Resistance exhibited by the host towards injury caused by micro- organisms & their products.
Reaction of the body against any foreign antigen (Ag).
2 types : Innate immunity Acquired immunity
14-Apr-12
Immunology Animations
Dr. Sudheer Kher
Innate Immunity
Non specific immunity
Species
14-Apr-12
Racial
Dr. Sudheer Kher
Specific immunity
Individual
Acquired immunity
Active
Natural
14-Apr-12
Passive
Artificial
Natural
Dr. Sudheer Kher
Artificial
Innate /Native Immunity
Resistance of an individual because of his genetic & constitutional make up.
Not affected by prior contact with microorganisms or by immunisations.
Innate immunity can be – Non-specific : resistance to infection in general.
– Specific: resistance to a particular pathogen. 14-Apr-12
Dr. Sudheer Kher
Classification of Innate Immunity Considered at 3 different levels :
Species - total or relative resistance to a pathogen shown by
all the members of a species. - due to physiological & biochemical differences
between the tissues of different host species. e.g. all human beings are unsusceptible to plant pathogens. 14-Apr-12
Dr. Sudheer Kher
Classification
Racial : different races within a species may show differences in susceptibility to infections. e.g. resistance to falciparum malaria in parts of Africa.
Individual : differences in innate immunity among different individuals in a race.
14-Apr-12
Dr. Sudheer Kher
Factors affecting innate immunity in an individual
AGE : low levels of immunity at the 2 extremes of life. Fetus/ Neonates - immatured immune system Old age - deteriorated immune system, physical abnormalities.
Paradoxically, Some infections may not manifest in malnourished
individual e.g. malaria Some viruses do not malnourished host. 14-Apr-12
Dr. Sudheer Kher
multiply
in
tissues
of
Mechanisms of Innate Immunity A.
B. C.
D. E. F. G.
Epithelial surfaces Antibacterial substances in blood & tissues Microbial antagonism Cellular factors Temperature Inflammatory process Acute phase proteins
14-Apr-12
Dr. Sudheer Kher
A. Epithelial Surfaces 1. Skin & mucous membrane - protect against invasion by microbes. Healthy skin - high salt conc. in sweat - sebaceous secretions - long chain fatty acids & soaps
A. Epithelial Surfaces 2. Saliva - inhibits many micro-organisms. 3. Gastric acidity - destroys many microbes. 4. Conjunctiva - flushing action of lachrymal secretions (tears - contains lysozymes) Lysozymes:
antibacterial substance
present in tissue fluid & all secretions except CSF, urine & sweat also present in phagocytes
5. Flushing action of urine
6. Acidic pH of adult vagina 7. Spermine & zinc in semen is antibacterial 14-Apr-12
Dr. Sudheer Kher
14-Apr-12
Dr. Sudheer Kher
B. Antibacterial substances in blood & tissues 1. 2.
3. 4. 5.
14-Apr-12
Complement system Basic polypeptides – like leukins derived from leucocytes & platelets Lactic acid in muscle & inflammatory zone Lactoperoxidase in milk. Interferons - antiviral
Dr. Sudheer Kher
C. Microbial antagonism 1. resident flora on skin & mucosa prevent
colonisation by pathogens. 2. altered flora following oral antibiotics may lead to enterocolitis.
Number increases during parasitic infections & allergic conditions.
Not efficient phagocytes but their granules contain molecules that are toxic to parasites.
. 14-Apr-12
Dr. Sudheer Kher
E. Temperature 1.
Many micro- organisms are temperature dependent e.g. tubercle bacilli, pathogenic to mammals, do not infect cold-blooded animals.
2.
destroys infecting pathogen e.g. fever induction used to destroy T. pallidum
before Pn became available for treatment.
14-Apr-12
Dr. Sudheer Kher
F. Inflammation Non specific defense mechanism. 2. Follows tissue injury or irritation caused by the entry of pathogens or other irritants 3. Events that occur are 1.
Resistance developed by an individual as a result of an antigenic stimulus.
Also called Adaptive immunity.
Involves active functioning of the host’s immune system leading to the synthesis of antibodies and / or the production of immunologically active cells.
14-Apr-12
Dr. Sudheer Kher
Types of Active Immunity A.
Natural active immunity – results from either a clinical or an inapparent infection by a parasite e.g. an attack of measles give lifelong immunity.
B.
Artificial active immunity – resistance induced by vaccines. Vaccines are preparations of live or killed micro- organisms or their products.
14-Apr-12
Dr. Sudheer Kher
2. Passive Immunity
Resistance transmitted to a recipient in a readymade form.
Preformed antibodies are administered.
No antigenic stimulus.
Host’s immune system is not actively involved.
14-Apr-12
Dr. Sudheer Kher
Types of Passive Immunity A.
Natural passive immunity – resistance passively transferred from mother to baby
B.
Artificial passive immunity – resistance passively transferred by the administration of readymade antibodies. e.g.tetanus immunoglobulin
Indicated for immediate & temporary protection in a non immune host faced with the threat of infection. e.g.Rh immunoglobulin during delivery to Rh –ve mother with Rh+ve babies.
14-Apr-12
Dr. Sudheer Kher
Comparison of Active & Passive Immunity Passive immunity
Active immunity
Produced actively by host’s immune system Induced by infection or by immunogen Durable effective protection Immunity effective only after lag period Immunological memory present Booster effective Negative phase may occur Not applicable in the immunodeficient
14-Apr-12
Received passively,no active host participation Readymade antibody transferred Transient, less effective Immediate immunity
No memory
Not effective No negative phase Applicable in immunodeficient
intrusive ads and better privacy protection, better for advertisers with greater ... all necessary consents and approvals under applicable antitrust laws. ... Europe? A. The transaction is subject to normal pre-merger notification procedures in the U
ly, additional experimental data in transgenic mice .... Korea, and Singapore; spontaneous recovery after several years has been ...... West CD, McAdams AJ.
The Handbook of life-span. development / [editor-in-chief, Richard M. ... identity in contemporary political ... Page 3 of 6. NEWLY ACQUIRED BOOKS (CSSP).pdf.
Volpert is a performance poet from Chicago currently tempting fate at graduate Acquired Traits school in Baton Rouge. With new levels, new Acquired Traits ...
acute lower respiratory tract infection acquired in a previ- ously healthy individual. Associated symptoms include fever,. cough, dyspnea, and tachypnea with ...
May 5, 2005 - they were 3 years old; (2) their parents had an available phone connection; (3) their parents were fluent in the Hebrew language;. (4) they were ...
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Advance Access published April 28, 2009 ... to neutral, as typically observed in healthy adults. A proposed neural ...
... is input and less input would give the child a very hard time to master the language. .... Chomsky,N., 1965, "Aspects of theory of syntax", Cambridge: MIT Press.
1954). He defines language as a symbolic process that is developed alongside cognitive development. Language is a mental behavior that represents reality. .... For instance, the sentences âJohn eats an appleâ and the interrogative âWho eats an
There was a problem previewing this document. Retrying... Download. Connect more apps... Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. Strategies to ...
1School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch ... Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, FL 32614-7100, USA ...... Responses to computer-generated visual stimuli by the male.
infants and children remain controversial, in view of the absence of ... concern about its role, however, in view of its fre- ...... Acta Paediatr 1993;82:360-3. 48.
differ substantially in their decision making rules, some sticking to strict unanimity, others ... including compliance (McCall Smith and Tallberg 2008; Zangl et al.
May 15, 2007 - from the medical records for dogs included in the study consisted of history; physical examination findings; re- sults of routine laboratory testing, ...
Dec 23, 2011 - California Coastal Commission Actions from 1973 to 2011 in San Diego, ... Experience the California Coast, Beaches and Parks in Southern ...
Sep 1, 2004 - The World Health Organization's age-specific criteria for tachypnea are ..... because of routine administration of the Hib vaccine. In February 2000, a new ... Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, and a master's degree in science ..