population decline (King 2015). The population is expected to stabilize around 1,600 (King 2015). Fox density remains high: ~8.84 individuals per sq. km (King 2015). Foxes are counted annually using cages along “strings.” During annual health checks all first-time animals are microchipped, all are treated for ear mites (to prevent cancerous tumors in the ear canal), over 250 individuals are vaccinated against rabies and canine distemper (with approval of the new vaccine), ~80 individuals are monitored by radio collar (King 2015). Concerns: Threats to foxes include vehicles, domestic dogs, accidental poisoning, feral cats, disease, and wild animals transported from the mainland (King 2105). Over a million people visit the city of Avalon annually. Raccoons and opossums stowing away on private boats and being transported to Catalina pose a vector for disease introduction (King 2015). Drought has increased external parasites: lice and fleas. Infested foxes focus on scratching rather than foraging; General health declines, parasites increase, and a downward spiral can become fatal (King 2015). In 2014, 21 island foxes were killed by cars (King 2014). Traffic signs along road sections frequented by island foxes warn drivers to “Watch for Foxes.” “Fox-Saver” bins with secured openings and new lids for old cans are being installed at high traffic areas for people and island foxes. In the first half of 2015 only two animals have been killed by cars and no foxes have died in trash bins (King 2015). Open bins remain a concern and continued effort is needed to replace dangerous receptacles. Serology testing in 2010 first identified the presence of canine adenovirus (origin of “kennel cough” and canine hepatitis); 58% of tested foxes also show exposure to corona virus (King 2011). In 2014 corona remained prevalent with no fatalities (King 2015). Prevalence of parvovirus in 2014 may have contributed to low pup survival. The combination of people, pets and wild animals from the mainland poses a constant threat for the introduction of disease on this island. An effective CDV vaccine is urgently needed.

Friends of the Island Fox Positive Note: Permanent Asigns regarding stowaway raccoons are posted in mainland marinas (King 2011), Program of the Channel Islands Park Foundation but continued public education is needed. Threats from fatal ceruminous gland carcinoma have been greatly 1901 Spinnaker Drive, Ventura, CA 93001 reduced by effective treatment of ear mites which caused inflammation (Vickers, et al 2015). Foxes are www.islandfox.org vaccinated throughout the island’s interior to provide [email protected] greatest protection against disease (Hudgens, 2014a).

Island Fox Update 2015, FIF, pg 6 of 8

San Clemente Island, land manager: United States Navy Status: Endangered (CA FWS), stable 1300

Population:

975 Historical est.: 1,000

650

minimal data between 2004-2008

325

2014 est.: 1,230 (adults only)

0 1996

2000

2004

2007

2009

2011

2013

The San Clemente Island fox (Urocyon littoralis clementae) population continues to be robust (Booker 2015). Biologists have now documented reproduction, on this most southern island, occurring two months earlier than on northern islands. Pups are being born in February (Booker, 2014). Different social behavior has also been observed: polygamous (one male with two breeding females) and females helping raise another female’s pups (Booker, 2011). Currently fox density is extremely high, up to 40 individuals per sq. km in some areas However, in less desirable habitat, density is as low as less than one individual (Booker 2015). Drought impact may be greater in these habitat zones. Counting takes place annually on mini-grids. During annual health checks all first-time animals are microchipped, ~102 are vaccinated against rabies and canine distemper (with approval of the new vaccine); 95 individuals are radio collared for monitoring (Booker 2015). Concerns: Seven unusual fox mortalities occurred in a limited area of the island in 2014. These animals died due to airborne minerals impacting the lungs (Booker, 2014; Woods, 2014). Researchers are still investigating the source and cause of this situation. Records show that similar deaths have occurred on all islands, but they were previously regarded as isolated events (Woods, 2014). No additional deaths of this kind occurred in 2015.

Positive Note: Vehicular traffic is the major cause of island fox death on this island. Roadside mowing and gravel shoulders are helping drivers see foxes and avoid them. From a high of 68 animals in 2010, the Navy has worked to educate Naval staff. In 2013, 43 individual island foxes were hit and killed by vehicles (Booker, 2014). In 2015, the number continued to decline, with 15-20 fatalities to date (Booker 2015). A speed detecting trailer and speeding enforcement are in place, but personal contact has proven to be the best deterrent (Booker 2015). Education outreach efforts seem to be working. In 2015 there have been no cases of island foxes dying from rodenticide poisoning (Booker 2015). Removal of goats and the rehabilitation of native plant communities has benefited the island fox. Even during the present drought, the population is robust and increasing. Lower population numbers were seen in areas where native plants have yet to be reestablished (Booker 2015).

Friends of the Island Fox A Program of the Channel Islands Park Foundation 1901 Spinnaker Drive, Ventura, CA 93001 www.islandfox.org [email protected]

Island Fox Update 2015, FIF, pg 7 of 8

San Nicolas Island, land manager: United States Navy Status: Endangered (CA FWS), stable, but declining 800 600 Historical est.: 520 400 minimal data between 2002-2007 200 Recent est. high of 725 in 2008 0 1996 2014 est.: 263 (adults only)

Population:

2000

2004

2007

2009

2011

2013

Monitoring of island foxes (Urocyon littoralis dickeyi) on San Nicolas Island began in 2000. Historically there has been a high annual individual survival rate and this island has had the greatest fox density of any place in the world. Since 2009, however, the population has declined. Initially the loss of older animals was regarded as a natural population adjustment (Hudgens, 2011). Since 2012, however, there has been a 41% population drop. Initially declines were occurring in grassland areas and among young adults (Hudgens, 2014b). Serology testing identified no specific disease epidemic and no unexpected predator was found (Ferrara 2015). Individual island foxes were radio collared for observation. Biologists documented foxes with low body weight losing an additional 25% in weight in a short time. Drought has significantly impacted the island habitat. Most of the vegetation available as island-fox food is introduced ice plant, Australian saltbush and Myoporum (Cypher et al 2015). These non-native plants have declined significantly during the drought, leaving the island foxes without food (Ferrara 2015). Starvation appears to be the cause of the current decline. Counting takes place annually on mini-grids. During annual health checks first-time animals are microchipped and vaccinated against rabies and canine distemper (with approval of the new vaccine). ~56 individuals are radio collared for monitoring (Ferrara 2015). Concerns: If the drought continues, the population could continue to decline. Restoration of the native plant community is the only hope to provide the San Nicolas Island foxes and other native species with long-term survival (Ferrara 2015). Internal parasites–tapeworm and Spirocerca–appear to have increased during drought conditions and may be exacerbating declines in island fox health (Ferrara 2015). The density of island foxes on San Nicolas combined with their debilitated general health, puts these animals at great risk if disease is introduced (Hudgens 2014b; Ferrara, Hudgens & Garcelon, 2008). An approved distemper vaccine is vitally important for the protection of this population.

Positive Note: Close monitoring of the population alerted biologists to the current threat while the population was still quite high and action could be taken (Hudgens 2014b). Habitat restoration test plots, where ice plant will be removed and native vegetation replanted, have been proposed for the coming year (Ferrara 2015). Vehicular trauma no longer poses a great threat to island foxes on San Nicolas. Road signs and Naval staff education efforts have been very successful and only one fox has been killed by a car in 2015.

Friends of the Island Fox A Program of the Channel Islands Park Foundation 1901 Spinnaker Drive, Ventura, CA 93001 www.islandfox.org [email protected]

Island Fox Update 2015, FIF, pg 8 of 8

Island Fox Update 2015 References:

Booker, M. (2015, June 16). San Clemente Island Update. Paper presented at 2015 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Booker, M. (2014, June 17). San Clemente Island Update. Paper presented at 2014 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Booker, M. (2011, June 14). San Clemente Island Update. Paper presented at 2011 Annual Meeting, Integrated Island Fox Recovery Team, Ventura, CA. Bosner, C. (2015, June 16). Santa Cruz Island Update. Paper presented at 2015 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Coonan, T. (2015, June 16, a) San Miguel Island Fox Update. Paper presented at 2015 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Coonan, T. (2014, June 17, a). San Miguel Island Update. Paper presented at 2014 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Coonan, T. (2015, June 16, b). Santa Rosa Island Update. Paper presented at 2015 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Coonan, T. (2014, June 17, b). Santa Rosa Island Update. Paper presented at 2014 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Coonan, T. (2011, June 14, b). Santa Rosa Island Update. Paper presented at 2011 Annual Meeting, Integrated Island Fox Recovery Team, Ventura, CA. Cypher, B., Madrid, A.Y., Van Horn Job, C.L., Kelly, E.C., Harrison, S.W.R., Westall, T.L. (Oct 2014) Multi-population comparison of resource exploitation by islands foxes: Implications for conservation. Global Ecology and Conservation. Ferrara, F. (2015, June 16) San Nicolas Island Update. Paper presented at 2015 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Ferrara, F. J., Hudgens, B. R., & Garcelon, D. K. (2008, February 5-7). Automated remote telemetry: Developing a management plan for the San Nicolas Island fox. Paper presented at Seventh California Island Symposium, Oxnard, CA. Hudgens, B. (2014, June 17, a). Mapping Epidemic Risk in Island Foxes. Paper presented at 2014 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Hudgens, B. (2014, June 17, b). San Nicolas Island Update. Paper presented at 2014 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Hudgens, B. (2011, June 14). San Nicolas Island Update. Paper presented at 2011 Annual Meeting, Integrated Island Fox Recovery Team, Ventura, CA. Guglielmino, A. (2011, June 14). Leptospira Infection in Santa Rosa Island Foxes. Paper presented at 2011 Annual Meeting, Integrated Island Fox Recovery Team, Ventura, CA. King, J. (2015, June 16). Santa Catalina Island Update. Paper presented at 2015 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. King, J. (2014, June 17). Santa Catalina Island Update. Paper presented at 2014 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. King, J. (2011, June 14). Santa Catalina Island Update. Paper presented at 2011 Annual Meeting, Integrated Island Fox Recovery Team, Ventura, CA. Vickers, W., Moriarty, M., King, J., & Hendricks, S., (2015, June 16). Ear Tumors: Mite Treatment and Genetics. Paper presented at 2015 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA. Woods, L. (2014, June 17). Island Fox Pathology Update. Paper presented at 2014 Annual Meeting, Island Fox Conservation Working Group, Ventura, CA.

Friends of the Island Fox A Program of the Channel Islands Park Foundation 1901 Spinnaker Drive, Ventura, CA 93001 www.islandfox.org [email protected]

Island Fox Update 2015 - Friends of the Island Fox

www.islandfox.org admin@islandfox.org. Notes from the. Island Fox Conservation. Working Group Meeting. June 16 - 17, 2015. Island Fox Update 2015.

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