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Guided Reading & Analysis: The Rise of Industrial America, 1865-11900 Chapter 16- The Second Industrial Revolution pp 318-332 Reading Assignment: Ch. 16 AMSCO; If you do not have the AMSCO text, use chapter 24 of American Pageant and/or online resources such as the website, podcast, crash course video, chapter outlines, Hippocampus, etc.

Purpose: This guide is not only a place to record notes as you read, but also to provide a place and structure for reflections and analysis using your noggin (thinking skills) with new knowledge gained from the reading. This guide, if THOUGHFULLY completed in its entirety BOP (Beginning of Period) by the due date, can be used on the corresponding quiz as well as earn up to 10 bonus points. In addition, completed guides provide the student with the ability to correct a quiz for ½ points back! The benefits of such activities, however, go far beyond quiz help and bonus points.  Mastery of the course and AP exam await all who choose to process the information as they read/receive. This is an optional assignment. So… young Jedi… what is your choice? Do? Or do not? There is no try.

(Images from Wikipedia.org, public domain. Pictured: J.D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt, J.P. Morgan)

Directions: 1. 2. 3.

4.

Pre-Read: Read the prompts/questions within this guide before you read the chapter. Skim: Flip through the chapter and note titles and subtitles. Look at images and read captions. Get a feel for the content you are about to read. Read/Analyze: Read the chapter. If you have your own copy of AMSCO, Highlight key events and people as you read. Remember, the goal is not to “fish” for a specific answer(s) to reading guide questions, but to consider questions in order to critically understand what you read! Write Write (do not type) your notes and analysis in the spaces provided. Complete it in INK!

Key Concepts FOR PERIOD 6: Main Idea: The transformation of the United States from an agricultural to an increasingly industrialized and urbanized society brought about significant economic, political, diplomatic, social, environmental, and cultural changes. Key Concept 6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over U.S. national identity. Key Concept 6.2: The emergence of industrial culture in the United States led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions on, immigrants, minorities,& women. Key Concept 6.3: The “Gilded Age” witnessed new cultural and intellectual movements in tandem with political debates over economic and social policies.

Section 1 Introduction to Period 6, page 318 Key Concepts and Main Ideas The transformation of the United States from an agricultural to an increasingly industrialized and urbanized society brought about significant economic, political, diplomatic, social, environmental, and cultural changes.

Notes

Analysis

Overview…

Define the parameters of this unit, and explain how the era is bookmarked by major turning points.

Options for Labeling This Era a. b. c. d.

In addition to industrialization, other forces that impacted the growth of the nation were:

e.

a. b. c.

Alternate View… d. e.

Section 2 Guided Reading 1. Introduction to the Industrial Revolution, page 319 Key Concepts & Main Ideas

Notes According to President Grover Cleveland, what was the main problem created by industrialization in the late 19th century?

The transformation of the United States from an agricultural to an increasingly industrialized and urbanized society brought about significant economic, political, diplomatic, social, environmental, and cultural changes.

The factors that enabled the rapid growth of the American economy included… 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Of these seven factors, which one had the greatest impact on rapid economic growth? Which one had the smallest impact? Explain your reasoning.

REMEMBER…As you read the chapter, jot down your notes in the middle column. Consider your notes to be elaborations on the Objectives and

Main Ideas presented in the left column and in the subtitles of the text. INCLUDE IN YOUR NOTES ALL SIGNIFICANT VOCABULARY AND PEOPLE. After read and take notes, thoughtfully, analyze what you read by answering the questions in the right column. Remember this step is essential to your processing of information. Completing this guide thoughtfully will increase your retention as well as your comprehension!

2. The Business of Railroads, pp 320-322 Key Concepts and Main Ideas

Notes

Analysis Which Act created the first federally funded railroad?

Following the Civil War, government subsidies for transportation and communication systems opened new markets in North America…

The Business of Railroads… Why were time zones needed?

The Business of Railroads Continued… Key Concepts & Main Ideas Large-scale production — accompanied by massive technological change, expanding international communication networks, and pro-growth government policies — fueled the development of a “Gilded Age” marked by an emphasis on consumption, marketing, and business consolidation. Farmers adapted to the new realities of mechanized agriculture and dependence on the evolving railroad system by creating local and regional organizations that sought to resist corporate control of agricultural markets. Business leaders consolidated corporations into trusts and holding companies and defended their resulting status and privilege through theories such as Social Darwinism.

Notes Eastern Trunk Lines…

Analysis Explain the negative impact of government subsidies for railroads.

Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt…

Western Railroads… Federal Land Grants… Compare and contrast Irish and Chinese railroad workers. Similarities:

Transcontinental Railroads…

Differences:

How did the Panic of 1893 impact railroads? Competition and Consolidation…

Jay Gould…

J.P. Morgan… Why were Granger Laws unconstitutional? Granger Laws…

Who needed protection from railroads? Interstate Commerce Act…

3. Industrial Empires, pp 322-324 Key Concepts & Main Ideas Large-scale production — accompanied by massive technological change, expanding international communication networks, and pro-growth government policies — fueled the development of a “Gilded Age” marked by an emphasis on consumption, marketing, and business consolidation.

Notes

Analysis

Industrial Empires…

Carnegie made sure that no one but his employees touched the product, creating the tactic of vertical integration. All phases of marketing and production were in one organization. Carnegie wanted to improve efficiency through reliability, controlled production, and eliminating middlemen’s fees. A method of production used by John D. Rockefeller, horizontal integration, was a strategy that called for allying with competitors to monopolize a given market. Or simply overtaking the competition through intimidation and buyouts. Through this system a trust was made.

The Steel Industry…

Andrew Carnegie…

Business leaders consolidated corporations into trusts and holding companies and defended their resulting status and privilege through theories such as Social Darwinism.

U.S. Steel Corporation…

Carnegie nicknamed Rockefeller’s process “Reckafellow.” Was Carnegie’s strategy superior to Rockefellers? Explain your reasoning.

Rockefeller and the Oil Industry…

Antitrust Movement…

U.S. vs E. C. Knight Co (1895)…

4. Laissez-Faire Capitalism, pp 324-325 Key Concepts & Main Ideas Cultural and intellectual arguments justified the success of those at the top of the socioeconomic structure as both appropriate and inevitable, even as some leaders argued that the wealthy had some obligation to help the less fortunate.

Notes Laissez-Faire Capitalism…

Conservative Economic Theories… The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith, 1776…

Analysis To what extent was capitalism a major aspect of American Identity from the Revolutionary Era through the Gilded Age?

Laissez-Faire Capitalism continued… Key Concepts & Main Ideas Business leaders consolidated corporations into trusts and holding companies and defended their resulting status and privilege through theories such as Social Darwinism. Cultural and intellectual arguments justified the success of those at the top of the socioeconomic structure as both appropriate and inevitable, even as some leaders argued that the wealthy had some obligation to help the less fortunate.

Notes

Analysis

Social Darwinism…

How did Social Darwinism impact American culture beyond economic growth?

Gospel of Wealth…

Define philanthropy.

5. Technology and Innovations, pp 325-326 Key Concepts & Main Ideas

Notes

Analysis

Large-scale production — accompanied by massive technological change, expanding international communication networks, and pro-growth government policies — fueled the development of a “Gilded Age” marked by an emphasis on consumption, marketing, and business consolidation.

Technology and Innovations…

In the earlier Market Revolution (or the “First Industrial Revolution” in the U.S.), innovations such as John Deere’s Steel Plow, Cyrus McCormick’s Mechanical Reaper, Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts, Robert Fulton’s steamboat, and many other innovations impacted the nation.

…technological innovations and redesigned financial and management structures such as monopolies sought to maximize the exploitation of natural resources and a growing labor force.

The emergence of an industrial culture in the United States led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions on, immigrants, minorities, and women.

Inventions…

Compare and Contrast the impact of post Civil War innovation to that of the pre-Civil War market revolution. Similarities…

Edison and Westinghouse…

Differences…

Marketing Consumer Goods…

6. Impact of Industrialization, pp 326-328 Key Concepts & Main Ideas

Notes

Analysis

As cities grew substantially in both size and in number, some segments of American society enjoyed lives of extravagant “conspicuous consumption,” while many others lived in relative poverty.

Impact of Industrialization…

Is upward mobility in modern times still limited for non-white-males? Give an example to defend your answer.

Labor and management battled for control over wages and working conditions, with workers organizing local and national unions and/or directly confronting corporate power. The industrial workforce expanded through migration across national borders and internal migration, leading to a more diverse workforce, lower wages, and an increase in child labor.

The Concentration of Wealth…

Horatio Alger Myth…

The Expanding Middle Class…

Explain how the labor force in the Second Industrial Revolution compared to that of the First. Similarities…

Wage Earners… Differences…

Working Women…

Labor Discontent…

Were they more alike or more different?

In what year did the United States shift from a predominantly ruralagricultural nation to a predominantly urban-industrial nation? (see chart on page 328)

Which innovation had the greatest influence on this shift? Explain your reasoning.

7. The Struggle Of Organized Labor, pp 329-331

The rise of industry…

II.

Increased standard of living …

Increased gap between rich and poor…

Key Concepts & Main Ideas

Notes

Analysis

As leaders of big business and their allies in government aimed to create a unified industrialized nation, they were challenged in different ways by demographic issues, regional differences, and labor movements.

The Struggle of Organized Labor…

Did the government have an obligation to step in and help labor? How would Adam Smith answer this question?

Labor and management battled for control over wages and working conditions, with workers organizing local and national unions and/or directly confronting corporate power.

Industrial Warfare…

How would Terence Powderly answer this question? Great Railroad Strike of 1877… How would Samuel Gompers answer this question? Attempts to Organize National Unions…

National Labor Union…

Did the government have an obligation to step in and help protect the economy from being damaged by labor movements? Why or why not?

Knights of Labor… Which is more dangerous… unfettered labor or unfettered business? Explain your rationale. Haymarket Bombing…

American Federation of Labor…

The Struggle Of Organized Labor Continued…

JJ.

Key Concepts & Main Ideas

Notes

Analysis

As leaders of big business and their allies in government aimed to create a unified industrialized nation, they were challenged in different ways by demographic issues, regional differences, and labor movements.

Strikebreaking in the 1890s…

Explain how industrialization impacted American workers, the “common man” of the cities.

Labor and management battled for control over wages and working conditions, with workers organizing local and national unions and/or directly confronting corporate power.

Homestead Strike…

What problems were created by industrialization, and what questions faced the federal and state governments by the end of the 19th century?

Pullman Strike…

President Grover Cleveland…

In re Debs…

Regional Differences…

8. Historical Perspectives: Statesmen or Robber Barons? page 332 Arguments supporting industrialists as Statesmen …

Arguments supporting industrialists as Robber Barons…

Which viewpoint do you support most? Explain your choice.

Reading Guide written by Rebecca Richardson, Allen High School Sources include but are not limited to: 2015 edition of AMSCO’s United States History Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination, College Board Advanced Placement United States History Framework, and other sources as cited in document and collected/adapted over 20 years of teaching and collaborating..

Guided Reading AMSCO chapter 16.pdf

Following the Civil. War, government. subsidies for. transportation and. communication. systems opened new. markets in North. America... The Business of ...

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