I
IN ST IT UT
DE
E U Q TI A M R
ET
ES M È ST Y S
E N
RE CH ER C H E
R
IN F O
I
S
S IRE O T ÉA AL
A
PUBLICATION INTERNE No 1546
REMOTE INTERACTIVE WALKTHROUGH OF CITY MODELS USING PROCEDURAL GEOMETRY
ISSN 1166-8687
JEAN-EUDES MARVIE, JULIEN PERRET, KADI BOUATOUCH
IRISA CAMPUS UNIVERSITAIRE DE BEAULIEU - 35042 RENNES CEDEX - FRANCE
INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET SYSTÈMES ALÉATOIRES Campus de Beaulieu – 35042 Rennes Cedex – France Tél. : (33) 02 99 84 71 00 – Fax : (33) 02 99 84 71 71 http://www.irisa.fr
!"!#$%'&()+*-, /.013241 !# 56/7.8"!:94;<= * >+?A@+BDC)EF=G ?AHJIK@+LMONP?+QR>+FDSPNP?ABKT?ALULV?XWYQ Z8@+GDN[\]F@^W_\]F `ba c
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UPRESSA 6074) Université de Rennes 1 – Insa de Rennes
Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique – unité de recherche de Rennes
2 U1D .0 9 < 5 / Å .8"!Ä"! É Á#
=).0 !1 .0Å1 , /.Å 1 .0 U 1O= =1
Û ¡ ^ Û ¦ ¯ ä rm^tfq°r | wX|qpo7 m|w q|fU pfmAopwum^ m!m|w «ufUer o fe gf fm^r_«Yv~urbosvxwum rX f q m^|wf/opgqsf wY fe r opfUfy wXf/qsg«YfÁv ~ fUf!qsf fU «Xq|ffV §w fUmAo|fVfU grefmA o r³¶v
fÁµ·A|¸f/¹º¹xµbg»ªwY¼ áfe f!fU §qpo wfUt]gfU f qsrfUqpg }Çfoopq°rr¶m^ mª¯ r_fU q|«AfVv~ u rr8e opv~wXm¬fVjr t v~fpmAfv~osm «Yq^fUv
rf m¬ q q|fU r¶pfUrg{ÈrXt d rXvxm|f!f t v~vxfoUmA¼8opfuÆD¼²r!áfUfU wXggf wosqp v~ffe fU f tqsfVwt]gfV w q°fre fV fU§wu§ojmuo{fm
¸ n¸ » n¸ sµ b¸ 0µb¹
X·
³ u¸¹ º»A· °¸ pµb¹ 7¸ ¸
!#" $&%
('*)+', .-/ 0%1
h
32 4 ,"
ÔDv~ qpf v~qs
= .8"! - !. Å . (j c q°rm^pg v~s§v~wXm!rmªd !qpfVr yPosdvxgf«Yv~^ d r v Urd opv~wXmJw ¯ g{rX s§v~¯ «Xfh ä gwf c< d rqsftwum^§opq°rv~m|fU dY o d fm|fo§y o¨rX¨qpwXfVw qsrj±qsm^fUfpofUr¨rXm^qswXt qsd ¨7±/v
rYvxm^o qsÁfUtqprXopfVv~m^wXr ¶m^ yPÅoso vxo gdffÂrbXoqsq°frrm^qsf fUv~ tUqpv~qp m|wuXrqsw fUq°¯ s§g{¨
8
<;
>=
B? ,@
;.? A@
3?
DC
E? @
<;
C
FHGJI7KLNM4OP
@
¸°µb» X¸ ³8µ ¸ ¹ ¸» 7¸ p¸ µ / % '
,&
( >- ,
^µ
% 0
osÆOw0f«ur w qp wud Xwbqs¨ fUs§d v~«Xwbf¨©osqsoprXw¿m^v~pm^gtv
wusq § v~wXwXmÈq°rbw os¯fÁo «Yd v~ff¨<XynfUwXf g ffosmªq fmAwbo «uf qqsowXd XfqsfUm|spfvxo«u¨f/wuopqpq°±]r¼mªkn§mgv
p p vxwuRm× v~mpvxm|o d±Yfv~fv~q¨7v
Ât { |rmªrb o ãä d | ^ | vos
jw r8qs]f g m^||osf fopq g!vxyz qsrX¼ fUqppÅuw fjm ~ h vxos±uä vxwufmÄgÆ qswf f qpR fVÅrX§v~fUm^mAmu opo°fUrbqsosruÎvxt)wuopm gv~«X ffruxo §¼ fVw¿|c<UdwX}m¬fj Âv~r muosd fv~rbqsffUoRq°§rqsofq°tv~vxmÈdYfVr wuxw m ¯ o d fVwuw §vx mAfmªo§gy vxfm^ruo ȧd fVw{ ||pdrXfgv~qsÅfUod v~o m|rd o^r¼of «ur f ~ wbŨrbw o¯ d c d ¯ osg|qsfrXwosm^rXpvf g Urvx¼7qso§fÅosknfUm!r Áo pwbd w «Xv
fUqptfUrXo dpfXfos}^wm^o rufd otf¨tfgwXqsfUwY±+qs|r}|f opf7t do XgfUfÅwXr gqs f§opfmªv~osfq f qsrvxv~m^mª qsfUtqswuwYfm^qst«b§fUoprsq ¼ o t)osfUwjhJqs fUwX m! qso tw d f fowutpffv~forXmAd gof w p v~|§mAfÂfjow rw ¯ m^0|qprbwo o°d trfjfUop^w rbq°osr rf osqsrXm^pg ¯ vxwXo§osqfUqsÁfUr wb «XopfUv~qgo fÅd qpffUm|m^fof¨qsv~wum|qp±/w rX¯ qpg{f rupqspwvxt«ufUf h ä qsr g gwwf f wX mrXrqsrXpgvxm|f op fUf7qsUt¼wXg | osfqV}XwXm^f
;
? A@
=
0;?
@
?
<;
@
?
? A@
@
? ,@
/C
?
@
>? @
? @
C
C
? A@
( ', % &%'*? A@
' , ', % . &%'
?
@
? A@
? A@
" , % ', % &%' ?
&@
C
G
¸ n¸ » n¸ sµ b¸ 0µb¹
X·
³ u¸¹ º»A· °¸ pµb¹ 7¸ ¸
!#" $&%
('*)+', .-/ 0%1
32 4 ,"
qstfw mª| ÊfqsqsfUfm^wX|mfq o d d fvx pd fqsr«Xm^fUq wX qwb¨(wumqpo fVd §fÅw xt opv~fv~wXmAmÊoRv
«XfUm|qspwXv~owXm^ropqsw v~¯«Av
r¶r h osä ru§±]g¼ wã m|f f r mªwA¬ppv§ fUvm^ vx¿o o dv
f o dqsfUrbpoRv~ o d fÅr pffqsqs«XqpwufUqq v~t g{ v~frmAuofv~rXÅm^opÈwÁoqpdfUm^f fwbqŨ
@
Å Á d v~t d r x wb¨qsfUr yzopv~ gf/ ¨
9
? @
Server
Client
Database1 Database2 Database3
Walkthrough model 1
...
Client Walkthrough model 1
TCP/IP
Ô=v~ qsf w r §opfg rq°t d v osfUto qsfX¼ 57=
FHGJI7KLNM4OP
Client Walkthrough model 2
¸°µb» X¸ ³8µ ¸ ¹ ¸» 7¸ p¸ µ / % '
,&
( >- ,
^µ
% 0
¯w o ãd fm|fgww¯ of d fo d grboÅrXvxv
m¶ gwfVost fd mAropm^v
r v~~pxg «Yvxm¶v~pv w | f q¯ qp wu§g opfUg3o d ¯ fjv
t op w qpqsopfq°mArom^p«YgvxfUv¨ o rwum^vx8mAoV«A¼v
½:¯ r vxo dv Ufjo d wuv
m ÅxrXvxg3o d fvxm0 |«Yv~fp¨fo } oosdvxwufm s}]t¨fUm|ffjv
fÅosf qs|g vxm|v~fj«Av
od fVf8rXv~mubos§wÁrXttfUfm^~t rqsm^f 8rbopr v~wX mªÖ d !v 8w fw o ¨fUft)fUo°m¶Åtv
fx twX¼ g ä | qpopv~fUm| Á¨wXqÅr fV±ArXo td d qpw t f ~ d ¼o kndm¶frXt|f |~v y ¯ ru_f§qprXopv~tm|ffUmAmuoo opwqso f d ¯ ffo°d tt d v~qsm|qp{fUmu opo
=
C
<;
/C
/C
/C
G
¸ n¸ » n¸ sµ b¸ 0µb¹
X·
³ u¸¹ º»A· °¸ pµb¹ 7¸ ¸
!#" $&%
('*)+', .-/ 0%1
Ù
32 4 ,"
^ q wupf w ¯ v~mAopfUqsrut)opv~«Yv o c< d}|o d fjg{r v~¯ g g3d osw osr m g fUqÅw ¯ w ~d Xwu m^< opw fqpfUm^¯ fd qsfU!v
Åpfo opw x r uuvxwX«um^fmJr m ~ wbg ¨fVfqopw f|qsf¼ m^|ffqsfUÅǼá c<´dYw U}YfUruopwt fUrXw t d fUÅtoá qpKf tqswXfUqspqpffVmA os wXo mª|f rqswtfUq§wXo°qpropv~v~m wXmJm w g o fUfqw ¯ w ~ uw wXm^y d d d Y ã ä ~ oos dvxg fjv ÆUYrã¼=opknv~ä wXmmJotwu¨v~g fR ¨v~mAwAr op§qsfV}bwYÁo w f¯ tf rr m m^ wg o rud pffpq
/C
<;
=
H % 2/ 0
;
=
5
FHGJI7KLNM4OP
¸°µb» X¸ ³8µ ¸ ¹ ¸» 7¸ p¸ µ
/ % '
0 v wq°rf q
! $" g wf Xfm^oswXfg{q°rbrbopwuosv~q t
,&
knmutosvxof qsggfUwv
rbf os f
ä Yrfosqsr «X fUrXq pf Ô=v~ qsfh
( >- ,
r0q°rwgff op fq°
| vx«YrXtv
§f v~wXm
^µ
% 0
wXvxqpm^osrXrbq osvxwum twXÖÅg v
|pv osv rbv oso vxwum ä rbosr rXpfXfm^fq°rbopv~wXm qswtfUsU¼ 5
6
Û ]¢U¡8¤ 0=à 0 È Û £_¡ ß =ß ß £b¡ d xÈ ¯ ^ optwÍqswusg§qsrXwuvxmAruo°|rv~mÏrqsfr¬rutpw pd vxufm|qsffUm^Jtrf t wufm^o¨o°fUrfmAm o do d fo v~f rbd d ooVfU¼ rXvx qpdfoswX/m w ¯ os§qpfVfU fo wX q r_«Xvfgv~fUm|muuo°U¼0}Yo d vxmªf¶tf{qswu¨ru|f//¨rrXmªmA o % à V¤|¥ Û 0=¥ Ü £ Û ¤¢ ( ß 0D¡ & ( - fo¨ffUm | v vxm^uU¼ c
<;
<;
.=
;
G
¸ n¸ » n¸ sµ b¸ 0µb¹
X·
³ u¸¹ º»A· °¸ pµb¹ 7¸ ¸
!#" $&%
('*)+', .-/ 0%1
Ø
32 4 ,"
¨rXm^f{Jm^trqso wu sq°§r qs~wuxruÈ| p¯ f/wYwXqpowA rXqs|vxmAo°rXm^opÊwXutfqso wud sfpq
/C
!#"$&% '
@
Islets, Roads, Crossroads footprints
Regular graph
Buildings, Parks footprints
Edge noise
Vertices noise
Styles choice
Elevation noise
ÔDv~ qpf opwug{rbopv
tÂXfUm|fq°rbosvxwum qswtfVpU¼ 5
qsf £bqp¡fV¢ §fU¡Umu¢ o<Û -tqswusu§fqswum|rufUqs|roprXfVm^/r/qsqswufru ||R rXqsqfU m| wufUmt)yzoswuvx«uqpv~f f~mA osfUÑ Ô=!vxXq°r qs^fÂd X¼ r Ò c<¼ d c
FHGJI7KLNM4OP
;
¸°µb» X¸ ³8µ ¸ ¹ ¸» 7¸ p¸ µ / % '
,&
( >- ,
^µ
% 0
Ô=vx qpf fm|fUqsropfUJ§opqsffo7uqsr |d rXm^JfË]fUt)o°7w ¯ rX||v osvxwum^r m|wuv~pfX¼ a.
b.
c.
53=
oh d ä ftopwYwbwX¨7q°m }Yv~m^o drbosfÂfUm< ¨7g vxo d fq7m|ww ¯ d tfUqsvxwu sd po qpwAÑ vPrX¼ |fX¼orXd m^f o d tfwYwX fq°m|Xv~m^o rbd osfÂw ¯ v~
<;
G
¸ n¸ » n¸ sµ b¸ 0µb¹
X·
³ u¸¹ º»A· °¸ pµb¹ 7¸ ¸
!#" $&%
('*)+', .-/ 0%1
W2
u
32 4 ,"
Islet R2 P1
C R1
W1
Road
Crossroad b.
ÔDv~ qpf Ô^wAwXo qsv~muo°<XfUm|fq°rbosvxwum ¯ wXqtqpwAppqswurX^}AqpwArX|
ososqsvxwurXm m^¼ ¯ c
C
;
<;
back
front
a.
intermediate
b.
Ô=v~ qsfjÙ Ô|wYwXo qsvxmAo°<Xfm^fq°rbopv~wXm ¯ wXq | v v~m|uU¼
footprint
c.
5
¤|¡U¢j¡¢ Û d Y c
¸°µb» X¸ ³8µ ¸ ¹ ¸» 7¸ p¸ µ / % '
,&
( >- ,
^µ
% 0
% ' &% '
H ,
&
A'
%
<;
;
%
ã | d ¯ d o d|f qJv~qÂv~ «ArXv
srX§twfVfÈtv
orb d osfUf m^vx¯r_«YwY«Yv
wX§v~ouv~wX rbmÓqsosvxvxmAwugo°mÈ fo d r_rXw«utÀf fg{v~mAfropf±Xw0mÈfVhf ä opqptfÄ f ~w fVÇ|¼o f Ô= fÈvxgvx uvxfopqpfUm|f fUqsØ Yrop fVd owbd ¨vxf{mAopqpr fUwAqprXg| fVrXtrfv~m^rÄop f¿|t tqs|wuvxovxs«Ypv
qp§gwAv~wXrXwm8|Uqsf }ªfUwu¼© |m^tk®oUfo ¼ c< d ff osq fU¶qpwArXY ¯ wYd wo qsvxmA os r qsf | | v~«Av
fV¶v~mA opwÁo d qsffÑ m|f¨6tf ~ ÅoswÁqsÒ fU tfjd o d f{p|v U fw ¯ o d xf v
ÖÖ×8fVÅpÆDtXqpØAfUv Ù m|fUfÐ Äq° rbfV¨7os fUv Ñ o ÔDd v~ r! qpo m|fffj¨Õ u«YÒ Öv~p¼ v×Åc<8v d vxfoÆOØYtf Ùt~wX |g w ¯ v o opd yzo°v~fÂrbmÊopÔ=v~m|wXvxmw qpf/fqpwm^ trXfVgpd fUrX Rpof¨fjbwjp» fUrubt_¸ op§v~wXrXm8t¸f¹ºh|mA¹o¼ rtm^f¼¿~RsrXr_o t d«XfVrb¶o7qsfUrv~ mÊqsf§osqpf vxf m^ ¯ frqsq°tqprbffVos f osv
w rX mȧv~m|f Josfo m^d |fv~fUq qpf rq opv~«Xvxf±uf oq d ÂwA§v~m¶f o d pffUÈÐ^opf w0 qsfs¯¸fU¹ºq¹ op)w0¹ ¼ f c
7
B
4 %
0% J%
)!
4 <%
4
'
G
¸ n¸ » n¸ sµ b¸ 0µb¹
X·
³ u¸¹ º»A· °¸ pµb¹ 7¸ ¸
!#" $&%
('*)+', .-/ 0%1
32 4 ,"
Vh
"!#$%&'(!)%)*!+
, .-/!012!3465(%10 78 :9/!)01 (;=< 2!>01? &@A%%B(!3 2!>01C?(D3@ 0%%2E 2!>01?(D3@ A'1F' &GH!I4J2E K L 2!#-'M N)-/!01 2;O QP 0 L 5(%10R!#(EI'(&!>'(!)% 9/!01 (;>S %%B(!3T
VWYXZ [XZ \V
2;#YX]@ ^;3\W[XZ [X_ \ ^;;I YX @`
(;#W[XZ [XZ
WaYX]a
@aW(;/XZ [X_ a
@ @ K 0%%2E '1F' &GH!I4J2Eb
=gÔ v~fV t d qsrf m| v
pgJÖ¼ ×Å8ÆOØYÙÐ fXfUm|fq°rbosfU ¯ wXqwXm|f | v v~m|ÁfVptqpv osvxwum §v~m|{o d fg c R×Åâ × ãcÅã 5
ÔDv~ qpfØ fUm|fq°rbosfUJ rXtf | vx«Yv
§v~wXmO¼ 53=
ih
j
' " %
%
ã q| «Av
p¯ v v v o 8 qpd f qpw~ tfUs§v~m|! twXmª §v
o°Âd vxmÈÐ^m^|d vxm|d ^ v v~m|uU}Oqswuru|Ârm^¿tqpwAppqpwA|rX | wXop fUmuosv~r ¯ x~ «Yv
§v f qswXgfVrXt tf ¼Âknm¶w qr uwXqsv o g!}]¨ v~t v~|m wXoÂtwXm^pfqs«brbopv~«Xfu}^¨ftwXg osfr Ö wXq FHGJI7KLNM4OP
U
¸°µb» X¸ ³8µ ¸ ¹ ¸» 7¸ p¸ µ / % '
,&
( >- ,
^µ
% 0
?
f
&002;%$00S &)000 < L 00EN&002;I P 0&002;I L X L 00EN&002;I P 0&002;I L K J/!01 < K &)%$'4G(!#2E < K &)%%1%%12!#'S B % !# < \W @ R@ W W` Xd@\
@@`a @ W
@ a X \O; a V R@(;I` U;I (; X \O;
a V \"@(;I` ^;# (; X @\ @@`a \*@ W @ a X \W
@ \"@ W
W` K f &)00 %%12D#1 < X ;=Xe X 2;=Xd@ Xe\TXdW X 2; X ;=X XeW Xc\ X 2;bX X ;=Xc\ X @ X H;=Xd Xe Xd@ X X H; K
Ô=vx qsf Ö×Å8ÆOØYÙjÐ fÂufm|fUqsropfU ¯ wXqrtf ~ fUstqsv opv~wXm pvxm|{r b» _¸ ¸¹º¹ | v opyzv~m!m|wfX¼ 5
7
fVw rX t qjd twuosqpfm|g!fUq}=ow d ¯ f o d f8ÖtÄf xw ¼ ¯ r8c
=
*
(
G
¸ n¸ » n¸ sµ b¸ 0µb¹
X·
³ u¸¹ º»A· °¸ pµb¹ 7¸ ¸
!#" $&%
('*)+', .-/ 0%1
_
32 4 ,"
Buildings
cop
Cell
dir
Buildings p
Ôw=¯ v~ qsqswfjfVut) osvxwuÑ m Ð^ªÑ ¼Atwr +Ò Ò ×}Ofvxosm^jfUqpvxv~qsm|fU top v~wXw m Ñ |ã vxqm|Ò frw m^¯ Èo d vxfÂos pv qswtUrfVgt)osfvxq°wurm v
R|v~rm m^qsffUÇO¼}YvxoÑ Ðªv
^¼fªÐ^Ò m^fU×7 fYmª fvxosqs
b.
5
5
5
VfgrXwt df wX }Çm|qsf{f ¯ rufUpqppqswfUt!v
rbosopwÁfV¶¨7vx¨7o dvxo d rm r!)»ªvx¹Ë+º»+fUqp¸fUmAm^owY|qpfUfXm^}Çv
fqsv~m|v~ | r w fV0¼/¨7Åvo d d r wb¨7 mÄm|vvxmÄ f{o d tv~w wXÐ^q ¨ qpd fuv
}Ot dr v
ÂqpwrXtsfU§v~ X m|q°fVr osuw/vx«uofUd =fjo d gffggfwugq !wXq wX v~muwXosv~fmAq opf q°wuvxwmA¯ osvxr m|x o opd w f o d »^v
¹Åº»]v~m¸7 m|vxm^wffVm|w«Yv
fu§¼v |Y fwª}+¯ qpo wud g fto wud mufosá fmAãosÅ w w ¯ ¯ o o d d fv
v~g{tUrrguffjq°r|v~¼qpfVát)wXo m~ y opdf rboÂfUg{mAo r~±u fU}+ o d |f to wud muf osf mAÖos8w w¯ ¯ r o~d ofd tff ~ {¼jv~âgwXrXopXffVo Åd urvxo«ufUwu7m|fo d tfw |g fUg wX§qfÁo d f wXv~ãmAop ffq°mÂw ¯ ÆÍo dwftt ~ »^p¹ ºvx»]wum¸m| w fUqfU f opfknmªm0§rXv~wX^mÁvoposw{vxwu m } fU¯ fUwX q<|fVrX t od d tUv
rg qsfwq°tr fVpU ¼ Ñ w ¯ o d f tUrgfq°rX
(
(
.
(
=
5
"
ÆOtwbf«XofUqpfV v f fjo d fj m g ¯ wu q
FHGJI7KLNM4OP
(
5
!
" " #%$'&)(*,+-
V
¸°µb» X¸ ³8µ ¸ ¹ ¸» 7¸ p¸ µ / % '
,&
( >- ,
^µ
% 0
=ÔtwXv~qsqp fVqs f wX mª vxc
.
c
3C
5
!
c
5
?
@
?
@
4
01 %
'
/C
<;
<;
G
¸ n¸ » n¸ sµ b¸ 0µb¹
X·
³ u¸¹ º»A· °¸ pµb¹ 7¸ ¸
!#" $&%
('*)+', .-/ 0%1
bÙ
32 4 ,"
Ñ ¯ tUrqpmf ¯ f qqsopwbw«Yv~ |f od v~«Af v
fqsf o d fo°ft d osv~qpm|fU8fo°r R Xv~mAwuopqpwvxo od d gÉqsff¨7tv o f dÄ~ fÑ ÔDopopv~fU qj qpqsffU U|h +o° Ò }A¨ pfd f/v~t pd fUtv~opv~wXv~m/m¬w Ò q¼ w c< dvxm|v
v~wXv
m/o ¨ d dYf fV¨fo twXg qswXgv
§fu¼
cell
cell
=ÔrXqpv~fÁ m|qswf/oVv~h moc
b.
5
5 5
ã qx«Y v~pv v vxo pw ~ osdvxwum/ v~m|wXo
%
ã mªtfRd «Yv
§v v vxo d ru ffUmt¯ wug | opfV ¯ wuq r x o d fd tf ~ U}bw q §opfUg´XfUm|fq°rbos fUOr m|fU¨Ê¯ Ö×8 ÆDØAÙqpwYwXo Ш d fv~to d ro od tf wX mA§o°fUrqv~m^tUrm r§posfrXo
FHGJI7KLNM4OP
)D
¸°µb» X¸ ³8µ ¸ ¹ ¸» 7¸ p¸ µ / % '
,&
( >- ,
^µ
% 0
¸twXm^§op q°rv~ºmA» osjg rqsf o qsfU v~ fJ fVvxm^t)ospfUv
Çf/}Roo dd fJf t vxwXm|mY±u«XfUf ÍÄtdYf |~ ~ v
w ¯ §o fVd ÍfJrurujppwo d tf0v
rbost fU qsqs fvxmAm|o±ufUm^¬r_«Ytv~f u~r¼Äopv~wXk ¯mo td f f ~ o¨¨ w¶d fr mÍ wbo d«uff ¯ ¯ d Ñ d Ò c
w 6 5§v~-/m|!#Âv~'muosfM y ¼ ¯ d |d d d d od qprXfwXt op w§o ÖfUYq × fU8Uqs¼ wÆOos½ ØYwÙo d YÐ f m!fUfUf t¼=wXmAosrXwXrXtqpvxopd/m^v~m| prfrqqswYqp wwYqsowwo7osswtsfUo tYm|ffÅm^ffuqsr ur qs§r wj||d o fwXÐ^rq7m|ofVr
-
-
-
'
-
'
&%
&%
E;
? @
? @
G
¸ n¸ » n¸ sµ b¸ 0µb¹
X·
³ u¸¹ º»A· °¸ pµb¹ 7¸ ¸
!#" $&%
('*)+', .-/ 0%1
VØ
32 4 ,"
© g Æ y® w osftgwumAopv
qsw r0~ v~tm|wu0mAopr!f Xopq°y®r p|fdm^v~ptvxopov~«X f q§o fur¼Áq°r kn~mÊ f w Xq°q r grXm|g{ r qrXo dfr¨o f{ ±XfUqfU¯ f wu qpg{o d Âf qsfX¨7q°rqsgv osvxg{m^Jrq w ¯ fUm^qstropopv~v~wXwXm^m^r vxwuo m ^ ¯ d d x ^ os§w0opwojt d fU¨sruf/tqsosvv~tw0f wum||qjw otrXwumAgm^oÂrXgvx±Xopfwv~wXm¿f p f{U¼ w v
knm¿fVo ÈrXf{^q |o v osfUq§vxowum¶tf d oswXwJrv
tq°o fUrXd Uf{}Ov~X¨t g! f{rX¼ sv~pmuv~âÅostUqprfw«X fUÆÇ q§ynot f f §o opfUd fUsf g U}O ¨¯wA pf{m^pvt)fU osrXvvxpwuvxv om^ r opfvxopw8g v~fUt roop f r t d rJ rurXo qsr q§o xo d f ff qs fwX¨7v~mAqsoJvxopv~v
m|Á «X fqqpwtfVvxg p YwX8qposrX|mu rXo!tvx§m^v~m^Jtrf¶vx o! r xt wbd ¨rXqs rut)¯ wuosfq q o d f fį wXvxqsm^f§oso rXd mAf{opv
q rb|opv~fwXmÓosw w ¯ fÖqp×fU¨78qpÆOvxo§ØYosÙ¿fm¿m|rbwoÂfVÐ^q°¼(oV¼ Åc<!d rXv~m fw ¯ ro g d v
| fXosqp} fU f/fog{trwXmª§Xv
fUfm|qfq°o rbd osfftUorX¨pw0fwwX¯o d rÁfUqm^rbq |o fVqsr }= wXopm^qsff fX¼¯ wX(qfVÆ rXy®t d opw f¯ gvxosq | fVfr_«XrufUppUw¼!tÆ v
rbfoso fU0 j¨7tUvxo r d ~r fV r qs¯ rXq m^|t d f orXd m fU pfvxm o¯ ¨wuqpwg{m|rfUop¨Àv~wXm q |¼{ fUâU¼wb¨c<}Od fv ¯ o¨¨f{w t fVwXrm^¯ pv~q ||f qfU7rJtUqr^m f{ ffVqspft¨7qpvqs v opv~opm|fUJmÁr v~m | rv q°r v~~m| f ¯ pqpv~wum^mAtosfro ud fjf o d |rbwoum^fwm|ofU qsd rropqsfUf g || popf v | fJfUmA¨7ov~m^wum|wbfU¨©vxq mª|o°fVrmA}opov
rbd osfÁf Ð^o q°d v~owX¨7m|v~fJm^XwbfU¨ m|fq°grbwosfUf o d opfJwĨ7qpf vx m^fV|rbwbo¨ o d Xf!fUwX¨7gv~fm^osqpwbv
t{¨ g wro§opf fU qp¨m d xv v~f!m|Är ~ wXmÍo d rf ¯ qswXmAo°rXfgwf ¼½Èfg §o
H % 2
01 %
/C
FHGJI7KLNM4OP
X
¸°µb» X¸ ³8µ ¸ ¹ ¸» 7¸ p¸ µ / % '
,&
( >- ,
^µ
% 0
ÔDv~ qpf Æ ã ä <Xfm^fq°rbopfV ¯ wuqÅr | v v~m|ª¼ 5
|; !7J#j kn¶m¶rwXXq°f x frq7mOos}bw/¨ v~d g v~t ^d fUv~g w fUmAoo v~rXm|m^fU!jvxf m Ô=fvxqs vx gqpffmAVoÅ|¨7¼ c
( ' ,
1 %
, ',
, ',
+
4 '
4'
H=
&? &@
6
H% ,
#
J 0
,#
',
%
1
%
7
%
7
&%
G
¸ n¸ » n¸ sµ b¸ 0µb¹
X·
³ u¸¹ º»A· °¸ pµb¹ 7¸ ¸
!#" $&%
('*)+', .-/ 0%1
32 4 ,"
vo°¯ r±uo fUd f¶rust«bfUm|rmAf0osrXv
/Xf{ ^w ¯ tv~f«Y~v~ |yzopfUwX y®tv~f mu~os wÊwXq t f rX~ m^ ¿huth f ®x¼Ó yPos½:wy®Xvxo fUd wXgo d fosv~ q ±A«Yv~m^v
§²v w v ¯ vxo m| wvxm fu¯ }wuqpo g{d f roppv~wX¸»m u¼!¸ knmº»Y· ru|vxopv~wXm ¹x¸ } c
H 4
%
H% ,
&%
?
@
&%
#
<;
Server
Client Client Manager Thread
Loading Thread
Client Manager Thread
TCP IP
Generic SceneGraph Handler
Rewriting Thread
Rendering
Prefetching
Motion
Listening Thread Secondary Storage
Visualisation layout
Any file format databases
User interactions
Graphic User Interface
=Ôpfv~qs «X fUqsqRfÅp_v~ f 8rXsrXpvxXuf m^x RrmjrrXo d qstqsdfUruv osfUt)opo w fUqsfXru¼=t d á t vxwXfUm^mAm|o fUtopffUqsÁ«Xft q= vxtfUwumAgoU¼g R rum|t v
d tro opd v~wXqsmfUru {pfUg{ rc q°á d r ~ k 0rm^ qs/wposfwYmªt|w ¼ ^c
½:× fUvxto rd x fVorXd t droRf o d osfÅfqspmtfqsm|wYfÅwoXq°m|r w|d f7v
v
RRtruwupgpw twAv
rb§osfVfUw r¯ qpwXf m|¯ ffqsqsfwYm^wtof
u
¸°µb» X¸ ³8µ ¸ ¹ ¸» 7¸ p¸ µ / % '
,&
( >- ,
^µ
% 0
^rXm|µwpo ¸ d Jfq¹ Vf µ osºf»Aqs·Ym qsd wAr_wX«Xof m| wfUfmfu}R vxo/fq ¯rXwXpqs±YgjfUo d f!¯ wusqtfUfVm|rXf t d um|qsr w|dfu¼Åd ½ rm^d fU mÈfqr opw¿ pfwbq¨7m|m w wufru¿m|fo fVd |v~7osf wÁ osfwbqs¨7mm m| wuwru f §v~m||dJo d d f ^ µ p¸ ¹ Vµ º»A·{ gfVt d rm|v
pgJ ¼ k ¯ o d v~d f osfqsm/m|wd fÅ v
m|wovxm{o d d fÂptfm|fuqsr |d }uo d fptfm|f uuqs}Çr f §fvxorm^wX m ~fU qvxpmªftm^qs|fÅgr fmAwAosrXo v~d m|v
{tqsfw mufUos§fo7qV¼opw/knmÄo w fj qÂpfv~qsg «XfU^q7 fU¨ gfUv mAfjosrbposfvxopwuopm¶v~m|o{d ofÖfj×rXs¶pwYƲtv~rÐ op fVfVÁqptf w ¯ fqsmAqpopfVfU0q7opopww d x d d d x oo¨7dd vxfrbo oÅtrf)~»^¨<¹ ºm|r »+w ¸m|fUpÂwfo7rXfUosqpw!frXÂRwbo ¨¨7d f mfUvx qwurXrXru|ppofUw tfÅv
Yrbop fopfVo o d f{tqpw fVt R v~mArXfopmAqpfUfÅo qs U|¼ wbg¨7wYm wA|rX fV fV §v~§m|v~ m|jo d o f v
Rºg»A·XfV¹xt¸¹ rVm|µ v
pºgJ»A·¶¼ágwXfUmYt «ud frXq°m|§v~f pg } 8 dY | ~ m^w ¯ffUo JdYfv~m^r¯mtqsf fd fÅr0f g |qpfUrbv
g§o°opr v
wXtq ruos§wÒ f¨ pg{f d fUfr tmo
%
' 4%
%
>',
%
<;
<;
A'," H4 0 H'
'4" J01 J'
A'," H4 0 H'
*
(
%% % '
&% '
c
¸ n¸ » n¸ sµ b¸ 0µb¹
X·
h
³ u¸¹ º»A· °¸ pµb¹ 7¸ ¸
!#" $&%
('*)+', .-/ 0%1
32 4 ,"
¨tUrf m v~ gf v o §o fVd JfopÔ=wukXÔ foã d fpq7v U¨7fjvxoosdw drXmrm^ g fwopo v~d wXfm o ¨qswÁfU|gv~twuop§v~wXoÂm0qpfVr t fXmAwuoqpvxo«Yd vxfUg!¨ ¼R Ô^wuvxwXmAqo°g¼ wXc
ih
% '
("
%
' # 0 1-/&'
% '
"
.' # 0 1-/&'
E' 0 - '
<;
% '
'
/C "
( -/&'
/C
(
.01 %
<;
<;
/C
5
(
FHGJI7KLNM4OP
/C
¸°µb» X¸ ³8µ ¸ ¹ ¸» 7¸ p¸ µ / % '
¨7v~mAvxopo fUd qpfVo d osvxfJm| t d ¯ vwu qrm|m w f d §opr_fU«Yg v~m|8 po vxm^d f
,&
( >- ,
^µ
% 0
fwb«u¨f fU §w o¯ wXm^ffXos¼¿rXv â¼ wosf/o d rboo d v
| ufo{rXs§v~Xm|gfUmuogfo d wv~
1 "0°=1 knqsmJfAo rd q°v~v~m|§fVÄt)oso vxd wuf¶mJp¨v f f0 w qs¯wb«Yo v~d f¶fupwXfgm|fUfqsrqsopfUfU ²| o°|rosdr wb¨7rXpvxfUm^U}o o d d f f f q r¯ wX vxqso g{ rw m^¯ tfUm^
ã m^fvxg d wX¯ qposrXmuo ¯ fUd rbo qsfw ¯ rm qpfUgwXopf¨
;
5
;
<;
<;
<;
<;
<;
6
<;
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
6
6
6
<;
<;
G
¸ n¸ » n¸ sµ b¸ 0µb¹
X·
³ u¸¹ º»A· °¸ pµb¹ 7¸ ¸
!#" $&%
('*)+', .-/ 0%1
32 4 ,"
p v fJosfw g(¯ oqsdf¨7fUpqsf0v osvxpm|rXg fÁ §gopfUwYgJ|f ¼ c
' ! " knm¿ wuqsÑ wXmJfUqo dopw0fjrt m^ vxfUr mAx oÅU§fv
o fd Ò f¼ opc
<;
<;
;
<;
;
Ô=v~ qsf7U c w «YvxfU¨Äw ¯ o d fRopfU§oDtv o gwf rm^ ro d pfU ¯ wuqOm|fo¨wuqp±ufU¨
FHGJI7KLNM4OP
¸°µb» X¸ ³8µ ¸ ¹ ¸» 7¸ p¸ µ / % '
,&
( >- ,
^µ
% 0
o wud ruf/tfU{qprXqsfm^mAoo td f wuxp¼ fŨdgwAwu§m|fÅ!Xfo wud gfV§ff{opq fUmAopd vxrXopv~RfUUm|}Dwo¨f{fUtfw mÁ rmuoqsfUo rud wu pfXofdm^rbfoq°rbd opfVr_«ufÑ qsm^fw¨7o qsv opopfffmmÊÒr Y qsfUorud f qpfU¨7wb¨7qpvxmo§yy v~|m|wbȨ7om d wAqsfUrXruÇfV¼ Ñ c
;
6
Quality (Percentage)
Downloads Downloads quality Rewrite quality
60
120
50
100
80
40
80
40
60
30
60
30
40
20
40
20
20
10
20
10
100
0 0
100
200
300
400
0 500
60 50
0 0
100
200
300
400
Downloads (KBytes)
Downloads Downloads quality Rewrite quality
120
0 500
¯Ô=wuv~q< o dqsff_¨<Ù r D ±AÆ o f d ¯ oqsOw qsfU d |os= w }¯ ¨7v wbo ¨7d w m wuo rX |§vxv~m|m| wb «XqsfUf qO¯ fosvxosgt d fXv~}um|ªwb¼ ¨7×m vx wud rXo |vxm|prX g fX } r v po vx m^rX m^ qpf qp¯fUf¨7ostqpdvxopvxv~m|m|ª ¼ r vxo ¯ do f½ ¨
5
Time (seconds)
5
5
=
;
/=
/C
?
@
G
¸ n¸ » n¸ sµ b¸ 0µb¹
X·
Ù
³ u¸¹ º»A· °¸ pµb¹ 7¸ ¸
!#" $&%
('*)+', .-/ 0%1
32 4 ,"
! "
¯ ×f fUt r §xfV o d ¯ wXrboqfUw ru t qd ¯ m|fUos¨ fgÉ|¯ qs rXqsgf v~ffUÂtwuwXm^mȧd opo q d f t)osvxqswurXm gÑ fYfVq°t)rboposv~f wXm¿d v
os¼ wXÒq ¼ d c opw0wÁt wud gwb¨'|| o opd f/rboÂo d w f q b ¹ §· opd bfU» gÎ ru|d/r·A ¸ oÅopopww oo|dd v Ë]fv
f qs¨
("
=
;
;
%
%
A= 6
6
?
?
"
%
N@
?
N@
<;
/C
FHGJI7KLNM4OP
/C
@
¸°µb» X¸ ³8µ ¸ ¹ ¸» 7¸ p¸ µ / % '
,&
( >- ,
^µ
% 0
160 XEON 1.7Ghz Quadro2 Pro PIII 800Mhz TNT2 Target FPS
140 120
Fps
100 80 60 40 20 0 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
450
500
Time (seconds) XEON 1.7Ghz Quadro2 Pro PIII 800Mhz TNT2
Polygon number / 1000
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Ô=u¼ v~Ù qsfu }^ c w ×DÔ|Êq°r}Ygâf«Yqsv~r|opv~fr wb «XfUq rXopv~qsgw Âf ¯ wXqpq w¨rXr m^ {±Ao r d qp w f mA osd v g( kp|k§k r ufV o¨7v
Xt}YfwX m r Uf Å×muosÅv Êg }Ygâ«Yv
ã v~â r c â c ¼ wopopwXg w x Xwum | |Xfowb«ufqopv~gf ¯ wXq
5 = 6
= C ;
6
5
C;
6
5
G
¸ n¸ » n¸ sµ b¸ 0µb¹
X·
³ u¸¹ º»A· °¸ pµb¹ 7¸ ¸
!#" $&%
('*)+', .-/ 0%1
32 4 ,"
Ø
Ô= v~ rX qsfqsw VØ ¬qsw^½¿} r st±Aqsofd fqsmÈw qpfV §d w x«Yopv~fv~wX¨m¶Jf w o°r r v~m|osfUwÄÓ u¨7 v o d r ¼ fc mAwopv g osrXgqpu fão ⯠up¼ ÙfoÂopw Ä ¨7 ¯ v o d U} r²w âosr«Yv~v
m|fVv~r ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ |w ¼~ X wuUm^} ¼ §v~m|X|UØX w x Xwum^U¼ wopopwug DosrXqpufo pfoRosw U}Xw osrv~m|fV{^u¼ Ù } pvxm|uÙ h 5
= C ;
5
!6
FHGJI7KLNM4OP
>5
h ¸°µb» X¸ ³8µ ¸ ¹ ¸» 7¸ p¸ µ ^µ Å%Å !71 ^Å vxqs|f r op}fªqs¼ropÊfUż~}vxm8ª¼ twXg ¼R|×7 fw d| «Y¯ }vxqpro mªrÍOÔ|¼ v ¼ v~m| qpwYfUwumA±+«Y¼ v~qpwuc m|wbf¨
? @
C
,&
( >- ,
0
76
H" A',1
%
'
? @
!C
D6
+C
5
C
? @
;
;
;
6
J1
? @
; B= 36 - & 4% ' N 2E2 -
? @ C +6
DC
2 '
D ,1
;
? @
$= J6
? A@
C .C C - & 4% '
H 4%
H
6
7 J1
? @
2
'
#
+=
+C
C / & H 4/27
7 H1
2
1 ,' D ,1
? @
2
?
@
= J1 2 ' D ,1
? @
?
=
5
-/ 4% ' 12 2 - !
C
@
$-/ 4% ' N2 'E
G
¸ n¸ » n¸ sµ b¸ 0µb¹
X·
³ u¸¹ º»A· °¸ pµb¹ 7¸ ¸
!#" $&%
('*)+', .-/ 0%1
h^
32 4 ,"
xUh c^rb ¼ so r/¼ vxm8Ô v~mAm|op± fUdqsruw t) oppv~f«XqVf }R^á ¼ v jv~¼ m| f¨< r v~±Am o }d rqsm^w ¬ Çd ¼=U¼<ªkn¼ m c f ~ fUqU¼È8rm^rXXfU» g)fU» mAno¸ pw µ ¯ rbqs¸ Xf/rgw p µmA osw )¯} rX fVÂX }ªVØXØ ¼ x ª¼ Âsµ rv bx~}O VrXØXm^Øu|ʼ Êd op¼ o Å f¨7qV¨7¼ ¨¼ ³¶v µ ¼ wXqsb ¸ ¹ v 2 ¼ ª¸ ¸¹ °µ ®¸¹ =» _¸ p¸ b» xV gä ¼wf f ±YÂg{wumÈrbo Ugruw | r|v }^ fª¼ª|8f«YfUv~tpffUoUd ¼j}ªknrm mªJb×» ¼ ¸ Âp¸ f» v~°m ¸ ¼7âwXm|^y ¸ |d)» wop®¸wu)qp»+fVrµ v~§op»+v
tµ¹ qpfUm^fUqpv~m|µ wb¯» twug |³¶ f µ |hu¸ {µ °µb¹ 7¸ ¹ p· b}^«uw ~ gf } rXXfVØuh Ø |}Yf opfUg fq XXu ¼ xU j¼ w | fX¼ qpwuXqsfUs§v~«XfgfV d fV¼ knm °¸°¸ º»A· } rufU7ØuØ + ^}^UØuØX^¼ x_٠¬ ¼]ÆOf«uw ¼ }w ~ rXXXwufVm y®ru p pv
os|fU}+UØu Øuf|J¼ rm^8g fJtwug qpfVppvxwum!w ¯ mAo d fosv~tjvxg{rufUU¼7knm =³ x fUmY¼«A8v~qswXrm|m^gmfrXmAm^o° ¼ ä kn¼um áw d fUm y ã nqU¸ ¼Yf pfUµ t opv~«Xf v f opq°r}m^«Xpw gx v~sgpvxfwum U ¯ wXÑ hq Ò m^} r_ «YrXv~uXfUrbosvxm^XÅ v~mqs f|g}+wUosØXfRØY«YÙYv~¼ q§o r xUØ k)c ¼ufUÊt d ¼Xm|8v~tUrXr q§ os×7vxm f ¼ª Åwuq§|oÅr × opá v~«X f7_qsÙ fum^ |}Afk qs
!C
"
'41
2
'
? @
=
,"
? @
5
JC
'0',
"
;
H
( ("
) H # ,', 7 H '4',
0;
7 & H
#
N.
'4' & # >
2 4 "
$-/ 0% ' 12 2 -
? @ C C ? A@
"
;
12 2 -
? @
B7 H1 2
' D ,1
? @
6
?
@
6
%.
'
!
H% ,
? @
1
@
?
!C 2 -
7 H
? @ C
D
6 '4
- & 4% '
? @
'4
;
;
5
,1
1"
> J1
? @
;
" A',1
FHGJI7KLNM4OP
DA'
1=
5 H .7 H1 2
N= = C
? @
4 J
',
J%7 H1 #
( #
6
E-/ 0& '0',
>
&5 #
12
'
1 ,'.- & 4% '
-
'
2 ' - & 4% ' N= = C <;
2
'
h
¸°µb» X¸ ³8µ ¸ ¹ ¸» 7¸ p¸ µ / % '
,&
( >- ,
^µ
% 0
Ù á¼|rXwXm^ryzÖru c f X}Ad k)¼Aâr_«br wª}ArXm^ ¼ q m|foV¼ c
? A@
&;
;
16
? @ =
7 H1 2 '
H
- & 4% '
?
? @
= ; 7 H1 2
@
=
(#" JN4
H%
N= =
1 ,' D ,1
44 J "
5
;
C
H" A',1
,
? @ 6 ?
7 J1
J%*2
'
5
@
B7 H1 2/
? @
12 2 -
1 ,' + ,1
C
? @
1
'* 'N
H% ,
G