Outline • Preliminary Issues – Logic of Prediction – Types of Predictors – Selection Plan • Initial Assessment Methods – Skills Inventory – Peer Assessments – Self‐Assessments – Managerial Sponsorship – Informal Discussions and Recommendations – Choice of Methods • Substantive Assessment Methods – Seniority and Experience – Job Knowledge Tests – Performance Appraisal – Promotability Ratings – Assessment Centers – Interview Simulations – Promotion Panels and Review Boards – Choice of Methods • Discretionary Assessment Methods
Preliminary Issues • Logic of prediction – Similarities exist between internal and external selection in terms of relative effectiveness of selection methods – Advantages of internal over external selection ‐ Data often provide greater depth, relevance, and verifiability & thus potentially better validity • Types of predictors – Content ‐ Greater depth and relevance of data available on internal candidates – Greater emphasis can be placed on samples and criteria rather than signs because information is available • Selection plan needs to be clearly communicated due to impact it can have on morale. Open/closed decision is important.
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Skills Inventory • Very common and high potential • Traditional – List of generic KSAOs held by each employee • Upgraded – Managers systematically enter latest skills acquired by employees in database as soon as they occur • Customized – Specific skill sets are recorded for specific jobs – SMEs identify skills critical to job success – Inventory assesses employee skilss for specific jobs
Peer Assessments • Very promising if can control contamination • Methods include peer ratings, peer nominations, peer rankings • Strengths – Rely on raters who presumably are knowledgeable of applicants’ KSAOs – Peers more likely to view decisions as fair due to their input • Weaknesses – May encourage friendship bias – Criteria involved in assessments are not always clear
Discuss pros and cons of this assessment method
Other Initial Assessment Methods • Self‐assessments – Job incumbents asked to evaluate own skills to determine promotability • Managerial sponsorship – Higher‐ups given considerable influence in g p g promotion decisions • Informal discussions and recommendations – Flexible for assessing elusive characteristics but may be suspect in terms of relevance to actual job performance Discuss pros and cons of each of the above
Seniority and Experience • Seniority ‐ Length of service with organization, department, or job • Experience ‐ Includes not only length of service but also kinds of activities an employee has undertaken • Among the most prevalent methods of internal selection • Why so widely used? – Direct experience in a job content area reflects an accumulated stock of KSAOs necessary to perform job – Information is easily and cheaply obtained – Protects employee from capricious treatment and favoritism – Promoting senior or experienced employees is socially acceptable ‐‐ viewed as rewarding loyalty Cont.
Seniority and Experience (Cont.) • Seniority is unrelated to job performance • Experience is moderately related to job performance, especially in the short run • Experience is more likely to be content valid if past or present jobs are similar to the future job • Employees typically expect promotions will go to most senior or experienced employees • Experience is unlikely to remedy initial performance difficulties of low‐ability employees
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Job Knowledge Tests • Job knowledge includes elements of both ability and seniority which combine to help acquire knowledge • Tests mastery of concepts needed to perform work • Measured by paper‐and‐pencil test or computer • Holds promise as a predictor of job performance • Reflects an assessment of previous experiences of an applicant and an important KSAO ‐ Cognitive ability • This is parallel to our mastery quizzes in MHR 611 which are intended to assess knowledge but not necessarily ability to apply that knowledge
Performance Appraisal • Assumes past job performance as measured by appraisal process will predict future job performance • Advantages – Readily available – Probably captures both ability and motivation • Weaknesses – Potential lack of a direct correspondence between requirements of current job and requirements of position applied for – “Peter Principle” • Validity of using performance appraisal depends on several factors such as reliability & validity of performance measure, whether previous job has KSAOs similar to future job, etc.
Promotability Ratings • Assessing promotability involves determining an applicant’s potential for higher‐level jobs – Promotability ratings often conducted along with performance appraisals • Useful for both selection and recruitment • Gives employees realistic view of promotion potential i l li i i f i i l • Caveat – When receiving separate evaluations for purposes of appraisal, promotability, and pay, an employee may receive mixed messages Discuss pros and cons of using promotability ratings. Should they be shared with the employee?
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Assessment Centers • Elaborate method of employee selection • Involves using a collection of predictors to forecast success, primarily in higher‐level jobs • Objective – Predict an individual’s behavior and effectiveness in critical roles, usually managerial • Incorporates multiple methods of assessing multiple KSAOs using multiple assessors Cont.
Assessment Centers (Cont.) • Length of assessment usually 2 to 5 days • Participants take part in extensive exercises such as – In‐basket exercise – Leaderless group discussion – Case analysis l
• Trained assessors evaluate participants’ performance • Participants are usually managers being assessed for higher‐level managerial jobs • Participants are evaluated by assessors at conclusion of program Cont.
Assessment Centers (Cont.) • Validity – Average validity = .37 but often higher – Validity is higher when • Multiple predictors are used • Assessors are psychologists rather than managers • Peer evaluations are included – Possess incremental validity in predicting performance and promotability beyond personality traits and cognitive ability tests • Research results – Self‐fulfilling prophecy results possible unless blind – Participant reactions often favorable‐‐perceived as having face validity
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Other Substantive Assessment Methods • Simulations – Role‐play: candidate must play work related role with interviewer – Fact finding: candidate needs to solicit information to evaluate an incomplete case to evaluate an incomplete case – Oral presentations: candidate must prepare and make an oral presentation on assigned topic – Work simulation (e.g., Manger’s Workshop)
Discretionary Assessment Methods • Narrows list of finalists to those who will receive job offers • Decisions often made on basis of – Organizational citizenship behavior and – Staffing philosophy regarding EE0 / AA St ffi hil h di EE0 / AA • Differences from external selection – Previous finalists not receiving job offers do not simply disappear – Multiple assessors generally used
What are the risks of using discretionary methods?
Inventory assesses employee skilss for specific jobs ... Experience is moderately related to job performance ... Measured by paper-and-pencil test or computer.
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