REVIEW DISERTASI IMPACT ON FOREIGN ENTRY ON

BANKS IN EMERGING MARKET : THE ROLE OF THE PRE-EXISTING COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT PENULIS : LILI ZHU

Oleh : Adil Tobing NIM P066090013.6M 12 Februari 2011

DATA PENULIS 

Nama

: Lili Zhu

 Program

Studi

: Department of International Business, the School of Business

 Universitas

: The George Washington University

 Tahun

: 2007

 Nama

Lulus

Pembimbing : Dr. Yoon Shik Park (Chair) Dr. William C. Handorf Dr. Jiawen Yang 1

RUMUSAN MASALAH Pertanyaan manajemen : Apakah implikasi-implikasi yang disebabkan oleh masuknya investor asing (foreign entry), yang perlu diperhatikan oleh regulator perbankan? Pertanyaan riset :  Apakah dampak umum masuknya investor asing terhadap performa operasi perbankan lokal?  Apakah lingkungan yang kompetitif penting?  Bagaimana lingkungan kompetitif mempengaruhi dampak masuknya investor asing?

Pertanyaan investigasi :  Apakah dampak masuknya investor asing berkembang/berubah sejalan dengan proses liberalisasi finansial?

2

TUJUAN Termasuk jenis penelitian empiris, karena dinyatakan dalam tujuannya (secara implisit) sebagai berikut : Menginvestigasi bagaimana tingkat kompetisi dalam perbankan mempengaruhi efek jangka pendek akan masuknya investor asing pada : safety, soundness, dan efficiency (kerangka CAMEL) pada bank domestik di pasar yang sedang berkembang melalui uji empiris

3

LANDASAN TEORI Teori yang baru dikembangkan dari teori yang sudah ada, antara lain: 

 





Overview partisipasi asing pada sektor perbankan Teori multinational banking Beberapa studi lain tentang dampak masuknya investor asing terhadap bank lokal Lingkungan kompetisi (pre-existing) dan masuknya bank asing Kerangka CAMEL (Bank safety, soundness, dan efficiency) 4

KERANGKA PEMIKIRAN •

Belum ada studi yang menganalisia secara empirik mengenai hubungan antara masuknya investor asing pada capital adequacy dan liquidity perbankan lokal



Disertasi ini menawarkan model analitis terhadap komponen managemen efficiency dan earnings yang sebelumnya hanya berupa argumen konseptual



Disertasi ini juga mengorganisasikan dan merangkum berbagai faktor institusional sebagai implikasi masuknya investor asing di industri perbankan, dalam kerangka lingkungan kompetisi 5

KERANGKA PEMIKIRAN (LANJ.)

6

DISAIN PENELITIAN    





Elemen sampling : setiap negara dan bank Population : negara berkembang dan bank (di negara tersebut) Sampling Unit : negara berkembang, bank, dan informasi keuangan per tahun per bank Sampling Frame : Bank Scope database 19962003 Sampling Size : 1.324 bank domestik dan 496 bank asing di 30 negara berkembang (14.560 total tahun bank) Sampling procedures : judgment sampling → dari Bank Scope database (kepemilikan dan 7 informasi finansial)

PROSEDUR SAMPLING







Menggunakan hasil Laeven & Claessens (2004) → 50 negara (H-statistic) Mengurangi dengan negara industri sehingga sisa 32 negara berkembang (berdasarkan kriteria IMF) Negara yang dipilih minimal memiliki 3 bank asing → Bangladesh dan Pakistan dihilangkan dari daftar sampling

8

9

10

JUSTIFIKASI PENGGUNAAN BANKSCOPE

 

 

Comprehensive (11,000 bank, 120 negara) Menyediakan: raw data dan standardized data (spreadsheet, global summary & detailed format, profile format) Account Value dalam “market rates” Database di-update mingguan

11

VARIABLE Dependent Variable (CAMEL Indicators)  

  

Total Risk-based Capital Ratio (CAR) – Capital Adequacy (C) Loan Loss Provisions/Total Assets (LLP/TA) – Asset Quality (A) Overhead Cost/Total Assets – Management Efficiency (M) Net Interest Margin (NIM) & Before Tax Profits/Total Assets – Earnings & Profits (E) Liquidity Asset Ratio – Liquidity (L)

Independent Variable Nama

Deskripsi

Foreign bank proportion – Foreign share in term of asset

Proporsi kepemilikan aset asing terhadap keseluruhan sektor perbankan

Foreign bank proportion – Foreign share in term of bank numbers

Jumlah bank asing terhadap keseluruhan jumlah bank 12

EMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES 



H statistic → indikator perilaku aktual or marginal bank conduct Indikator eksternal kompetisi perbankan: struktur pasar (CR atau HHI), contestability (banking freedom index), dan inter-industry competition (stock market development ie. total value traded over GDP, STKTVT/GDP)

13

HIPOTESIS 1 APPROACH 1

14

HIPOTESIS 1 APPROACH 2

15

HIPOTESIS 2

16

HIPOTESIS 3

17

HIPOTESIS 4A

18

HIPOTESIS 4B

19

HIPOTESIS 4C

20

HIPOTESIS 5

21

HIPOTESIS - RANGKUMAN

23 22

METODE STATISTIK •







Weighted least-square regression analysis untuk data 3 sub grup → H-statistics banking competitiveness Cross-section heterokedasticity → membobotkan observasi dengan invers dari jumlah bank domestik pada suatu negara pada tahun tertentu, untuk mengkoreksi berbagai berbagai angka jumlah bank di seluruh negara Metode estimasi SAS PROC Mixed → fitting linear mixed effects model dengan random dan fixed effects; & Maximum Likelihood (ML) Null Model Likelihood Ratio Test → Appropriateness of FEM (bila p-value signifikan maka model random effect lebih baik secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan model pure fixed effect) 23

METODE STATISTIK (LANJ.) •





The two-way interaction model → simple & compound slopes of foreign entry variable and p-value of interaction terms; level of importance of β coefficient (β x mean)

Multi-collinearity diagnosis: correlation coefficients analysis & VIF (Variance Inflation Factor) Comparison of goodness-of-fit: deviance statistic (-2LL), AIC, and BIC



Autocorrelation



Robustness check (sensitivity analysis) 24

HASIL PENELITIAN 







Masuknya investor asing dapat mengganggu indikator safety dan soundness pada bank domestik di negara berkembang

Tidak terbukti bahwa masuknya investor asing “segera” dapat meningkatkan efisiensi; masuknya investor asing malah menurunkan profit dan meningkatkan biaya operasi Untuk komponen efisiensi, market contestability (regulasi perbankan) memberikan peran yang penting dalam mempengaruhi dampak masuknya investor asing → regulasi proteksi dapat bertentangan dengan efficiency gains akibat masuknya investor asing Dampak struktur pasar dan inter-study competition tidaklah terlalu substansial

25

HIPOTESIS 1 

Kedua approach menunjukkan pembuktian akan:

26

HIPOTESIS 2 

Kedua approach juga menunjukkan pembuktian akan:

27

HIPOTESIS 3 

Hipotesis 3 perlu direvisi menjadi:

28

HIPOTESIS 4A 

Pembuktian tidak mendukung Hipotesis, sehingga perlu direvisi menjadi:

29

HIPOTEIS 4B, 4C, DAN 5 

Tidak terbukti, sehingga direvisi menjadi:

30

KESIMPULAN 

  





Masuknya bank asing di negara berkembang tidak berhubungan dengan peningkatan “segera” efisiensi, tapi dapat mengganggu indikator safety dan soundness perbankan dalam jangka pendek Dampak masuknya bank asing dipengaruhi oleh kondisi pre-existing competion pada suatu negara Efficiency gains dimungkinkan ada, hanya pada lingkungan perbankan yang kompetitif Pengurangan terhadap capital adequacy, asset quality, liquidity ratio akibat masuknya bank asing dapat diminimalkan dengan peningkatan intra-industry competition, contestability, dan interindustry competition Faktor yang paling relevan terhadap persaingan adalah indikator market contestability (banking freedom indicator) yang mengukur pembatasan terhadap masuknya investor asing dan aktivitas bank asing Untuk pengukuran proporsi asing, ukuran asset lebih relevan dibandingkan jumlah karena dampak signifikan biasanya akan 31 muncul jika kepemilikan asing dalam hal aset mencapai level tertentu

REKOMENDASI MANAJERIAL 







Regulator mempermudah pembukaan bank dan lembaga keuangan domestik lainnya Membatasi intervensi official pada operasi perbankan, misalnya pengaruh pemerintah terhadap alokasi kredit dan kontrol suku bunga Mengurangi pembatasan/barriers sehingga bank asing dapat mudah masuk, beroperasi, dan bersaing secara bebas di pasar yang lebih luas Lebih melibatkan partner asing dalam autoritas manajemen sehingga efek efisiensi dan spillover dapat lebih cepat 32

REKOMENDASI MANAJERIAL (LANJT.) 







Regulator juga perlu menyediakan panduan yang “explicit, verifiable, quantifiable” untuk mendorong diversifikasi aset dan geografis karena akan berhubungan dengan performa dan stabilitas bank Persyaratan yang eksplisit terhadap likuiditas diperlukan untuk mengurangi efek negatif masuknya bank asing terhadap likuiditas bank lokal Sektor perbankan juga perlu untuk membuka persaingan secara penuh terhadap bank asing sehingga memperoleh keuntungan efisiensi Tapi, regulator perlu mempersiapkan pengawasan ketangguhan yang juga tindakan terhadap “moral hazard” 33

LAMPIRAN

APPROACH 2

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