Integral trigonometri dan integral tak tentu

I. INTEGRAL TAK TENTU

A. Rumus Integral Bentuk Baku

Integral INTEGRA L

Derifatif n =

1.

d/dx X

(ANTI TURUNAN) 1 n xn+1+ c ∫ x dx =

n-1

nX

n +1

2.

d/dx cos x = - sin x



sin x dx = - cos x + c

3.

d/dx sin x = cos x



cos x dx = sin x + c

4.

d/dx tg x = sec2 x



sec2 x dx = tg x + c

5.

d/dx ctg x = - cosec2 x



cosec2 x dx = - ctg x + c



1 dx = ln x + c x

6.

d/dx ln x =

1 x

ax +c ln a

7.

d/dx ax = ax ln a



ax dx =

8

d/dx ex = ex



ex dx = e x + c

9.

d/dx arc sin x =

10. d/dx arc cos x =

11.

d/dx arc tg x =



1 1− x

2

−1 1 − x2

1 1 + x2

1 1 − x2

dx = arc sin x + c = -arc cos x + c



−1 1 − x2

dx = arc cos x + c = -arc sin x + c



1 dx = arc tg x + c 1 + x2

= -arc ctg x + c 12.

d/dx arc sec x =

1 x x −1 2



1 x x2 − 1

dx = arc sec x + c = -arc cosec x + c 1

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Integral trigonometri dan integral tak tentu

13. d/dx cosh x = sinh x



sinh x dx = cosh x + c

14. d/dx sinh x = cosh x



cosh x dx = sinh x + c

15. d/dx tgh x = sech2x



sech2 x dx = tgh x + c

16. d/dx ctgh x = - cosech2x



cosech2 x dx = -ctgh x + c

1

17. d/dx arc sinh x =

x +1 2

1

18. d/dx arc cosh x = 19. d/dx arc tgh x =

x −1 2

1 1 − x2

20. d/dx arc ctgh x =

1 1 − x2

1



x2 + 1 1



x2 − 1

1

∫1− x

dx = arc cosh x + c

2

dx = arc tgh x + c

2

dx = arc ctgh x + c

1

∫1− x

dx = arc sinh x + c

Rumus selengkapnya dapat lihat di Hasyim Baisuni : 150 Contoh:

1. ∫ x5 dx = 1 x5+1 + c = 1 x6 + c 5 +1 6 2. ∫ e5x dx = 1 e 5x + c 5 3. ∫

x dx

= ∫ x1/2 dx = 1 x3/2 + c 3/ 2

4. ∫ 5 dx = 5 ln x + c x 5. ∫ 5 dx = x

5x ln 5

+c

(rumus 7)

6. ∫ 2 sin x dx = 2 ∫ sin x dx = -2 cos x + c 2

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Integral trigonometri dan integral tak tentu

x3

x2

x3

x2 2

7. ∫ ( - - 6x ) dx = ∫ dx - ∫ 3 2 3

dx - ∫ 6x dx

= 1 ∫ x3 dx - 1 ∫ x2 dx - 6 ∫ x dx 3 2 = 1 . 1 x4 - 1 . 1 x3 – 6. 1 x2 + c 3 4

2 3

2

= 1 x4 - 1 x3 – 3x2 + c 12

6

RUMUS TAMBAHAN (PENUNJANG)

1.



a du = a



2.



(du + dv ) =

du



du +



dv

Keterangan : a=Konstanta

B. INTEGRAL DENGAN CARA SUBSTITUSI

Maksudnya adalah mengintegrasikan fungsi-fungsi yang bentuknya seperti pada integral baku, melalui substitusi. Sebagai ilustrasi sbb:



xn dx =

1 xn+1 + c n +1



zn dz =

1 zn+1 + c n +1



( 3 + 5x )4 d ( 3 + 5x ) =

1 5

( 3 + 5x )5 + c

tetapi bagaimana yang ini :



( 3 + 6x )7 dx = tidak sama

Agar sama, maka x diganti dengan ( 3 + 6x ), yaitu dengan cara mendeferensialkan fungsi yang ada dalam kurung. 3

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Integral trigonometri dan integral tak tentu

Y = ( 3 + 6x ) ⎯ ⎯→ dy/dx = 6 d (3 + 6 x) =6 dx dx = 1/6 d ( 3 + 6x ) sehingga



( 3 + 6x )7 dx =



1 ( 3 + 6x )7 6 d ( 3 + 6x )

=

1 6



( 3 + 6x )7 d ( 3 + 6x )

sudah sama 1 1 = . ( 3 + 6x )8 + c 6 8 =

1 ( 3 + 6x )8 + c 48

Catatan : substitusi dipakai bila kesulitan dengan rumus baku

Contoh 2. Carilah



sin ( 2x – 3 ) dx

Jawab : ( 2x – 3 ) dideferensialkan ⎯ ⎯→

d (2 x − 3) =2 ⎯ ⎯→ dx = 1/2d ( 2x – 3 ) dx

Sehingga



sin ( 2x – 3 ) dx =



= 1/2

sin ( 2x – 3 ) ½ d ( 2x – 3 )



sin ( 2x – 3 ) d ( 2x – 3 )

= - 1/2 cos ( 2x – 3 ) + c

Contoh 3. Hitunglah



2 x + 3 dx

4

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Integral trigonometri dan integral tak tentu

Jawab :



2 x + 3 dx

d ( 2x + 3 ) dx



=



( 2x + 3 )1/2 dx

=2 ⎯ ⎯→ dx = ½.d ( 2x + 3 )

( 2x + 3 )1/2 dx =



( 2x + 3 )1/2. ½.d ( 2x + 3 )

= 1/2 ∫ ( 2x + 3 )1/2 d ( 2x + 3 ) 1 1 ( 2x + 3 ) = . 2 1/ 2 + 1 1 2 = . ( 2x + 3 ) 2 3 =

1 ( 2x + 3 ) 3

3 2

3 2

1 2

+1 + c

+c

+c

Dari contoh-contoh tersebut dapat dibuat rumus integral dengan cara substitusi sbb



( ax + b )n dx =





1 ( ax + b )n+1 + c a(n + 1)

cos ( ax + b ) dx = sin ( ax + b ) dx = -

1 sin ( ax + b ) + c a 1 cos ( ax + b )n+1 + c a

Keterangan : Rumus no.1 di atas hanyalah penjabaran dari rumus baku yang sudah kita pelajari, yaitu :



xn dx =

1 xn+1 + c n +1

5

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Integral trigonometri dan integral tak tentu

Pembuktian : Hitunglah



4x2 dx

1. Dikerjakan dengan rumus baku



4x2 dx = 4



x2dx = 4.

1 3 4 x + c = x3 + c 3 3

2. Dikerjakan dengan rumus 1 di atas



4x2 dx =



( 2x )2 dx =



( 2x + 0 )2 dx

dari rumus diketahui :



( ax + b )n dx =

1 ( ax + b )n+1 + c a(n + 1)



( 2x + 0 )2 dx =

1 ( 2x + 0 )2+1 + c 2(2 + 1)

=

1 ( 2x )3 + c 6

1 = .23.x3 + c 6 1 = .8.x3 + c 6 8 = .x3 + c 6 4 = .x3 + c 3

Jadi terbukti bahwa rumus no. 1 tersebut merupakan penjabaran dari rumus bakunya.

6

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Integral trigonometri dan integral tak tentu

C. INTEGRAL TRIGONOMETRI Rumus-rumus penunjang untuk mengerjakan integral trigonometri adalah sbb: 1. sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 2. 1 + tg2 x = sec2x 3. 1 + ctg2 x = cosec2 x 4. sin2 x = ½ ( 1 – cos 2x ) 5. cos2 x = ½ ( 1 + cos 2x ) 6. sin x. cos x = ½ sin 2x 7. sin x. cos y = ½ [sin( x + y ) + sin( x − y )] 8. sin x. sin y = ½ [cos( x + y ) − cos( x + y )] 9. cos x. cos y = ½ [cos( x − y ) + cos( x + y )] 10. 1 – cos x = 2 sin2

1 x 2

11. 1 + cos x = 2 cos2

1 x 2

contoh 1.

∫ sin

2

x dx

= ∫ 1 / 2 ( 1 - cos 2x ) dx → =



rumus no. 4

(1/2 - 1/2 cos 2x ) dx

= ∫ 1 / 2 dx - ∫ 1 / 2 cos 2x dx = ∫ 1 / 2 dx - ∫ 1 / 2 cos 2x 1/2 d ( 2x ) = 1/2 x – ¼ sin 2x + c

ingat

d (2 x) = 2, sehingga dx = ½ d ( 2x ) dx

Integral + Int Trigonometri

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7

Integral trigonometri dan integral tak tentu

contoh 2.

∫ cos

2

3x dx

= ∫ 1 / 2 ( 1 + cos 6x ) dx → =



rumus no. 5

( ½ + ½ cos 6x ) dx

= ∫ 1 / 2 dx + ∫ 1 / 2 cos 6x dx =

∫1 / 2 dx + ∫1 / 2 cos 6x 1/6 d (6x)





dx + 1/12



cos 6x d ( 6x )

= ½ x + 1/12 sin 6x + c ingat

d (6 x ) =6 → dx

dx = 1/6 d ( 6x )

D. Integral dengan bentuk f1 ( x ) / f ( x )

Contoh



dan f1 ( x ). f ( x )

f1 ( x ) / f ( x ):

1. Tentukan harga dari Jawab :

∫ (x

(2 x + 3) dx + 3x − 5)

2

misal z = ( x2 + 3x – 5 ) dz = 2x + 3 dx sehingga dz



= ( 2x + 3 ). dx

(2 x + 3) dx ( x + 3 x − 5) 2

dapat ditulis

=



=



dz z

1 . dz z

Sehingga



1 . dz = ln z + c z = ln ( x2 + 3x – 5 ) + c

8

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Integral trigonometri dan integral tak tentu

2. Tentukan

3x 2 dx ( x 3 − 4)



Jawab : sesuai dengan rumus diatas, maka



3. Hitunglah

Jawab:



3x 2 = ln ( x3 – 4 ) + c 3 ( x − 4)

2x2 dx ( x 3 − 4)



2x2 dx ( x 3 − 4)

2 = 3 =

Contoh



3x 2 dx → x3 − 4



dikalikan

3 3

2 ln ( x3 – 4 ) + c 3

f1 ( x ). f ( x )

1. Tentukan harga



tg x. sec2 x dx

Jawab :

misal z Maka

= tg x

dz dx

= sec2 x

Sehingga dz jadi



tg x. sec2 x dx



=



= sec2 x. dx z. dz

z. dz = ½ z2 + c

= ½ ( tg x )2 + c

9

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Integral trigonometri dan integral tak tentu

2. Tentukan harga Jawab :



( x2 + 7x – 4 ) ( 2x + 7 ) dx misal z Maka

dz dx

Sehingga dz Jadi



= ( x2 + 7x – 4 ) = ( 2x + 7 ) = ( 2x + 7 ). dx

( x2 + 7x – 4 ) ( 2x + 7 ) dx =



z. dz

= ½ z2 + c = ½ ( x2 + 7x – 4 )2 + c

10

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