Present future simple tense ‫ظ‬١‫اٌّغزمجً اٌجغ‬ :ُٕٙ١‫ االعزخذاَ ث‬ٟ‫غ ٌىٓ ٕ٘بن فشق ف‬١‫ش ػٓ اٌّغزمجً ثبعزخذاَ أسثؼخ ص‬١‫ّىٓ اٌزؼج‬٠ * - S + will - shall + ‫اٌّصله‬ - S + am - is - are going to + ‫اٌّصله‬ - S + am - is - are + v + ing ‫ِعبهع َِزّو‬ - S + ً‫ي ٌٍفؼ‬ٚ‫ف األ‬٠‫( اٌزصو‬Present simple ‫ػ‬١َ‫)ِعبهع ث‬ : ٓ‫ش ػ‬١‫ ٌٍزؼج‬will َ‫ رغزخذ‬ً‫ اٌَّزمج‬ٟ‫مخ ف‬١‫ ؽم‬-1 .ً‫ اٌَّزمج‬ٟ‫ ٌٍزٕجإ ثبألؽلاس ف‬-2 .‫غ‬٠‫ الرقبم لواه ٍو‬-3

- He will be 30 next month. - He will arrive in an hour. - I’ll have some tea, please. - I’ll open the door for you. - Will you post this letter for me, please? . ‫ء‬ّٟ ً‫فؼ‬٠ ْ‫ رطٍت ِٓ ّقص أ‬ٟ‫ ٌى‬-4 - I'll visit him tomorrow. ‫جبد‬١‫ ٌؼًّ رور‬-5 - You will be punished if you don’t stop making noise. ‫ل‬٠‫ل‬ٙ‫ ٌؼًّ ر‬-6 - I'll clean this room for you. ‫ اٌؼوض‬-7 - You'll break it if you aren't careful. ‫ اٌْوغ‬-8 - I will be there, don't worry. ‫ك‬ٛ‫ػ‬ٚ -9 :ٗ١‫ر‬٢‫ِغ اٌىٍّبد أ‬ٚ -10 - I think / I'm sure - I hope / I expect will + ‫ِصله‬ - Probably - perhaps Ex: 1- I expect we will win the match. 2- I’m sure it’ll be all right. 3- Mai will probably arrive at about 8 o’clock. - S + am/ is / are going to + ‫ِصله‬

َ‫ اعزخذا‬-

.‫ فطخ َِجمخ‬/ َ‫ ارقبم لواه ثْأٔٗ لجً ٌؾظخ اٌىال‬ٚ ً‫ػ ٌٗ ِٓ لج‬١‫ء رُ اٌزقط‬ّٟ ٓ‫ رَزقلَ ٌزؼجو ػ‬-1 Ex: - I’m going to be a famous doctor one day. ً‫ اٌَّزمج‬ٟ‫ػ ف‬ّٛ‫غ‬ - - I’m going to have a meal with my friends. ‫فطخ َِجمخ‬ - My brother is going to join the faculty of pharmacy. - I have bought the tickets, I'm going to travel to London next month.

1

:ْ٢‫ً ا‬١ٌ‫جذ ٌٗ د‬ٛ٠ ٚ ً‫ اٌّغزمج‬ٟ‫ ٌٍزٕجؤ ثحذس ف‬- 2 - Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain. - I feel terrible. I think I’m going to be sick. The present continuous‫اٌّضبسع اٌّغزّش‬ - ً‫ فبػ‬+ am / is / are + v + ing .‫فخ‬ٚ‫ ِؼو‬ٚ ‫ ِؾلكح‬ٟ٘ٚ ‫ب‬ٌٙ ‫ت‬١‫ اٌَّزمجً ِىزٍّخ رُ اٌزور‬ٟ‫و ػٓ فطػ ف‬١‫َزقلَ اٌّعبهع اٌَّزّو ٌٍزؼج‬٠ ) 100% ‫ل عب٘ي‬١‫ أو‬- ‫ ِقطػ‬- ‫ ِورت‬-‫خ ثً ؽلس ِإول‬١ٔ ‫َذ ِغوك‬١ٌ( Ex: arranged / prepared / arrangments / preparation ‫بٔب‬١‫ٔغل اؽ‬ - They are travelling to Paris tomorrow. They have arranged everything. - The class is visiting the museum next week. We have prepared everything. The present simple ‫ظ‬١‫اٌّضبسع اٌجغ‬ :ً‫ ثؤبِظ ِض‬ٚ‫ل أ‬١‫اػ‬ِٛ ‫ي‬ٚ‫ اٌَّزمجً ثَجت عل‬ٟ‫و ػٓ ؽلس ِإول ف‬١‫ػ ٌٍزؼج‬١َ‫َزقلَ اٌّعبهع اٌج‬٠ * - ‫بد‬١‫ اٌَّوؽ‬- َ‫ االفال‬- ‫ اٌجواِظ‬- ‫ اٌٍََّالد‬- ‫بد‬٠‫ اٌّجبه‬- ‫ اٌّؾالد‬- ‫ اٌطبئواد‬- ‫ اٌجبصبد‬- ‫اٌمطبهاد‬ .ً‫ ِغ أفؼبي ِض‬ٟ‫بر‬٠ٚ ‫اٌّؾبظواد‬ (Open / close / begin / end / start / finish / arrive / leave / come / return) Ex: 1- The film starts at 9 o'clock and ends at 11 o’clock. 2- The plane takes off at 2 o’clock and arrives at 7 o’clock. :ً‫ اٌّغزمج‬ٍٝ‫خ ٌٍذالٌخ ػ‬١ِٕ‫اثظ اٌض‬ٚ‫ظ ثؼذ اٌش‬١‫غزخذَ اٌّضبسع اٌجغ‬٠ * Ex: 1- I will call you the moment he arrives. 2- She will go to bed when she finishes / has finished her work. :‫ذا‬١‫ ج‬ٟ‫ر‬٢‫ي ا‬ٚ‫* الحع اٌجذ‬ ‫ػٕلِب ٔغل ثبٌغٍّخ‬ ‫ ٔقزبه‬/ ‫ٔعغ‬ - I have decided now = will + ‫ِصله‬ - I have decided/ planned / intended = am / is / are going to + ‫ِصله‬ before. - Plan / intention/ decision - I have arranged - prepared = am /is / are + v + ing ‫ِعبهع َِزّو‬ - What's your plan……….………? = What are you going to do? - Do you intend to + ‫………ِصله‬.? = Are you going to + ‫……ِصله‬..? - Key words: ‫اٌىٍّبد اٌذاٌخ‬ - Tomorrow ‫غلا‬/ next week َ‫ع اٌمبك‬ٛ‫ األٍج‬/ next month / soon ‫ ؽبال‬/ shortly ‫جب‬٠‫لو‬ - in a few minuets ‫ فالي‬/ ْٛ‫ غع‬ٟ‫ ف‬/ days / weeks / I expect ‫لغ‬ٛ‫ أر‬/ I think / - I hope / I’m sure / perhaps / probably ًّ‫ ِٓ اٌّؾز‬/

2

: ٓ١‫ٓ اٌجٍّز‬١‫ٓ ٘بر‬١‫الحع اٌفشق ث‬ٚ ‫ظخ ٘بِخ جذا‬ٛ‫* ٍِح‬ - We are having a party soon. - We are going to have a party soon. - Are you going to buy a new car? =

(We have arranged) (We have decided before) - Do you intend to buy a new car?

Future continuous tense ‫اٌّغزمجً اٌّغزّش‬ .ً‫ اٌّغزمج‬ٟ‫لذ ِحذد ف‬ٚ ٟ‫غزّش ف‬٠ٚ ‫حذس‬٠ ‫ف‬ٛ‫ش ػٓ حذس ع‬١‫غزخذَ ٌٍزؼج‬٠ Formation ٕٗ٠ٛ‫رى‬ - S + will be + v + ing Ex: - I will be sleeping between 3 to 5 tomorrow. - She will be wearing a yellow hat at the party tonight. - I will be waiting for you from 6 to 7 tomorrow. (Countable - Uncountable) ‫ حبالد خبصخ‬-ً‫ارفبق اٌفؼً ِغ اٌفبػ‬ :‫ جّغ‬ٚ‫ْ ِفشد أ‬ٛ‫ رى‬ٚ ‫ رجّغ‬/ ‫ رُؼذ‬ٟ‫ األعّبء اٌز‬ ‫جّغ‬ - He bought 3 cars.. - I studied 4 novels last year.

‫ِفشد‬ - He bought a car. - I studied a novel last year.

:‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫ّىٓ جّؼٗ) ٔغزخذَ ِؼٗ اٌىٍّبد ا‬٠( ‫ُؼذ‬٠ ُ‫ اع‬ٞ‫أ‬- 1 a an the many few a few were have has

one two this that doesn’t don’t

three four these those How many

five is

any are

some was

Ex: - A train / an accident / an egg / one minute / two cars / three boys / 4 books. Ex: - I watched a film last night? - Were there any mistakes in your homework? - Some boys are having a picnic in the park. - There aren't many cars on the road this morning. - How many students / boys / girls are there in your class? - There are four pens and three books on the table. :‫ب صفخ‬ٍٙ‫ إرا جبءد لج‬a / an ‫ب‬ٙ‫ّىٓ أْ رغجم‬٠ ‫ ال رُؼذ‬ٟ‫ ثؼض اٌىٍّبد اٌز‬-2 a / an + ‫ صفخ‬+ ‫ف ِفشد‬ٛ‫ص‬ِٛ ) ‫ؼذ‬٠ ‫ ال‬ٚ‫ؼذ أ‬٠ ‫اء‬ٛ‫( ع‬

3

Ex: - She had a good education in the government school. - We had a wonderful lunch at a big restaurant yesterday. - My dad built a furniture factory in 6th October city last year. :‫ب‬ٙ‫ُغزخذَ ِؼ‬٠ٚ ‫ ثؼذ٘ب ِفشد‬/ ‫ب‬ٙ‫اٌفؼً ِؼ‬ٚ ‫ال رجّغ‬ٚ ‫ ِفشد‬ٟ٘ٚ ‫خ ال رُؼذ‬١‫ر‬٢‫ اٌىٍّبد ا‬-3 (The /any / some /much / how much / this / that /is / was / has / ً‫ فؼ‬+ s / doesn't + inf / little / a little) Baggage ‫ أِزؼخ‬Lightning ‫ ثوق‬Soup ‫ ؽَبء‬Macaroni ‫ٔخ‬ٚ‫ِىو‬ Luggage ‫ أِزؼخ‬Thunder ‫ هػل‬Soap ْٛ‫ صبث‬Furniture ‫أصبس‬ Grass ‫ ػْت‬Mud ٓ١‫ غ‬/ ً‫ؽ‬ٚ Knowledge ‫ ِؼوفخ‬Clothing ‫ٍبد‬ٛ‫ٍِج‬ Hair ‫ ّؼو‬Freedom ‫خ‬٠‫ ؽو‬Information ‫ِبد‬ٍٛ‫ ِؼ‬The mail ‫ل‬٠‫اٌجو‬ Beauty ‫ عّبي‬Honesty‫ أِبٔخ‬/ ‫ صلق‬Behaviour ‫ن‬ٍٍٛ Damage ‫ ظوه‬/ ٜ‫أم‬ Gold ‫ م٘ت‬Blood َ‫ ك‬Cloth=Material ُ‫ لّب‬Wood ‫ فْت‬/ ‫غبثخ‬ Sugar ‫ ٍىو‬Luck ‫ ؽع‬Machinery ‫ آالد‬Cash ‫ٔملا‬ Beer ‫وح‬١‫ ث‬Work ًّ‫ ػ‬Homeworkٌٟ‫اعت ِٕي‬ٚ Flu ‫ٔيا‬ٍٛ‫األٔف‬ Jam ٝ‫ ِوث‬Jewellery ‫٘واد‬ٛ‫ ِغ‬Housework ‫ ػًّ إٌّيي‬Meat ُ‫ٌؾ‬ Advice ‫ؾخ‬١‫ ٔص‬Paper ‫هق‬ٚ Accommodation ‫ ئلبِخ‬Bread ‫فجي‬ Laughter ‫ ظؾه‬Electricity ‫وثبء‬ٙ‫ اٌى‬Equipment ‫ ِؼلاد‬Music ٝ‫م‬١ٍِٛ Rubbish ‫ لّبِخ‬Tea ٞ‫ ّب‬Glass ‫ ىعبط‬Progress َ‫رمل‬ Rice ‫ أهى‬Tuna ‫ٔخ‬ٛ‫ ر‬Traffic ‫ه‬ٚ‫ اٌّو‬Water ‫ِبء‬ Money ‫ك‬ٛ‫ ٔم‬Arabic ‫خ‬١‫ اٌؼوث‬Oxygen ٓ١‫ اوَغ‬Chemistry ‫بء‬١ّ١‫اٌى‬ Tennis ٌٕ‫ اٌز‬Chinese ‫خ‬١ٕ١‫ اٌص‬Steam ‫ ثقبه‬Literature ‫األكة‬ Chess ‫ ّطؤظ‬English ‫خ‬٠‫ي‬١ٍ‫ اإلٔغ‬Nitrogen ٓ١‫ع‬ٚ‫زو‬١ٔ Biology ‫بء‬١‫ألؽ‬ Ice ‫ل‬١ٍ‫ ع‬Spanish ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ األٍجب‬Pollution ‫س‬ٍٛ‫ ر‬Driving ‫بكح‬١‫اٌم‬ Cotton ٓ‫ لط‬Japanese ‫خ‬١ٔ‫بثب‬١ٌ‫ ا‬Courage ‫ ّغبػخ‬Walking ٌّْٟ‫ا‬ Copper ً‫ ٔؾب‬German ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ األٌّب‬Volleyball ‫ ووح اٌطبئوح‬Running ٞ‫ٌغو‬ Iron ‫ل‬٠‫ ؽل‬Coffee ‫ح‬ٛٙ‫ ل‬Basketball ‫ ووح اٌٍَخ‬Studying ‫اٌلهاٍخ‬ Snow ‫ صٍظ‬Milk ٓ‫ ٌج‬- ‫ت‬١ٍ‫ ؽ‬Evidence ْ‫ ثو٘ب‬- ً١ٌ‫ ك‬Swimming ‫اٌَجبؽخ‬ Wind ‫بػ‬٠‫ ه‬Oil ‫ذ‬٠‫ ى‬Education ُ١ٍ‫ اٌزؼ‬Jumping ‫اٌمفي‬ Heat ‫ ؽواهح‬Rain ‫ ِطو‬Engineering ‫ٕلٍخ‬ٌٙ‫ ا‬Boxing ‫ِالوّخ‬ Peace َ‫ اٌَال‬Enjoyment ‫ اٌّزؼخ‬Sunshine ٌٌّْ‫ق ا‬ٚ‫ ّو‬Patience ‫اٌصجو‬ Light ‫ء‬ٛ‫ اٌع‬Confidence ‫ اٌضمخ‬Football َ‫ ووح اٌمل‬Air ‫اء‬ٛ٘ Pride ‫ اٌفقو‬Salt ‫ ٍِؼ‬Soccer َ‫ ووح اٌمل‬Help ٖ‫َِبػل‬ Chalk ‫و‬١ّ‫ غجب‬Dust ‫ غجبه‬Chocolate ٗ‫الر‬ٛ‫ى‬١ّ Weight lifting ‫ هفغ األصمبي‬Carbon dioxide ْٛ‫ل اٌىوث‬١َ‫ أو‬ٟٔ‫صب‬ Ex: 1- The grass is long. It needs cutting. 2- He gave me some advice. 3- My luggage is heavy. I need someone to help me.

4

:ً‫ ِض‬ٟٕ‫ ِغ اخزالف اٌّؼ‬uncountable ٚ‫ أ‬countable ْٛ‫ّىٓ أْ رى‬٠ ٗ١‫ر‬٢‫ اٌىٍّبد ا‬-4 ‫ال رؼذ‬ ‫هق ٌٍىزبثخ‬ٚ ‫ىعبط‬ ‫ح‬ٛٙ‫ ؽت اٌم‬- ٓ‫ث‬ ‫لذ‬ٚ ‫ِب‬ّٛ‫اٌجوك ػ‬ ‫ء‬ٛ‫اٌع‬ )‫ صفخ‬/ ٌْٛ( ٌٟ‫ثورمب‬ ‫ل‬٠‫ؽل‬ ‫ٌؾُ كعبط‬ ‫ٗ اٌطالة‬١‫زؼٍُ ف‬٠ ٞ‫اٌّىبْ اٌن‬ ‫فجوح‬

Uncountable Paper Glass Coffee Time Cold Light Orange Iron Chicken School Experience

Countable

‫رؼذ‬

A paper ‫لح‬٠‫عو‬ A glass ‫ة‬ٛ‫و‬ A coffee ‫ح‬ٛٙ‫فٕغبْ ِٓ اٌم‬ A time ‫ِوح‬ A cold ‫ٔيٌخ ثوك‬ A light ‫ٌّجخ‬ An orange )‫اؽلح اٌجورمبي‬ٚ( ً‫ثورمبٌٗ ٌألو‬ An iron ‫اح‬ٛ‫ِى‬ A chicken )‫كعبعخ (غبئو‬ A school ٟٕ‫اٌّلهٍخ وّج‬ An experience ‫ ِغبِوح‬- ‫ رغوثخ‬- ‫لف‬ِٛ

: ٍُ‫ جّغ طجمب ٌمصذ اٌّزى‬ٚ‫ ٘زٖ اٌىٍّبد رغزخذَ ِفشد أ‬-5 Family ‫ػبئٍخ‬ Army ِ١‫اٌغ‬ Class ً‫اٌفص‬ Company ‫ّووخ‬ Group ‫ػخ‬ّٛ‫ِغ‬ Firm ‫ّووخ‬ Navy ‫خ‬٠‫اٌجؾو‬ Staff ‫ئخ أٍبرنح‬١٘ Government ‫ِخ‬ٛ‫ اٌؾى‬Community ‫ِغزّغ‬ Population ْ‫ اٌَىب‬Gang ‫ػصبثخ‬ Orchestra ‫خ‬١‫م‬١ٍِٛ ‫ فولخ‬Crowd ‫ؽْل‬ Council ٌٍ‫ ِغ‬Management ‫اإلكاهح‬ Union ‫ ارؾبك‬Press ‫اٌصؾبفخ‬

Team ‫ك‬٠‫فو‬ Committee ‫ٌؾٕخ‬ Couple ْ‫عب‬ٚ‫ى‬ Crew ُ‫غبل‬ University ‫عبِؼخ‬ Public ‫ه‬ّٛٙ‫اٌغ‬ Majority ‫خ‬١‫األغٍج‬ Minority ‫خ‬١ٍ‫األل‬ Audience ‫ه‬ّٛٙ‫اٌغ‬ Ex: - The home team is winning the match. ‫اؽلح‬ٚ ‫ؽلح‬ٛ‫ك و‬٠‫ٕ٘ب اٌىالَ ػٓ اٌفو‬ - The team are travelling tonight to their next match. ‫ك وأفواك‬٠‫ٕ٘ب ٔمصل اٌفو‬ - My family is very rich and powerful. ‫اؽلح‬ٚ ‫ؽلح‬ٛ‫ٕ٘ب اٌىالَ ػٓ اٌؼبئٍخ و‬ - My family are very delighted with my success. ‫ٕ٘ب ٔمصل اٌؼبئٍخ وأفواك‬

Clothes Goods Remains Thanks Surroundings

ٌ‫ِالث‬ ‫ثعبئغ‬ ‫ب‬٠‫ثمب‬ ‫ّىوا‬ ‫ئخ‬١‫اٌج‬

:‫غخ اٌجّغ‬١‫ ص‬ٟ‫ب فؼً ف‬ٙ‫ رأخز ِؼ‬ٚ ‫ ٘زٖ اٌىٍّبد دائّب جّغ‬-6 Congratulations ‫ن‬ٚ‫ ِجو‬Weapons -Arms ‫أٍٍؾخ‬ Police ‫ اٌْوغخ‬Cattle ‫خ‬١ّ‫ِب‬ Belongings ‫ِّزٍىبد‬ People ً‫أٔب‬ Earnings ‫أهثبػ‬ Customs ‫اٌغّبهن‬ Soldiers ‫ك‬ٕٛ‫ ع‬Troops ‫اد‬ٛ‫ل‬

Ex: - The police are looking for two terrorists. - My clothes are very clean.

5

‫دسجبد اٌحشاسح‬ٚ ْ‫ص‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬ٚ ‫ اٌّغبفخ‬ٚ ّٓ‫ اٌض‬ٚ ِٓ‫اٌض‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ٌ‫ اٌّجبٌغ اٌّب‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ّ‫ اٌى‬ٍٟ‫ اٌؼجبساد اٌذاٌخ ػ‬-7 :ً‫رُؼبًِ ِؼبٍِخ اٌّفشد ِغ اٌفؼ‬ Ex:- Ten million pounds is a lot of money. - Fifty litres of petrol fills my car. - Two hours is a long time to wait. - Five kilometres is a long way to walk. - Fifty degrees is a very high temperature. :‫ي‬ٛ‫ الؽع إٔٔب ٔم‬ - Three one-pound coins are on the desk. ٗ١ٕ‫خ ِٓ فئخ اٌغ‬١ٔ‫صالس ػّالد ِؼل‬ : ‫رؼبًِ وّفشد‬ٚ ‫ب فؼً ِفشد‬ٙ‫ُغزخذَ ِؼ‬٠ٚ ‫ب ِفشدح‬ٕٙ‫ٌى‬ Athletics ٞٛ‫ أٌؼبة اٌم‬News ‫األفجبه‬ Politics ‫بٍخ‬١ٌَ‫ ا‬Economics ‫ػٍُ االلزصبك‬ Genetics ‫هاصخ‬ٌٛ‫ ػٍُ ا‬Physics ‫بء‬٠‫ي‬١‫اٌف‬ Statistics ‫ اإلؽصبء‬Gymnastics ‫خ‬١‫بظ‬٠‫أٌؼبة ه‬ Cards ٕٗ١ْ‫ر‬ٛ‫ و‬Measles ‫اٌؾصجخ‬ Ex: - Politics was my best subject at university. - Athletics is my favourite sport.

s ‫ب ثحشف‬ٙ‫بئ‬ٙ‫ ٘زٖ اٌىٍّبد سغُ أز‬-8 Classics ٟ‫ ػًّ هال‬-‫و‬١٘‫أػّبي ِْب‬ Electronics ‫بد‬١ٔٚ‫ػٍُ اٌىزو‬ Maths ‫بد‬١‫بظ‬٠‫ اٌو‬/ ‫اٌؾَبة‬ Mathematics ‫بد‬١‫بظ‬٠‫اٌو‬

:‫ ال رؼل‬ٟ‫ اٌىٍّبد اٌز‬ٚ ‫ رؼذ‬ٟ‫ اإلصجبد ِغ اٌىٍّبد اٌز‬ٟ‫ رغزخذَ ف‬lots of /a lot of / plenty of -9 Ex: - I've got a lot of books. ‫ؼل‬٠ ٍُ‫ا‬ - I've got a lot of money. ‫ؼل‬٠ ‫اٍُ ال‬ - He bought a lot of sugar / books / chairs / rice. - He needs plenty of books / water / rice / chairs. .‫ ال رؼل فمػ‬ٟ‫ ِغ اٌىٍّبد اٌز‬a great deal of َ‫ رَزقل‬Ex: - There's a great deal of money in the safe. :‫ذا‬١‫ ج‬ٟ‫ر‬٢‫ الحع ا‬-10 .‫ عؤاي‬ٚ‫خ أ‬١‫ جٍّخ ِٕف‬ٟ‫ؼذ ف‬٠ ُ‫ لجً اع‬many َ‫* رغزخذ‬ - I haven't got many books. - Have you got many books? .‫ عؤاي‬ٚ‫خ أ‬١‫ جٍّخ ِٕف‬ٟ‫ؼذ ف‬٠ ‫ لجً اعُ ال‬much َ‫* رغزخذ‬ - I haven’t got much money. - Have you got much money? too / so / very ‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫ اٌىٍّبد ا‬ٜ‫ّب إحذ‬ٍٙ‫ اإلصجبد إرا جبء لج‬ٟ‫ ف‬many/ much َ‫* رغزخذ‬ - There is so much sugar in my coffee.  A Little ‫خ‬١ّ‫ ٌٍى‬/ a few ‫ = ٌٍؼذد‬some )ٟ‫ىف‬٠ٚ ً١ٍ‫ل اإلصجبد (ل‬١‫رف‬ - I have a little money. = I have some money. (Positive ‫)عٍّخ ِضجزخ‬ - He has a few books. = He has some books. - He has a little furniture. - They work a few hours a week.

6

 little / few = hardly any = almost no / not )ٟ‫ىف‬٠ ‫ال‬ٚ ً١ٍ‫ (ل‬ٟ‫ل إٌف‬١‫رف‬ - She has few friends. = She has hardly any friends. - She had little money. = She had almost no money. - They got little information, did they? = He writes few letters, does he? :َ‫ أعّبء رؼذ ثبعزخذا‬ٌٟ‫ ال رؼذ إ‬ٟ‫ً األعّبء اٌز‬٠ٛ‫ّىٓ رح‬٠ -11 Partitives ‫اد اٌزجضئخ‬ٚ‫أد‬ A piece of / a bit of / an item of ‫ٌٍّفشد‬ Pieces of / bits of / items of ‫ٌٍجّغ‬ A sheet of paper ‫هق‬ٌٛ‫فوؿ ِٓ ا‬ A slice of meat ُ‫ؾخ ِٓ اٌٍؾ‬٠‫ّو‬ A cup of coffee ‫ح‬ٛٙ‫فٕغبْ ِٓ اٌم‬ A slice of toast ‫ؾخ ِٓ فجي‬٠‫ّو‬ A slice of cheese ٓ‫ؾخ ِٓ اٌغج‬٠‫ّو‬ A loaf of bread ‫ف ِٓ اٌقجي‬١‫هغ‬ A bag of flour / sugar ‫ك‬١‫ٌ ِٓ اٌلل‬١‫و‬ A tin of tuna ‫ٔخ‬ٛ‫ػٍجخ ر‬ A bottle of milk - water ٓ‫ىعبعخ ِٓ اٌٍج‬ A lump of sugar ‫ِىؼت ِٓ اٌَىو‬ A packet of cigarette ‫ػٍجخ ِٓ اٌَغبئو‬ A box of matches ‫ذ‬٠‫ػٍجخ وجو‬ A bar of soap / chocolate ْٛ‫ لطؼخ ِٓ اٌصبث‬A piece of advice A glass of lemonade / water ِٓ ‫ة‬ٛ‫و‬ A piece of jewellery A tube of toothpaste ْ‫ْ إٍٔب‬ٛ‫ثخ ِؼغ‬ٛ‫أٔج‬ A piece of furniture A jar of jam ٟ‫ثوغّبْ ِٓ اٌّوث‬ A piece of luggage A reel of cotton ‫ػ‬١‫ٍّخ ِٓ اٌق‬ A piece of information :ً‫ُ رُؼزجش ٘زٖ اٌىٍّبد ِفشد ِض‬ٍٙ‫ لج‬a pair of َ‫ػٕذ اعزخذا‬ٚ ‫ْ جّغ‬ٛ‫ ٘زٖ األعّبء رى‬-12 A pair of ِٓ ‫ط‬ٚ‫ى‬ Pyjamas ‫غبِخ‬١‫ ث‬jeans Trousers = pants ٍْٛ‫ثٕط‬ Shoes ‫ؽناء‬ binocular ‫خ‬٠‫ِٕظبه اٌوؤ‬ scissors ‫ِمص‬ Ex: - His trousers are dirty. ‫فؼً عّغ‬ - A pair of trousers is too expensive for me to buy. - A pair of socks doesn't cost much money.

Socks Glasses gloves

‫ّواة‬ ‫ٔظبهاد‬ ‫لفبى‬

‫فؼً ِفوك‬ ‫فؼً ِفوك‬

Present simple tense ‫ظ‬١‫اٌّضبسع اٌجغ‬ :ِٗ‫اعزخذا‬ - The sun gives us heat and light. ‫مخ‬١‫ؼجو ػٓ ؽم‬٠ * - He gets up early every day. ‫ؼجو ػٓ ػبكح ِزىوهح‬٠ * :‫ذ صبثزخ‬١‫اػ‬ِٛ ٚ‫ أ‬ِٟٕ‫ي ص‬ٚ‫ اٌَّزمجً غجمب ً ٌجذ‬ٟ‫و ػٓ ؽلس ف‬١‫ػ ٌٍزؼج‬١َ‫*َٔزقلَ اٌّعبهع اٌج‬ - The train leaves at 6 o'clock. - The final exams take place / happen on 7 /6 /2013.

7

:ٕٗ٠ٛ‫رى‬ ‫ ِغ ظّبئو اٌّفوك اٌغبئت‬ies /es / s ً‫عبف ٌٍفؼ‬٠ٚ )‫ي ٌٍفؼً (ِصله‬ٚ‫ف األ‬٠‫ْ ِٓ اٌزصو‬ٛ‫زى‬٠ * ‫ اٍـُ عّغ) فال‬/ They / we / you ) ً‫ ِض‬ٜ‫( أِب اٌعّبئو األفو‬He /She / It / ‫( اٍـُ ِفوك‬ .‫ ئظبفخ‬ٞ‫ اٌّصله ثال أ‬ٟ‫ظغ اٌفؼً ف‬ٛ٠ٚ ‫ء‬ّٟ ‫ب‬ٌٙ ‫عبف‬٠ Go + s = goes Finish + s = finishes Catch + s = catches

:ً‫ ِض‬es ‫( رأخز‬o / sh / ch / ss / x / z ) ‫ ثــ‬ٟٙ‫ رٕز‬ٟ‫* األفؼبي اٌز‬ Cross + s = crosses mix + s = mixes Buzz + s = buzzes

Ex: - He goes to school everyday. - She always crosses the street. - They always get up early.

‫ء‬ّٟ ‫ل اٌفؼً ٕ٘ب‬٠‫ ٌُ ٔي‬They

‫الْ اٌغٍّخ رجلأ ثـ‬

:‫ظخ‬ٛ‫ٍِح‬ ‫ حشف عبوٕخ‬21 ‫ف‬ٚ‫ اٌحش‬ٟ‫( ثبل‬a - e - i - o - u) ‫ حشف خّغخ ِزحشوخ‬26 ‫خ‬٠‫ض‬١ٍ‫ف اٌٍغخ اإلٔج‬ٚ‫* حش‬ Study + s = studies Key words:

:ً‫ ِض‬ies ‫ف‬١‫ٔض‬ٚ ‫ب‬ٙ‫ب حشف عبوٓ ٔحزف‬ٍٙ‫ لج‬y ‫ ثــ‬ٟٙ‫ٕز‬٠ ً‫ فؼ‬ٞ‫* أ‬ Try + s = tries Cry + s = cries

ً‫ ِفزبح اٌح‬/ ‫اٌىٍّبد اٌذاٌخ‬

- Always ‫ كائّب‬- often ‫ غبٌجب‬- - sometimes ‫بٔب‬١‫ أؽ‬- occasionally ‫فو‬٢ ‫لذ‬ٚ ِٓ - usually ‫ ػبكح‬- every day َٛ٠ ً‫ و‬/ ‫اٌؾمبئك اٌضبثزخ‬ ‫ْ إضبفخ‬ٚ‫ إرا وبْ اٌفؼً ِصذس ثذ‬don’t َ‫ظ ٔغزخذ‬١‫ صِٓ اٌّضبسع اٌجغ‬ٟ‫ جٍّخ ف‬ٞ‫ أ‬ٟ‫* ٌٕف‬ Ex: ُٙ‫ ِغ حزف‬es ٚ‫ أ‬s ٗ‫ إرا وبْ اٌفؼً ث‬doesn’t ٚ - They play tennis well. ‫ف‬١‫ِعبهع ٔظ‬ - They don’t play tennis well. - He goes to school on foot. s ٗ‫ِعبهع ث‬ - He doesn’t go to school on foot. . ُ٘‫ظغ ثؼل‬ٛ٠ ‫ فؼً آفو‬ٞ‫ أ‬ٚ ‫ف اٌزىواه‬ٚ‫ظغ لجً ظو‬ٛ٠ ‫ اٌغٍّخ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٍٟ‫ وفؼً أٍب‬am / is / are ‫* أفؼبي‬ ٍُٙ‫ لج‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ ‫ف اٌزىواه‬ٚ‫ظو‬ ُ٘‫ ثؼل‬ٟ‫بر‬٠

am - is - are

always usually often sometimes

Ex: 1 - He is always late. ‫ اٌغٍّخ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٍٟ‫فؼً أٍب‬ 2 - He always comes early. ٞ‫فؼً ػبك‬ 3- He usually helps us when we need him. ٞ‫فؼً ػبك‬

8

go - goes eat - eats come - comes play - plays

: ً‫ظ ِض‬١‫ب ِغ اٌّضبسع اٌجغ‬ٙ‫ز‬٠‫ب‬ٙٔ ٚ‫خ اٌجٍّخ أ‬٠‫ ثذا‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٝ‫خ رأر‬١ِٕ‫ف اٌض‬ٚ‫* اٌظش‬ - Every day /every week, / at night/ in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening. Ex: - We walk to school every day. - Every day we walk to school. :ً‫خ ِض‬١ِٕ‫اثظ اٌض‬ٚ‫ظ ثؼذ اٌش‬١‫غزخذَ اٌّضبسع اٌجغ‬٠ * (After - before - when - the moment - as soon as - till - until) Ex: - He will go to bed after he finishes / has finished his work. - We will have a meal the moment the plane takes off / has taken off. : ٟ‫ر‬٢‫ْ وب‬ٛ‫ي رى‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٟٕ‫غخ اٌّج‬١‫ ٘زا اٌضِٓ ٌص‬ٟ‫ جٍّخ ف‬ٞ‫ً أ‬٠ٛ‫* ٌزح‬ - S + am / is / are + PP Ex: - The house is cleaned every day. - The streets are swept every day.

- The film is watched every night.

Past simple tense ‫ظ‬١‫ اٌجغ‬ٟ‫اٌّبض‬ :ِٗ‫اعزخذا‬ / ٟ‫ اٌّبظ‬ٟ‫ رّذ ف‬ٚ ‫الف ؽلصذ‬ِٛ ٚ‫ أؽلاس أ‬/ٝٙ‫ أز‬ٚ ٟ‫ اٌّبظ‬ٟ‫ؼجو ػٓ ؽلس ؽلس ف‬٠ * .ْ٢‫ٌُ رؼل رؾلس ا‬ٚ ‫ذ‬ٙ‫أز‬ٚ ٟ‫ اٌّبظ‬ٟ‫ػبكح ف‬ :ٕٗ٠ٛ‫رى‬ ً‫ اٌّصله ِض‬ٌٝ‫ ئ‬ed ٚ‫ أ‬d ‫ٗ ثاظبفخ‬١ٍ‫ػبكح ٔؾصً ػ‬ٚ ً‫ ٌٍفؼ‬ٟٔ‫ف اٌضب‬٠‫ْ ِٓ اٌزصو‬ٛ‫زى‬٠ * (Played / walked / heard / visited /talked / arrived / reached) .‫و لٍت‬ٙ‫* األفؼبي اٌْبمح رؾفع ػٓ ظ‬ Live Hear Enjoy Stay Hurry Carry Plan

ed ٚ‫ آ‬d ‫ب‬ٌٙ ‫ف‬١‫األفؼبي إٌّزظّخ ٔض‬ lived Help helped heard Want wanted ‫ء‬ٟ‫ش ش‬١‫ال ٔغ‬ٚ ‫ ٌٍفؼً فمطـ‬ed ‫ف‬١‫لجٍٗ حشف ِزحشن ٔض‬ٚ y ‫ اٌفؼً ثـ‬ٝٙ‫إرا أز‬ enjoyed Employ employed stayed play played ed ‫ف‬١‫ صُ ٔض‬i ٌٝ‫ إ‬y ‫لجٍٗ حشف عبوٓ رمٍت اٌـ‬ٚ y ‫ اٌفؼً ثـ‬ٝٙ‫إرا أز‬ hurried Study studied carried Cry cried ed ً‫ ثحشف عبوٓ ٔىشس اٌحشف اٌغبوٓ لج‬ٟٙ‫ٕز‬٠ ٚ ‫ إٌطك‬ٟ‫احذ ف‬ٌٛ‫ اٌّمطغ ا‬ٚ‫اٌفؼً ر‬ planned Grab grabbed

9

Key words ‫اٌىٍّبد اٌذاٌخ‬ Yesterday ٌِ‫ أ‬ago ٟ‫ِع‬ in the past ٟ‫ اٌّبظ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫ اٌّبظ‬ٟ‫ـ ف‬٠‫اه‬ٛ‫ر‬ Last ٟ‫ اٌّبظ‬once ‫ماد ِوح‬ the other day ‫َ اٌَبثك‬ٛ١ٌ‫ ا‬a long time ago in + ٟ‫ـ ِبظ‬٠‫ربه‬ from…… ٟ‫ـ ِبظ‬٠‫… ربه‬.to……… ٟ‫ـ ِبظ‬٠‫……… ربه‬ Ex: - Samy phoned Ali a moment ago. - Hoda left for London yesterday. :‫* ِالحظبد ٘بِخ‬ .ٗ‫ُ صف‬ٙ١ٍ٠ was / were ٚ‫ب ِصذس ا‬ٙ١ٍ٠ did ‫ ٘زا اٌضِٓ ٔغأي ػٕٗ ثىٍّخ‬ٟ‫ فؼً ف‬ٞ‫ أ‬- Did you see Ahmed last week? - Was he ill yesterday? .‫ب ِصذس‬ٙ١ٍ٠ didn’t َ‫ ٘زا اٌضِٓ ٔغزخذ‬ٟ‫ جٍّخ ف‬ٞ‫ أ‬ٟ‫ ٌٕف‬- He didn’t see Ahmed last week. - She didn’t tell the truth. ‫ب ثــ‬ٕٙ‫خ ٔغأي ػ‬١ِٕ‫ب ِذح ص‬ٙ‫ ِؼ‬ٚ ‫ اٌجٍّخ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ago ‫د وٍّخ‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ‫ ػٕذ‬- How long ago did + sub + inf…………..? - The plane left for Paris 15 minutes ago. (How long) - How long ago did the plane leave for Paris? - S + used to + ‫ أْ ) ِصذس‬/ ٍٝ‫( إػزبد ػ‬ ْ٢‫ ال رؾلس ا‬ٚ ٟ‫ اٌّبظ‬ٟ‫* رؼجو ػٓ ػبكح ف‬ - He used to play tennis when he was young. He doesn’t play now. : ٟ‫ر‬٢‫ْ وب‬ٛ‫ي رى‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٟٕ‫غخ اٌّج‬١‫ ٘زا اٌضِٓ ٌص‬ٟ‫ جٍّخ ف‬ٞ‫ً أ‬٠ٛ‫* ٌزح‬ - S + was / were + PP Ex: - The house was cleaned last night. - The film was watched last night. - The house was built by the builder last year. The past continuous tense ‫ اٌّغزّش‬ٟ‫اٌّبض‬ :ِٗ‫اعزخذا‬ .‫اؽل‬ٚ ‫لذ‬ٚ ٟ‫ اٍزّوا ف‬ٚ ‫ ؽلصبْ ؽلصب‬.‫ لطؼٗ ؽلس آفو‬ٚ ٟ‫ اٌّبظ‬ٟ‫ؼجو ػٓ ؽلس وبْ َِزّو ف‬٠ * ٕٗ٠ٛ‫رى‬ - ً‫ فبػ‬+ was / were + ً‫ اٌفؼ‬+ ing Key words - When

‫ػٕذِب‬

When ‫ َِزّو‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ When ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬

/

(While = as = just as ‫ّٕب‬١‫)ث‬

‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬

‫ َِزّو‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬

when ‫ َِزّو‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬

‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ when

10

‫ َِزّو‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬

While ‫ َِزّو‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ While ‫ َِزّو‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ ‫ َِزّو‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ While + v + ing ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ During + noun / v + ing ,

‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ while while

‫ َِزّو‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ ‫ َِزّو‬ٟ‫احذ ِبظ‬ٚ ‫لذ‬ٚ ٟ‫حذصبْ ف‬ ‫ َِزّو‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬

while + v + ing s + ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬

Ex: 1- When I was having breakfast, he arrived. 2- He arrived when I was having breakfast. 3- When I entered the office, the secretary was typing the letter. 4- The secretary was typing the letter when I entered the office. 5- While he was playing tennis, he fell down. 6- He fell down while he was playing tennis. 7- While Hoda was reading the newspaper, her mum was cooking the food. 8- While playing tennis, he fell down. was ‫عل فبػً ٌنٌه ٌُ ٔعغ‬ٛ٠ ‫ال‬ 9- During my stay in Alex., I swam in the sea. ٟ‫أر‬١‫خ ف‬١‫ اٌغٍّخ أِب اٌىٍّبد اٌجبل‬ٕٝ‫ َِزّو غجمب ٌّؼ‬ٟ‫ ِبظ‬ٚ‫ػ أ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ ثؼل٘ب ِبظ‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ when ‫* وٍّخ‬ )‫ػ‬١َ‫فو ث‬٢‫ا‬ٚ ‫ َِزّو‬ٟ‫ْ ِبظ‬ٛ‫س ثى‬ٚ‫ اٌؾل‬ٟ‫ً ف‬٠ٛ‫ َِزّو ( اٌيِٓ اٌط‬ٟ‫ثؼلُ٘ ِبظ‬

Write + ing Come + ing Have + ing

:‫ظخ‬ٛ‫* ٍِح‬ :ٟ٘ ‫ فزظً وّب‬ee ‫ أِب ئما وبٔذ‬. ‫ب‬ٙ‫ رؾنف‬e ٖ‫ فؼً أفو‬ٌٝ‫ ئ‬ing ‫ػٕل ئظبفخ‬ = writing Oversee + ing = overseeing ‫ْوف‬٠ / ‫والت‬٠ = coming Flee + ing = fleeing ‫وة‬ٙ٠ / ‫فو‬٠ = having Foresee + ing = foreseeing ‫زٕجأ‬٠ :‫ظخ‬ٛ‫* ٍِح‬ :ً‫ش ِض‬١‫ب ٔىشس اٌحشف األخ‬ٌٙ ing ‫ثؼض األفؼبي ػٕذ إضبفخ‬ Get ً‫ؾص‬٠ Rid ‫قٍص‬٠ Split ‫ْٕػ‬٠ Hit ‫ت‬١‫ص‬٠ Run ٞ‫غو‬٠ Spit ‫جصك‬٠ Knit ‫ػ ثبإلثوح‬١‫ق‬٠ Set ُ١‫م‬٠ -‫ رغوة‬- ‫ؼل‬٠ Stop ‫مف‬٠ Let ‫لع‬٠ Sit ٌٍ‫غ‬٠ Swim َٛ‫ؼ‬٠ Outbid Slit ‫ْوغ‬٠ - ‫ْك‬٠ Wed ‫ط‬ٚ‫زي‬٠ Over-run ‫ىزَؼ‬٠ Shed ‫نهف‬٠ Wet ًٍ‫ج‬٠ Put ‫عغ‬٠ Shut ‫غٍك‬٠ Win ‫ىَت‬٠ Quit ‫زون‬٠ Spin ‫غيي‬٠ Upset ‫يػظ‬٠

Bid ‫ملَ ػوض‬٠ Beset ً‫َجت ِْبو‬٠ Bet ٓ٘‫وا‬٠ Cut ‫مطغ‬٠ Dig ‫ؾفو‬٠ Forbid ‫ّٕغ‬٠ Drop ‫َمػ‬٠ Forget َٕٝ٠ Ex: - He is running now. - They are sitting in the garden at the moment.

11

‫ األىِٕخ اٌَّزّوح‬ٟ‫ظغ ف‬ٛ‫خ ال ر‬١٘‫اٌىوا‬ٚ ‫اٌؾت‬ٚ ‫ اٌزٍّه‬ٚ ‫و‬١‫ اٌزفى‬ٚ ‫اٌؼبغفخ‬ٚ ‫ه‬ٛ‫ اٌْؼ‬ٚ ً‫ا‬ٛ‫* أفؼبي اٌؾ‬ v. to. be ‫ب‬ٙ‫َجم‬٠ ‫ ال‬ٚ ing ‫ب‬ٙ١ٌ‫عبف ئ‬٠ ‫ ال‬ٞ‫أ‬ Agree ‫افك‬ٛ٠ Assume ُ‫يػ‬٠ Prefer ً‫فع‬٠ Resemble ٗ‫ْج‬٠ Hope ًِ‫أ‬٠ Cost ‫ىٍف‬٠ Realise ‫لهن‬٠ Appear-Seem ٚ‫جل‬٠ Matter ُٙ٠ / ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠ Contain ٞٛ‫ؾز‬٠ Consist ْٛ‫زى‬٠ Regret ‫أٍف‬٠ Think understand expect Possess ‫ٍّه‬٠ believe remember Own ‫ٍّه‬٠ Have ‫ٍّه‬٠ ٕٝ‫ثّؼ‬ know forget Belong ‫قص‬٠ Like - love See smell feel hate hear notice wish want :ٟ‫ر‬٢‫ْ وب‬ٛ‫ي رى‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٟٕ‫غخ اٌّج‬١‫ ٘زا اٌضِٓ ٌص‬ٟ‫ جٍّخ ف‬ٞ‫ً أ‬٠ٛ‫* ٌزح‬ - S + was being / were being + PP Ex: - The house was being cleaned when I arrived. - The film was being watched when my dad came in. - The house was being built when it rained. Present perfect simple َ‫اٌّضبسع اٌزب‬ ٕٗ٠ٛ‫رى‬ Have + pp Has + pp

- I / we / they / you / ‫اٍـُ عّغ‬ - He / she / it / ‫اٍـُ ِفوك‬

-:ٓ‫ؼجش ػ‬٠ .ٍُ‫ ٌؾظخ اٌزى‬ٟٙ‫ أز‬ٚ‫ ٌؾظخ اٌزىٍُ أ‬ٝ‫ِب ىاي َِزّو ؽز‬ٚ ٟ‫ اٌّبظ‬ٟ‫ ؽلس ثلا ف‬- I have taught English for 30 years. - He has just finished his work. ‫وح‬١‫بء ؽلصذ ِٕن فزوح لص‬١ّ‫ أ‬- The plane hasn’t taken off yet. ‫بء ٌُ رؾلس ثؼل‬١ّ‫أ‬- He has bought a car. ‫ ؽلس‬ٝ‫زؾلك ِز‬٠ ٌُٚ ٟ‫ اٌّبظ‬ٟ‫لذ ِب ف‬ٚ ٟ‫ء ؽلس ف‬ّٟ: ً‫خ ِض‬١ِٕ‫اثظ اٌض‬ٚ‫غزخذَ اٌّضبسع اٌزبَ ثؼذ اٌش‬٠ * (After - before - when - the moment - as soon as - till - until) Ex: - He will go to bed after he has finished his work. Key words ‫ وٍّبد داٌخ‬/ ً‫ِفزبح اٌح‬ Already ) ‫ ؽبال‬-‫ا‬ٛ‫)ر‬ ‫ اإلصجبد‬ٟ‫رَزقلَ ف‬ Yet )‫(ثؼل‬ ٟ‫ إٌف‬ٚ ‫ اٌَإاي‬ٟ‫رَزقلَ ف‬ Recently )‫ت (ئصجبد‬٠‫ اٌمو‬ٟ‫رؼجو ػٓ اٌّبظ‬ Lately )ٟ‫ت (عًّ ٔف‬٠‫ اٌمو‬ٟ‫رؼجو ػٓ اٌّبظ‬

For ‫ٌّلح‬ Ever ‫ اٌَإاي‬ٟ‫رَزقلَ ف‬ Never ٟ‫رَزقلَ ٌٍٕف‬ This morning

12

Up to nowْ٢‫ ا‬ٝ‫ؽز‬ Since ‫ِٕن‬ So far ْ٢‫ ا‬ٝ‫ؽز‬ Just ‫ ؽبال‬- ‫ا‬ٛ‫ر‬

:ٟ‫ر‬٢‫*الحع ا‬ - ً‫ فبػ‬+ have / has ) already - just - ever- never - not ) + PP - We have already decorated the flat. - He has never been to the Temple of Karnak. :ٟ‫الحع األر‬ - Has been / have been - Has gone / have gone Ex: - She has gone to the market. - She has been to Paris.

)ْ٢‫ك ٕ٘ب ا‬ٛ‫ع‬ِٛ( ‫ب‬١ٔ‫ ػبك صب‬ٚ ‫م٘ت‬ ‫ؼل ثؼل‬٠ ٌُ ( ‫ِبىاي ٕ٘بن‬ٚ ‫م٘ت‬ (She went and she is still there now) (She went and came back again) Since ‫لبػلح‬

- Since + ً‫ فبػ‬+ ٟٔ‫ف صب‬٠‫ رصو‬/ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ ِبظ‬, ً‫ فبػ‬+ َ‫ ِعبهع رب‬/ ‫ِعبهع ربَ َِزّو‬ - ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫ ِعبهع ربَ َِزّو‬/ َ‫ ِعبهع رب‬Since

ً‫ فبػ‬+ ٟٔ‫ف صب‬٠‫ رصو‬/ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬

Ex: - Since he left for Paris, I haven’t seen him. - I haven’t seen him since he left for Paris. Since ‫ ِغ‬ٝ‫وٍّبد رأر‬ year - day - month - week- century Ever since - since then - that time the first / the second world war 1980-1986-1960 / This morning yesterday - lunch - dinner - breakfast ‫ي إٌَخ‬ٛ‫ فص‬/ ‫ع‬ٛ‫بَ األٍج‬٠‫ أ‬/ ‫ه‬ٌْٛٙ‫وً ا‬ 3 o’clock - 5 o’clock / the age of… His childhood ٗ‫ٌز‬ٛ‫غف‬ - his birth ٖ‫ٌل‬ِٛ Since last night / since last week /

For‫ ِغ‬ٝ‫وٍّبد رأر‬ A year - a day - a week - an hour 3 hours - 4 days - 6 months A century - 3 years - half an hour A long time - A short time for ages - so long for ever over……ُ‫…هل‬........years / weeks more than…ُ‫هل‬.......years / weeks for the last night - for the last week

:ٟ‫الحـع األر‬ . ‫لذ ِؾلك‬ٚ ‫ ثؼل٘ب‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ٚ ‫ اٌّعبهع اٌزبَ اٌَّزّو‬ٚ‫ ِغ اٌّعبهع اٌزبَ أ‬since َ‫* رَزقل‬ .‫ اٌّعبهع اٌزبَ اٌَّزّو‬ٚ‫ ىِٓ اٌّعبهع اٌزبَ أ‬ٟ‫ظغ ئِب ف‬ٛ٠ ٗٔ‫ فب‬since ‫اؽل ِغ‬ٚ ً‫* ئما عبء فؼ‬ ‫فو‬٢‫ اٌفؼً ا‬ٚ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ اٌج‬ٟ‫ ىِٓ اٌّبظ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ ‫ ثؼل٘ب ِجبّوح‬ٞ‫ٓ فبْ اٌفؼً اٌن‬١ٍ‫ فؼ‬since ‫* ئما عبء ِغ‬ َ‫ اٌّعبهع اٌزب‬ٚ‫ ىِٓ اٌّعبهع اٌزبَ اٌَّزّو أ‬ٟ‫ف‬ Ex: 1- I have been working in this bank since 1998. ) ‫( ِعبهع ربَ َِزّو‬ 2- I have worked in this bank since 1998. ) ‫( ِعبهع‬ 3- He has done nothing since we met this morning. 4- She has been cleaning the house since we met this morning.

13

:‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫الحع اٌجًّ ا‬ * It’s + ‫خ‬١ِٕ‫ فزوح ى‬+ since + ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ - It’s a long / 3 years / 4 weeks time since I saw Ali. * I last + ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ ِبظ‬+ when + ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ - I last ate fish when I was on holiday. 2 years ago. in + ‫ـ‬٠‫ربه‬

* The last time + ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ ِبظ‬- ٟٔ‫ف صب‬٠‫ رصو‬was Ex: - The last time I travelled abroad was in 2000 / was 9 years ago..

:‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫الحـع اٌجًّ ا‬ - It is the first time Hala has ever seen a tiger. - I have never met such a tall girl. - She is the tallest girl I have ever met.

(ever) :‫ذا‬١‫ ج‬ٟ‫ر‬٢‫ الحع ا‬-

)ً‫ ثبٌفؼ‬ٟٙ‫ (أز‬already ‫ ٔقزبه‬you have been quick ‫علٔب‬ٚ ‫به ئما‬١‫* ػٕل االفز‬ )‫ ثؼل‬ٟٙ‫ٕز‬٠ ٌُ( yet ‫ ٔقزبه‬Hurry up ‫علٔب‬ٚ ‫* ئما‬ : ٟ‫ر‬٢‫ْ وب‬ٛ‫ي رى‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٟٕ‫غخ اٌّج‬١‫ ٘زا اٌضِٓ ٌص‬ٟ‫ جٍّخ ف‬ٞ‫ً أ‬٠ٛ‫* ٌزح‬ - S + have been / has been + PP Ex: - The house has been cleaned since last night. - The film has been watched for 3 hours.

The Past Perfect Tense َ‫ اٌزب‬ٟ‫اٌّبض‬

.‫ لجً حذس آخش‬ٟ‫ اٌّبض‬ٟ‫ؼجش ػٓ حذس حذس ف‬٠ *

Formation

had + pp

Key words - After - As soon as - When ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ ً‫ فبػ‬+ ٟٔ‫ف صب‬٠‫رصو‬

had + PP ً‫ فبػ‬+ َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬

,

after as soon as when

ٟٔ‫ف صب‬٠‫رصو‬ ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ ً‫ فبػ‬+ had + pp

Ex: - As soon as he had done his homework, he went out. - He wrote the reply after he had read the letter.

14

ً‫ فبػ‬+ ٝ‫ػ ِٕف‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ ِبظ‬/didn’t +‫ ِصله‬till / until ً‫ فبػ‬+ had + pp َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ ً‫ فبػ‬+ wasn't / weren't + pp Ex: - He didn’t write the reply until he had read the letter. - Before - By the time - By + noun / ُ‫ اع‬,

ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬

, ً‫ فبػ‬+ َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬

ً‫ فبػ‬+ َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬

Ex: - By the time he arrived, he had finished his work. - Before I went to school, I had had breakfast. - Having + PP, ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫ـػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ Ex: - Having finished his work, he went out. .‫ فمػ‬ing ٌٗ ‫عبف‬٠ after / before ‫*ئما عبء اٌفؼً ِجبّوح ثؼل‬ - After cooking the food, she went out. - Before going out, she had done her homework. ٝ‫ حز‬...... ْ‫ىذ أ‬٠ ٌُ * hardly when * ً‫ فبػ‬+ had scarcely + PP when ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫ظ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ِبض‬ barely when no sooner than Ex: - She had no sooner seen the thief than she cried. ُ‫ ٔعغ األكاح صُ اٌفؼً اٌَّبػل ص‬.‫ ّىً ٍإاي‬ٍٝ‫ظغ ػ‬ٛ‫اد اٌَبثمخ ر‬ٚ‫ ِٓ األك‬ٞ‫* ئما ثلأد اٌغٍّخ ثأ‬ ‫ف اٌضبٌش‬٠‫اٌفبػً صُ اٌزصو‬ - Hardly when - Scarcely + had + ً‫ فبػ‬+ PP when ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ - Barely ‫غخ عؤاي‬١‫ص‬ when - No sooner than Ex: - No sooner had she seen the thief than she cried. :‫ذا‬١‫ٗ ج‬١‫ر‬٢‫الحع اٌمبػذح ا‬ - It wasn’t until + ً‫ فبػ‬+ had + PP------------------that + ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫طـ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ - It was only when + ً‫ فبػ‬+ had + PP--------------that + ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫طـ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬

15

.‫ٓ اٌغٍّزبْ فمػ‬١‫ ث‬that ‫ ٌىٓ ٔعغ‬After ‫ ٔفٌ لبػلح‬ٟ٘ ‫* اٌمبػلح اٌَبثمخ‬ Ex: - It wasn’t until he had done his work that he phoned Ali. - It was only when he had done his work that he phoned Ali. :ٟ‫ر‬٢‫ْ وب‬ٛ‫ي رى‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٟٕ‫غخ اٌّج‬١‫ ٘زا اٌضِٓ ٌص‬ٟ‫ جٍّخ ف‬ٞ‫ً أ‬٠ٛ‫* ٌزح‬ - S + had been + PP Ex: - The house had been cleaned before they arrived. - The film had been watched by the time they came in. - The house had been built before they sold it. The past perfect continuous ‫ اٌزبَ اٌّغزّش‬ٟ‫اٌّبض‬ ٍٗ‫لف لج‬ٛ‫ ر‬ٚ‫لذ أ‬ٌٛ‫ رٌه ا‬ٝ‫غزّش حز‬٠ٚ ‫ش‬٠‫لذ اٌحذ‬ٚ ً‫خ ٌحذس حذس لج‬١ِٕ‫ي اٌفزشح اٌض‬ٛ‫صف ط‬ٌٛ َ‫غزخذ‬٠ * .ٟ‫ اٌّبض‬ٟ‫زىشس حذس ف‬٠ ‫غزخذَ ٘زا اٌضِٓ ػٕذِب‬٠ .‫ ٌحذس لطؼٗ حذس آخش‬ٚ‫أ‬ ٕٗ٠ٛ‫رى‬ had + been + v + ing (want- wish) ‫ ال رَزقلَ ِغ ىِٓ اٌّعبهع اٌَّزّو ِبػلا‬ٟ‫َزقلَ ٘نا اٌيِٓ ِغ األفؼبي اٌز‬٠ ‫ ال‬Ex: - She had been studying English for five years before she visited Canada. - We had been cooking all day for the party that evening and by 8 o’clock we still weren’t ready. - Ali had been watching the film for 2 hours before he went to sleep. - She had been cleaning the flat for 5 hours when the light went out. - Although Ali had been training for 6 years, he didn’t win the race. - He had been talking on the phone for an hour when the door bell rang. Ex: - She had tried three times to solve the problem. - She had been trying to solve the problem.

)َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫(ِبظ‬ (Past Perfect Cont)

. ‫ اٌزبَ اٌّغزّش‬ٟ‫اٌّبض‬ٚ َ‫ اٌزب‬ٟ‫ٓ اٌّبض‬١‫* الحع اٌفشق ث‬ ‫ اٌزبَ اٌَّزّو ال ٔؼٍُ اما وبْ اٌؾلس اوزًّ اَ ال؟‬ٟ‫ اٌّبظ‬- .ٟٙ‫أز‬ٚ ٗ‫ػ‬ٛ‫ل‬ٚ ًّ‫ اٌزبَ اٌؾلس اوز‬ٟ‫ اٌّبظ‬- By seven o'clock, he had written the essay. - By seven o'clock, he had been writing the essay.

16

. ‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ اٌّج‬ٌٟ‫ي إ‬ٛ‫ح‬٠ ُ‫ ربَ ص‬ٟ‫ ِبض‬ٌٟ‫ي إ‬ٛ‫ح‬٠ ٓ‫ٌى‬ٚ ‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٟٕ‫غخ اٌّج‬١‫ ص‬ٟ‫غزخذَ ٘زا اٌضِٓ ف‬٠ ‫* ال‬ Ex: - They had been studying English. (active) - English had been studied. (passive)

Active and Passive Voice ‫ي‬ٛٙ‫اٌّج‬ٚ ٍَٛ‫اٌّؼ‬ - He

plays

- Tennis is

.‫ي‬ٛ‫اٌّفؼ‬ٚ ً‫اٌفؼ‬ٚ ً‫ اٌفبػ‬ٟ٘ ‫َ صالصخ‬ٍٛ‫غخ اٌّؼ‬١‫ ص‬ٟ‫*أسوبْ اٌجٍّخ ف‬ tennis every day. played

by

him

every day.

:‫سح‬ٛ‫ ٘زٖ اٌص‬ٍٝ‫ْ ػ‬ٛ‫ٌٗ) رى‬ٛ‫ي (ِح‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٕٝ‫غخ اٌّج‬١‫ ص‬ٟ‫* اٌجٍّخ ف‬ ‫ي‬ٛ‫ اٌّفؼ‬+ V. to be ‫ حغت صِٓ اٌجٍّخ‬+ ‫ف اٌضبٌش‬٠‫ اٌزصش‬+ by + ً‫اٌفبػ‬ :‫ظخ ٘بِخ جذا‬ٛ‫*ٍِح‬ : ‫د‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ِٓ ‫ي الثذ‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٕٝ‫غخ اٌّج‬١‫ ص‬ٟ‫ جٍّخ ف‬ٞ‫بس أ‬١‫ الخز‬- am - is - are - was - were - be - been - being - to be + PP v to be ‫ ؽَت ىِٓ اٌفؼً ٔقزبه‬:‫ش لٍت‬ٙ‫حفع ػٓ ظ‬٠ٚ ‫ُ جذا‬ِٙ ‫ي‬ٚ‫* جذ‬ ‫صِٓ اٌجٍّخ‬ V. To Be ‫ة‬ٍٛ‫ اٌّط‬/ ‫د ثبٌجٍّخ‬ٛ‫ج‬ِٛ / ٗ‫ ِؼـ‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ Present Simple Tens ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ِعبهع ث‬am - is - are + pp Past Simple Tense ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ ِبظ‬was - were + PP Present Cont.Tense ‫ ِعبهع َِزّو‬am being - is being - are being + PP Past Cont.Tense ‫ َِزّو‬ٟ‫ ِبظ‬was being - were being + PP Present Perfect Tense َ‫ ِعبهع رب‬have been - has been + PP Past Perfect Tense َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ ِبظ‬had been + PP will have + pp َ‫ اٌَّزمجً اٌزب‬will have been + pp )‫األفؼبي إٌبلصخ (ػششح‬ ُ٘‫ ثؼذ‬be ْٚ‫أخز‬٠ ٍُٙ‫ فؼً و‬34 can - could - will - would can be -could be -will be -would be + pp shall - should - may - might shall be- should be- may be- might be +PP must - ought to must be- ought to be + pp have to - has to - had to have to be - has to be - had to be + PP am - is - are- was- were going to am -is - are - was - were going to be + PP am - is - are -was -were about to am -is - are - was - were about to be + PP am - is - are - was - were to am - is - are - was - were to be +PP need to - needn’t need to be - needn’t be + PP

17

seem to - appear to is supposed to will have to + ‫ِصله‬ I You

me you

seem to be - appear to be + PP s) supposed to be + PP will have to be + pp He They

him them

:ٌٗٛ‫ ٔجذ٘ب ِح‬ٚ‫ أ‬ٟ‫ر‬٢‫ي نا‬ٛ‫خ رح‬١‫ر‬٢‫* اٌضّبئش ا‬ her She It it us We

Ex 1- The film was seen last night by him. 2- The food is being cooked in the kitchen by her. 3- A car is going to be bought by me. :‫ِالحظبد ٘بِخ‬ am not / isn't /aren't + pp

‫ب‬ٙ‫ػ ٔغل ث‬١َ‫ اٌّعبهع اٌج‬ٟ‫خ ف‬١‫ ئما وبٔذ اٌغٍّخ ِٕف‬-1

Ex 1- English isn’t spoken by him. 2- Tennis isn’t played by them. wasn’t / weren’t + pp

‫ب‬ٙ‫ػ ٔغل ث‬١َ‫ اٌج‬ٟ‫ اٌّبظ‬ٟ‫خ ف‬١‫ ئما وبٔذ اٌغٍّخ ِٕف‬-2

Ex 1- The film wasn't seen by them. 2- The door wasn't broken by them. :‫خ‬١‫ الحع األفؼبي األر‬-3 Make See Hear

to ْٚ‫َ اٌّصذس ثذ‬ٍٛ‫ اٌّؼ‬ٟ‫ ثؼذ٘ب ف‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ ‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫* األفؼبي ا‬ to ٍٗ‫ ثؼذُ٘ اٌّصذس لج‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ ‫ي‬ٛٙ‫غخ اٌّج‬١‫ ص‬ٟ‫ف‬ٚ *

1- The teacher made me clean the white board.

ٍَٛ‫عٍّٗ ِؼ‬

- I was made to clean the white board. 2- He made us do it again.

‫ي‬ٛٙ‫عٍّٗ ِغ‬ ٍَٛ‫عٍّٗ ِؼ‬

‫ي‬ٛٙ‫عٍّٗ ِغ‬ :ٟ‫ٌٗ وب االر‬ٛ‫ ثبٌجٍّخ ٔجذ٘ب ِح‬let ‫د وٍّخ‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ‫– ػٕذ‬4 -ً‫ فبػ‬+ let + ٟ‫ش أؼىبع‬١ّ‫ ( ض‬himself / myself ( + be + PP - We were made to do it again.

Ex: 1- She let herself be deceived. 2- He let himself be insulted. Hate

ٖ‫ىو‬٠

Like ‫ؾت‬٠

Love

‫ؾت‬٠

Dislike

:‫خ‬١‫ الحع األفؼبي آالر‬-5 ٖ‫ىو‬٠

being + pp ‫ ثؼذ٘ب‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ ٚ‫ أ‬/ to be + pp ‫ ثؼذ٘ب‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ ٚ‫ أ‬/ ‫ٌخ‬ٛ‫خ ٔجذ٘ب ِح‬١‫ر‬٢‫* األفؼبي ا‬

18

Ex: - I hate people to cheat me. - I hate people cheating me.

- I hate to be cheated. - I hate being cheated.

:ْ‫ال‬ٛ‫ب ِفؼ‬ٙ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ اٌجًّ اٌز‬-6 )‫ عٍّخ‬ٞ‫ وأ‬ٞ‫ً ػبك‬٠ٛ‫ٗ (رؾ‬٠‫ْ ػبك‬ٛ‫ي اٌؼبلً رى‬ٛ‫* ئما ثلأٔب اٌغٍّخ ثبٌّفؼ‬ - I was given a book. ً‫ي اٌؼبل‬ٛ‫ لجً اٌّفؼ‬to / for to ‫خ رأخز‬١‫ر‬٢‫األفؼبي ا‬ Give Throw Write Sell

Take Bring Show Offer Ex: 1- He offered me a book. 2- He built me a house.

- I was sent a letter ‫ظغ‬ٚ ٚ‫ك ا‬ٛ‫ع‬ٚ ِٓ ‫و ػبلً الثل‬١‫ي اٌغ‬ٛ‫* ئما ثلأد اٌغٍّخ ثبٌّفؼ‬ for ‫خ رأخز‬١‫ر‬٢‫األفؼبي ا‬ Carry Buy Keep Get Lend Save Make Fetch Tell Build Order Leave Send Find - A book was offered to me. - A house was built for me.

‫ئب‬١‫ْ ش‬ٚ‫ؼزمذ‬٠ ٚ‫ْ أ‬ٌٛٛ‫م‬٠ َ‫جٗ ػب‬ٛ‫ أْ إٌبط ث‬ٕٝ‫ً ػٕذِب ٔؼ‬٠ٛ‫ اٌزح‬ٟ‫مخ خبصخ ف‬٠‫ب طش‬ٌٙ ‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫ األفؼبي ا‬-7 Supposed ‫فزوض‬٠ Feared ْٝ‫ق‬٠ Reported ‫موه‬٠ Known ‫ؼوف‬٠ Mentioned ‫نوو‬٠ Hoped ًِ‫أ‬٠ Understood ُٙ‫ف‬٠ Alleged ُ‫يػ‬٠ Expected ‫لغ‬ٛ‫ز‬٠ Thought ‫فىو‬٠ Considered ‫ؼزجو‬٠ Said ‫ي‬ٛ‫م‬٠ Announced ٍٓ‫ؼ‬٠ Claimed ُ‫يػ‬٠ Believed ‫صلق‬٠ Predicted ‫رٕجأ‬ ‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫خ ا‬١‫ج‬١‫الحع اٌزشو‬ - ً‫ اٌفبػ‬+ think / say /hope / alleged / claimed ---that ……………………..(ٍَٛ‫)ِؼ‬ - It is / was + p.p (said - hoped - believed ) that……………………… )‫ي‬ٛٙ‫(ِغ‬ -‫و‬١ّ‫ ظ‬/ ٍُ‫ ا‬+ is / are / was / were + p.p + to + ‫ِصله‬ -‫و‬١ّ‫ ظ‬/ ٍُ‫ ا‬+ is / are / was / were + p.p + to have + p.p Ex: 1- People say that he is mad. - It is said that he is mad. - He is said to be mad. 2- People say that Ali will win the cup. - It is said that Ali will win the cup. - Ali is said to win the cup.

19

)ً‫ َِزمج‬- ‫ػ‬١َ‫(ِعبهع ث‬ )َ‫ ِعبهع رب‬/ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫(ِبظ‬

3- People said that he was rich. - It was said that he was rich. - He was said to have been rich. :ٓ١‫ل‬ٛ‫ظخ ٘بِخ جذا ٌٍّزف‬ٛ‫*ٍِح‬ :ً‫ٕٗ ِض‬١‫ ِغ ثؼض أفؼبي ِؼ‬be ً‫ ِح‬get ‫ّىٓ أْ رحً وٍّخ‬٠ Arrested ٍٟ‫مجط ػ‬٠ Caught ‫َّه‬٠ Confused ‫اهرجه‬ Delayed ‫رأفو‬

Divorced Dressed Elected Killed

‫غٍك‬ ٞ‫اهرل‬ ‫أزقت‬ ً‫لز‬

Lost ٗ‫م‬٠‫ظً غو‬ Married ‫ط‬ٚ‫ري‬ Stuck ‫ٌصك‬ Beaten ‫ ظوة‬- َ‫٘ي‬

Burnt Hurt

‫ؽوق‬ ٞ‫أم‬

‫ب‬١‫بئ‬ٙٔ been ً‫ ِح‬got ً‫ ال رح‬:‫ظخ ٘بِخ جذا‬ٛ‫ٍِح‬ Ex: - I got lost when I was shopping = I was lost ………….. - I got confused when I was doing this test = I was confused …. - Hoda got married in Canada = Hoda was married in Canada. Conditional Sentences ‫خ‬١‫اٌجًّ اٌششط‬ If ٌٛ – ‫إرا‬ If = Provided / providing (that) = As long as = On the condition that = Only if = In case. ‫ ثؼذُ٘ جٍّخ وبٍِخ‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ ٚ if ً‫اػذ ِض‬ٛ‫ٔفظ اٌم‬ٚ ٟٕ‫ُ ٔفظ اٌّؼ‬ٍٙ‫و‬ ‫فؼً اٌششط‬

If

‫اة اٌششط‬ٛ‫ج‬ ‫عظ اٌجٍّخ‬ٚ ٟ‫ف‬ If

‫اة اٌششط‬ٛ‫ج‬

‫فؼً اٌششط‬

The zero conditional: ‫ اٌصفش‬/ ٚ‫ش‬٠‫حبٌخ اٌض‬ If

ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ِعبهع ث‬/ ‫ي‬ٚ‫ف أ‬٠‫رصو‬

ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫ي‬ٚ‫ف أ‬٠‫ رصو‬/ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ِعبهع ث‬

ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ِعبهع ث‬- ‫ي‬ٚ‫ف أ‬٠‫رصو‬

‫عظ اٌجٍّخ‬ٚ ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫ي‬ٚ‫ف أ‬٠‫ رصو‬/ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ِعبهع ث‬ if

.‫ اٌفٍه‬ٚ ‫بء‬١ّ١‫ اٌى‬ٚ ‫بء‬٠‫ي‬١‫ اٌف‬ٚ ‫ؼخ‬١‫ٓ اٌطج‬١ٔ‫ا‬ٛ‫ ل‬ٚ ٗ١ٍّ‫و ػٓ اٌؾمبئك اٌؼ‬١‫َزقلَ ٌٍزؼج‬٠ * .‫خ‬١ٍّ‫و ػٓ اٌؾمبئك اٌؼ‬١‫ي ٌٍزؼج‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّغ‬ٕٝ‫فعً اٍزقلاَ اٌّج‬٠ * - If water is heated to 100, it boils. - If water is boiled, it evaporates.‫رزجقو‬ - If plants don't get enough water, they die.

20

The first conditional:

ٌٝٚ‫اٌحبٌخ األ‬

ً‫ فبػ‬+will- shall -can - may + ‫ِصذس‬ If ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫ي‬ٚ‫ف أ‬٠‫ رصو‬/ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ِعبهع ث‬ Ex: - If you study hard, you will succeed. - If he plays hard, he will win the cup. ‫عظ اٌجٍّخ‬ٚ ً‫ فبػ‬+ will - shall- can - may + ‫ِصذس‬ if Ex: - They will meet Ali if they arrive early. - He will win the cup if he plays hard.

ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ِعبهع ث‬- ‫ي‬ٚ‫ف أ‬٠‫رصو‬

:) ‫ ثأِش (ِصذس‬ٌٟٚ‫ اٌحبٌخ األ‬ٟ‫اة اٌششط ف‬ٛ‫جذأ ج‬٠ ْ‫ّىٓ أ‬٠ – 1 Ex: - If you meet Ali, give him my regards. - If you see a thief, call the police. : ٟ‫ب ِصله وبألر‬ٙ‫ ث‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ٚ ٌٟٚ‫ اٌؾبٌخ األ‬ٟ‫( ف‬If) ِٓ ‫( ثلال‬Should ) َ‫ّىٓ اٍزقلا‬٠ – 2 - Should + ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫ ِصله‬, S + will / shall / can / may + ‫ِصله‬ - Should he arrive early, he will meet us. The second conditional

‫خ‬١ٔ‫اٌحبٌخ اٌضب‬

ً‫ فبػ‬+ would /should/could/ might+ ‫ِصذس‬ If ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫ ثَجػ‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ Ex: - If you arrived early, you would see Ali. - If Hoda studied hard, she would pass the exam. ‫عظ اٌجٍّخ‬ٚ ً‫ فبػ‬+ would -should -could -might + ‫ ِصله‬if ً‫ فبػ‬+ past simple - ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ Ex: - They could see Ahmed if they arrived early. - Hoda would pass the exam if she studied hard. ‫االعزحبٌخ‬ )‫زحمك‬٠ ْ‫ّىٓ أ‬٠ ‫س فؼً اٌششط ( ال‬ٚ‫* ٕ٘ب اعزحبٌخ حذ‬ - If I were

you / in your place in your position / shoes,

21

I would + ‫ِصله‬

Ex: - If I were you, I'd buy a car. - If I were a bird, I’d fly. :‫ظخ ٘بِخ جذا‬ٛ‫* ٍِح‬ :‫خ‬١ٔ‫اة اٌششط حبٌخ صب‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ to ‫ك ثـ‬ ْ َ‫غج‬ ْ ُ٠ ْ‫ ثؼذ٘ب ِصذس الثذ أ‬ٝ‫أر‬ٚ Were ‫إرا ثذأد اٌجٍّخ ثـ‬ - Were + ً‫ فبػ‬+ to + ‫ِصذس‬, ً‫ فبػ‬+ would / could / might + ‫ِصذس‬ if ِٓ ‫خ‬١ٔ‫اٌحبٌخ اٌضب‬ Ex: - If he travelled = Were he to travel / - If she met = Were she to meet Ex: 1- Were he to travel to Alex, he would swim in the sea. 2- Were she to meet Ali, she would tell him the truth. 3- Were he to go to bed early, he wouldn't feel sleepy in the morning. : ‫ظخ‬ٛ‫ ٍِح‬‫اة اٌششط‬ٛ‫ ج‬ٚ ً‫ظ فؼ‬١ٌ ٚ ٞ‫ب فبػً صُ والَ ػبد‬ٙ١ٍ٠ Had ‫خ ثـ‬١ٔ‫ اٌحبٌخ اٌضب‬ٟ‫ّىٓ اْ رجذأ اٌجٍّخ ف‬٠ would / could / might + ‫ْ ِصذس‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ - Had + ً‫ فبػ‬+ ٞ‫ والَ ػبد‬, ً‫ فبػ‬+ would + ‫ِصذس‬ if ِٓ ‫خ‬١ٔ‫اٌحبٌخ اٌضب‬ Ex: 1- Had he enough money, he would buy a car. 2- Had I enough time, I’d visit you. :ٟ‫ر‬٢‫ ثؼل٘ب ِصله وب‬ٟ‫بر‬٠ٚ ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ اٌؾبٌخ اٌضب‬ٟ‫( ف‬If) ِٓ ‫( ثلال‬Should ) َ‫ّىٓ اٍزقلا‬٠ - Should ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫ ِصذس‬, ً‫ فبػ‬+ would / could / should + ‫ِصذس‬ - Should he arrive early, he would meet us.

The third conditional

‫اٌحبٌخ اٌضبٌضخ‬

If ً‫ فبػ‬+had + pp َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ فبػً ِبظ‬+ would -should- could- might have +PP Ex: - If I had played well, I would have won the cup. - If they had studied hard, they would have passed the exam. ‫عظ اٌجٍّخ‬ٚ ً‫ فبػ‬+ would - should - could -might have + PP if ً‫ فبػ‬+ had + pp - َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ Ex: - He would have passed the exam if he had studied hard. - They could have won the cup if they had played hard.

22

.‫ف صبٌش‬٠‫ب فبػً صُ رصش‬ٙ١ٍ٠ Had ‫ ٔجذأ اٌجٍّخ ثـ‬ٚ ‫ اٌحبٌخ اٌضبٌضخ‬ٟ‫ ف‬if ‫ رحزف‬:‫ظخ‬ٛ‫ٍِح‬ - Had + ً‫ فبػ‬+ pp , ً‫ فبػ‬+ would have + pp if ِٓ ‫اٌحبٌخ اٌضبٌضخ‬ Ex: 1- Had he studied hard, he would have passed the exam. 2- Had he played hard, he would have won the match. In case of ‫ حبٌخ‬ٟ‫ف‬ v + ing / noun

ُ‫ ثؼذ٘ب اع‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ If ْ‫* رغزخذَ ِىب‬

Ex: - In case of playing hard, you will win the match. - In case of hard play, you'll win the match. * But for / Without + (noun ُ‫ اع‬/ v + ing ) Ex: 1- Without doctors, many people would die. 2- Without doctors, many people would have died.

‫ال‬ٌٛ - ْٚ‫ثذ‬ ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ؽبٌخ صب‬ ٗ‫ؽبٌخ صبٌض‬

:‫ب‬ِٕٙ ‫ٔضغ ثذال‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ اٌحبٌخ اٌضب‬ٟ‫ ف‬without - But for ‫* رحزف‬ - If it weren't for + v + ing / noun ٍُ‫……ا‬.., ً‫ فبػ‬+ would + ‫ِصله‬ - Unless it were for + v +ing / noun ٍُ‫…ا‬., ً‫ فبػ‬+ would (not) + ‫ِصله‬ :‫ب‬ِٕٙ ‫ٔضغ ثذال‬ٚ ‫ اٌحبٌخ اٌضبٌضخ‬ٟ‫ ف‬without - But for ‫* رحزف‬ - If it hadn't been for + v + ing / noun ٍُ‫ ا‬, ً‫ فبػ‬+ would have + pp - Unless it had been for + v + ing / noun ٍُ‫ا‬, ً‫ فبػ‬+ would (not) have + pp Ex: 1- If it weren't for doctors, many people would die. - Unless it were for doctors, many people would die. 2- If it hadn't been for doctors, many people would have died. - Unless it had been for doctors, many people would have died. Unless = If + not = except if * Unless = If + ٟ‫ = فؼً ِٕف‬except if

ٌُ ‫إرا‬

ٕٝ‫ اٌّؼ‬ٟ‫ ٌىٓ االخزالف ف‬If ‫اػذ‬ٛ‫ٔفظ ل‬ :‫ ِجبّوح‬Unless ٍٟ‫ ر‬ٟ‫ اٌغٍّخ اٌز‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫ظغ ٔف‬ٛ٠ ‫ ال‬-

Ex: - Unless he gets up early, he will miss the train. - He would miss the bus except if he got up early. - Unless he got up early, he wouldn't catch the train.

23

Deduction

‫االعزٕزبط‬

:%95 ‫لا ثَٕجخ‬١‫ُ اٌغٍّخ ع‬ٙ‫ ف‬ٍٟ‫ؼزّل ؽً عٍّخ االٍزٕزبط ػ‬٠ Must be + ‫صفخ‬ May be + ‫صفخ‬ Might be + ‫صفخ‬ Can't be

Present ‫َ ضبسع‬ ‫ ِزأول‬almost / near certain ‫و ِزأول‬١‫غ‬ uncertain ‫و ِزأول علا‬١‫ غ‬very uncertain ‫ِزأول ال‬

Past ٟ‫ِبض‬ must have been + ‫صفخ‬ may have been + ‫صفخ‬ might have been + ‫صفخ‬ can't have been + ‫صفخ‬

been ْ‫ف صبٌش ِىب‬٠‫ رصو‬ٞ‫ظغ أ‬ٚ ٓ‫ّى‬٠ * - The light is on. They must have returned back. . ‫االعزٕزبط ِضبسع‬ٚ ‫ْ اٌجٍّخ ِضبسع‬ٛ‫ّىٓ أْ رى‬٠ -1 - He is absent today, he must be ill. ‫ِعبهع‬ . ٟ‫االعزٕزبط ِبض‬ٚ ٟ‫ْ اٌجٍّخ ِبض‬ٛ‫ّىٓ أْ رى‬٠ -2 - He was absent yesterday, he must have been ill. ٟ‫ِبظ‬ - He came two hours late. The bus must have broken down. ً‫رؼط‬ . ٟ‫االعزٕزبط ِبض‬ٚ ‫ْ اٌجٍّخ ِضبسع‬ٛ‫ّىٓ أْ رى‬٠ -3 - The cup is empty. He must have drunk the tea. . ‫االعزٕزبط ِضبسع‬ٚ ٟ‫ْ اٌجٍّخ ِبض‬ٛ‫ّىٓ أْ رى‬٠ -4 - The plane arrived 2 hours ago, my dad must be on his way home. : ‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٟٕ‫غخ اٌّج‬١‫ ص‬ٟ‫ضغ االعزٕزبط ف‬ٚ ٓ‫ّى‬٠ * - must have been + PP - may have been + PP - might have been + PP Ex: 1- The cup is empty. Tea must have been drunk. 2- There is no cheese in the fridge. It must have been eaten. Must be ‫ ثــــ‬ٟ‫رٕف‬ can't be Must have been ‫ ةــــ‬ٟ‫رٕف‬ can't have been Ex: - He isn't absent today, he can't be ill. ‫ِعبهع‬ - Ali wasn’t at the meeting. He can’t have read my e-mail. - The door can't have been open. I'd locked it and the key was in my pocket. - must have + PP

ٟ‫ اٌّبض‬ٟ‫غخ ٌؼًّ اعزٕزبط ِضجذ ف‬١‫* رغزخذَ ٘زٖ اٌص‬ = (I'm almost certain/ I’m nearly certain / sure he was ill)

24

.ٟ‫ اٌّبض‬ٟ‫ء ف‬ٟ‫س ش‬ٚ‫خ حذ‬١ٔ‫ش ػٓ إِىب‬١‫غخ ٌٍزؼج‬١‫* رغزخذَ ٘زٖ اٌص‬ - might have + PP = (I'm not certain / sure + ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫) فؼً ِبظ‬ = It's possible that perhaps + ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫فؼً ِبظ‬ Ex: - He might have left the country. = I'm not certain /sure that he left the country. - Rania wasn’t at school yesterday. She might have gone to the dentist. .)‫س‬ٚ‫و ِّىٕخ اٌؾل‬١‫ ( غ‬ٟ‫ اٌّبظ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫غخ ٌؼًّ اٍزٕزبط ِٕف‬١‫* رَزقلَ ٘نٖ اٌص‬ - Can’t have +P.P. = (I'm nearly certain /sure it wasn't) Ex: - You have only been in the laboratory for 20 minutes. You can't have finished your experiment yet. Direct and Indirect speech / Reported Speech ‫ش ِجبشش‬١‫ اٌغ‬ٚ ‫اٌىالَ اٌّجبشش‬ .ً‫ا‬ٛ‫ٓ أل‬١‫ظغ ث‬ٛ٠ٚ َٗ‫صله ِٓ اٌْقص ٔف‬٠ ٞ‫ اٌىالَ اٌن‬ٛ٘ :‫اٌىالَ اٌّجبشش‬ .ً‫ا‬ٛ‫ٓ أل‬١‫ظغ ث‬ٛ٠ ‫ال‬ٚ ‫ ٌَبْ ّقص آفو‬ٍٝ‫ٕمً ػ‬٠ ٞ‫ اٌىالَ اٌن‬ٛ٘ :‫ش ِجبشش‬١‫اٌىالَ اٌغ‬ ٗ‫اػ‬ٛٔ‫أ‬ Statement ‫خ‬٠‫اٌجٍّخ اٌخجش‬

Order ‫األِش‬

Question َ‫ب‬ٙ‫االعزف‬

The Statement ‫خ‬٠‫اٌجٍّخ اٌخجش‬ Full stop ‫ ثـ‬ٟٙ‫رٕز‬ٚ ) ‫ش‬١ّ‫ ض‬/ ُ‫خ دائّب رجذأ ثفبػً ( اع‬٠‫*اٌجٍّخ اٌخجش‬ - “ I played tennis yesterday.” - “ Hoda went to the cinema yesterday.” :‫خ‬١ٌ‫اد اٌزب‬ٛ‫ش ِجبشش ٔزجغ اٌخط‬١‫ حبٌخ اٌغ‬ٌٝ‫ً اٌجٍّخ ِٓ حبٌخ اٌّجبشش إ‬٠ٛ‫* ٌزح‬ :ٟ‫ر‬٢‫ي وب‬ٛ‫ح‬٠ ‫ي‬ٛ‫ فؼً اٌم‬-1Say Says Said

Say says Said

Say to + ‫ي‬ٛ‫و ِفؼ‬١ّ‫ظ‬ Says to + ‫ي‬ٛ‫و ِفؼ‬١ّ‫ظ‬ Said to + ‫ي‬ٛ‫و ِفؼ‬١ّ‫ظ‬ .‫ب‬ٙ‫ّىٓ حزف‬٠ ٚ that

25

tell + ‫ي‬ٛ‫و ِفؼ‬١ّ‫ظ‬ tells + ‫ي‬ٛ‫و ِفؼ‬١ّ‫ظ‬ told + ‫ي‬ٛ‫و ِفؼ‬١ّ‫ظ‬

‫ ٔشثظ اٌجٍّخ ثىٍّخ‬ٚ ‫اط‬ٛ‫ رحزف األل‬-2

I We You

he / she they I / he / she / you

.‫ اٌىالَ غبٌجب ٌٍغبئت‬ٕٝ‫ش حغت ِؼ‬١‫ اٌضّبئش رغ‬-3 his / her My Their Our my / his / her / your Your

.‫خ‬١ٔ‫ي ٌٍؾبٌخ اٌضب‬ٛ‫ب رؾ‬ٙٔ‫ فا‬ٌٝٚ‫ اٌؾبٌخ األ‬ٟ‫( ف‬if) ‫خ‬١‫ اٌّجبّو ّوغ‬ٟ‫ ئما وبٔذ اٌغٍّخ ف‬-4 .‫ي‬ٛ‫ اٌضبٌضخ فال رزؾ‬ٚ‫خ أ‬١ٔ‫ اٌؾبٌخ اٌضب‬ٟ‫( ف‬if) ‫خ‬١‫ اٌّجبّو ّوغ‬ٟ‫ ئما وبٔذ اٌغٍّخ ف‬-5 :ٟ‫ر‬٢‫ٌٗ وب‬ٛ‫ْ ِح‬ٛ‫ رى‬ٚ‫ أ‬ٟ‫ر‬٢‫ي وب‬ٛ‫ األصِٕخ رح‬-6 Direct ‫ِجبشش‬ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ِعبهع ث‬ ‫ِعبهع َِزّو‬ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ َ‫ِعبهع رب‬ ‫ َِزّو‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ ‫ِعبهع ربَ َِزّو‬ am - is are was - were don’t - doesn’t + ‫ِصله‬ didn’t + ‫ِصله‬ can will shall may must - have to - has to have got - has got must be may be might be can't be Direct ‫ ِجبّو‬Indirect ‫و ِجبّو‬١‫غ‬ that This those These there Here before Ago so Thus

‫ش ِجبشش‬١‫غ‬ ‫ػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ ‫ َِزّو‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ ‫ ربَ َِزّو‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ ‫ ربَ َِزّو‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ was were had been didn’t + ‫ِصله‬ hadn’t + PP could would should might had to had must have been may have been might have been can't have been

Indirect

:ٟ‫ر‬٢‫ي وب‬ٛ‫خ رح‬١‫ر‬٢‫ف ا‬ٚ‫ اٌظش‬ٚ ‫*اٌىٍّبد‬7 Direct ‫ ِجبّو‬Indirect ‫و ِجبّو‬١‫غ‬ then Now that day Today that night Tonight go Come take Bring

26

Indirect ‫ش ِجبشش‬١‫غ‬ Direct ‫ِجبشش‬ the day before / the previous day Yesterday the night before / the previous night Last night the week before / the previous week Last week the year before / the previous year Last year the month before / the previous month Last month the next day / the following day Tomorrow the following week / the week after Next week in two days’ time The day after tomorrow two days before The day before yesterday Ex: 1- He told me that he had bought a new car the year before. 2- She told me that she was cooking the food then. 3- He told me that they would travel to Alex the following week. :‫ٌىٓ اٌعّبئو فمػ ئما‬ٚ ) ‫ف‬ٚ‫ال اٌظو‬ٚ ً‫و ىِٓ اٌغٍّخ (اٌفؼ‬١‫ ال ٔغ‬:‫ظخ‬ٛ‫ ٍِح‬‫مخ‬١‫ؼجو ػٓ ؽم‬٠ ً‫ا‬ٛ‫ وبْ ِب ثلافً األل‬-1 ) tell - tells - say - says - say to - says to ( ‫ػ‬١َ‫ي ِعبهع ث‬ٛ‫ وبْ فؼً اٌم‬-2 :‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫اً أؽل اٌىٍّبد ا‬ٛ‫ وبْ لجً األل‬-3 (a moment ago / a minute ago /just now / now/ recently /a short time ago) Ex: 1- He says that he will give a party next week. 2- He tells me that he is reading a paper now. 3- He said just now that he has finished his work.

Order :ْ‫ػب‬ٛٔ ‫ األِش‬ٚ ً‫اْ رجذأ ثفؼ‬ٚ ‫غخ األِش الثذ‬١‫ ص‬ٟ‫* اٌجٍّخ ف‬ Don't open / Don't shut ٝ‫* أِش ِٕف‬ Don’t sit / Don't play

Direct Said to Said to Said to Said to Said to Said to

Open / Shut Fire / Clean

‫* أِش ِضجذ‬

:‫ش ِجبشش‬١‫ غ‬ٌٝ‫ً ِٓ ِجبشش إ‬٠ٛ‫مخ اٌزح‬٠‫* طش‬ :ٌٟ‫ي إ‬ٛ‫ح‬٠ ‫ي‬ٛ‫ فؼً اٌم‬-1 Indirect ordered / commanded ) ً‫ ّقص ال‬ٌٝ‫ ئ‬ٍٝ‫أِو ( ِٓ ّقص أػ‬ begged /prayed ) ٍٝ‫ ّقص أػ‬ٌٝ‫ ( ِٓ ّقص الً ئ‬ٝ‫ روع‬- ًٍٛ‫ر‬ asked / requested ) ‫( غٍت‬ advised ) ‫ األغجبء‬ٚ ٓ١ٍ‫ اٌّله‬ٚ ‫ثبء‬٢‫ْ ِٓ ا‬ٛ‫ؾخ رى‬١‫ٔصؼ ( إٌص‬ told )ْ‫ب‬٠ٚ‫افجو (ّقصبْ ِزَب‬ warned ‫ؽنه‬

27

ُ‫ اٌّصله ص‬ٟ‫ُ اٌفؼً ف‬ٙ١ٍ٠ not to ‫خ ثـ‬١‫ اٌغٍّخ إٌّف‬ٚ to ‫ ٔوثػ اٌغٍّخ اٌّضجزخ ثـ‬ٚ ً‫ا‬ٛ‫ رؾنف األل‬-2 .‫ اٌغٍّخ‬ٟ‫ثبل‬ Ex: 1- Ali asked me to open the door. 2- The doctor advised me not to smoke much. 3- The officer ordered his soldiers to fire their guns. 4- The servant begged his master to give him one pound. 5- The teacher advised me not to waste my time.

Question َ‫ب‬ٙ‫ ثـؼالِخ اعزف‬ٟٙ‫رٕز‬ٚ )wh / ho) َ‫ب‬ٙ‫ وٍّخ اعزف‬ٚ‫بَ رجذأ ثـفؼً ِغبػذ أ‬ٙ‫غخ االعزف‬١‫ ص‬ٟ‫* اٌجٍّخ ف‬ :‫ش ِجبشش‬١‫ غ‬ٌٝ‫ً ِٓ ِجبشش إ‬٠ٛ‫مخ اٌزح‬٠‫* طش‬ :ٌٝ‫ إ‬say ‫ي‬ٛ‫ي فؼً اٌم‬ٛ‫ح‬٠ ً‫ ِغزمج‬ٚ‫ي ِضبسع أ‬ٛ‫ إرا وبْ فؼً اٌم‬-1 ( I ask - I want to know - I suggest - I wonder - I’d like to know - I don’t know- I inquire ) :ٌٟ‫ إ‬said ‫ي‬ٛ‫ رزح‬ٟ‫ي ِبض‬ٛ‫ إرا وبْ فؼً اٌم‬-2 (I asked -I wondered -I inquired -I wanted to know -I suggested -I didn't know) ) wh / ho) ‫كح ثبٌغٍّخ‬ٛ‫ع‬ٌّٛ‫بَ ا‬ٙ‫ ٔوثػ اٌغٍّخ ثىٍّخ االٍزف‬ٚ ً‫ا‬ٛ‫* رؾنف األل‬ ‫ ٌشثظ اٌجٍّخ‬whether ٚ‫ أ‬if َ‫ ٔبلص رَزقل‬ٚ‫* ئما ثلا اٌَإاي ثفؼً َِبػل أ‬ ) ٟٔ‫ف صب‬٠‫ػ ( رصو‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ ٔغؼً اٌفؼً ِبظ‬ٚ ‫ب‬ٙ‫ ٔؾنف‬do / does ‫* ئما وبْ ثبٌغٍّخ‬ ) had + pp( َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ ٔغؼً اٌفؼً ِبظ‬ٚ ‫ب‬ٙ‫ ٔؾنف‬did ‫ اٌغٍّخ‬ٟ‫* ئما وبْ ف‬ .ً٠ٛ‫ اٌزؾ‬ٟ‫ُ ف‬ِٙ‫ َٔزقل‬ٚ ُٙ‫ ) فال ٔؾنف‬v to be - v to have - ‫* ئما ثلأ اٌَإاي ثـ (أفؼبي ٔبلصخ‬ ‫ب‬ٙ‫ف وّب ٍجك ّوؽ‬ٚ‫ اٌظو‬ٚ ‫ اٌعّبئو‬ٚ ‫* األىِٕخ‬ ‫ي‬ٛ‫خ رجذأ ثفبػً صُ فؼً صُ ِفؼ‬٠‫ ّىً عٍّٗ فجو‬ٍٝ‫ظغ اٌغٍّخ ػ‬ٛ‫* ر‬ - ………………….…wh / ho / if / whether + ً‫ فبػ‬/ ً‫ فؼ‬/ ‫ي‬ٛ‫ِفؼ‬ Ex: ‫خ‬٠‫عٍّخ فجو‬ 1- He wanted to know if I was tired. 2- He asked me how I had gone to school the day before. 3- Ali inquired if I could speak German. ‫ إرا وبٔذ اٌجٍّخ رجذأ ثـ‬-3 (Would you like to + inf / How about + v + ing / What about + v + ing / Shall we + inf / Let’s + inf ) ( suggested + v + ing ) ٌٝ‫ي ئ‬ٛ‫ي فؼً اٌم‬ٛ‫ٔؾ‬ - She suggested having a glass of juice. - He suggested going to the club.

28

‫جذأ ثـ‬٠ ‫إرا وبْ اٌغؤاي‬-4 (Do you mind / Would you mind + v + ing / Can you / Could you + ‫)ِصله‬ ( wanted me to + inf / asked me to + inf ) ٌٝ‫ي إ‬ٛ‫ي فؼً اٌم‬ٛ‫ٔح‬ Ex: - He wanted me to open the door. - He asked me to open the door. (offered me +noun ) ٌٝ‫ إ‬said ‫ي‬ٛ‫ ( رزح‬Would you like + noun ) ‫ إرا ثذأ اٌغؤاي ثـ‬-5 - She offered me some coffee. :‫ش اٌضّبئش فمظ إرا‬١‫خ ٌىٓ ٔغ‬١ِٕ‫ف اٌض‬ٚ‫ال اٌظش‬ٚ ‫ش األصِٕخ‬١‫ ال رزغ‬: ‫ظخ‬ٛ‫* ٍِح‬ ‫شح‬١‫ ِٕز فزشح لص‬ٝٙ‫* وبْ اٌىالَ لذ أز‬ ) want to know - inquire - wonder - ask ( ‫طـ‬١‫ي ِضبسع ثغ‬ٛ‫* وبْ فؼً اٌم‬ ‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫اط اٌىٍّبد ا‬ٛ‫* وبْ لجً األل‬ (a moment ago / a minute ago /just now/now/ recently /a short time ago) Ex: 1- He wondered just now what Ali is doing. 2- He asked me a minute ago where I parked my car. 3- He asks us what we are doing now. ٟ‫م‬١‫ش حم‬١‫ اٌغ‬ٟ‫ اٌّبض‬/ ٌٟ‫ب‬١‫ اٌخ‬ٟ‫اٌّبض‬ I wish / If only ً‫ – اٌّغزمج‬ٟ‫ اٌحبضش – اٌّبض‬ٟ‫ أعف ف‬ٚ‫خ أ‬١ِٕ‫ش ػٓ أ‬١‫* رغزخذَ ٌٍزؼج‬ * I wish / If only + ‫ظ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ِبض‬ ‫ اٌّضبسع‬/ٌٟ‫لذ اٌحب‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬ٟ‫خ ف‬١ِٕ‫رؼجش ػٓ أ‬ Ex: - I wish it were sunny today / now) - I wish I met Hoda today. - If only I saw the film now. * I wish / If only + َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ِبض‬ Ex: - I wish I had met her yesterday. (last week) - I wish the weather had been fine last week. - 1f only I had passed my driving test yesterday. * I wish / If only + could / would +inf - I / we + could + inf - He - She - It -They -You + would + inf Ex: - I wish I could be a doctor. - I wish they would arrive soon.

29

ٟ‫ اٌّبض‬ٟ‫ إٌذَ ف‬/ ‫رؼجش ػٓ األعف‬

ً‫ اٌّغزمج‬ٟ‫خ ف‬١ِٕ‫رؼجش ػٓ أ‬

:‫ذا‬١‫ ج‬ٟ‫ر‬٢‫* الحع ا‬ َ‫ ٔغزخذ‬/ ‫ ٔجذ‬/‫ٔضغ‬ ً‫غخ اٌَّزمج‬١‫ رَزقلَ ص‬I wish I - we could + ‫ِصذس‬ ‫ اٌضّبئش‬ٟ‫ ثبل‬+ would + ‫ِصذس‬ Ex: - I wish I could be a doctor. - I wish they would arrive soon.

‫ػٕذِب ٔجذ ثبٌجٍّخ‬ - I’m sorry I can’t + inf - I’d like, but I can’t + inf - I expect - I look forward to + v + ing - My hope is to + inf - My goal is to + inf - I dream of + v + ing - I’m sorry I didn’t + inf - I regret + v + ing - I regret not + v + ing

- I wish I had + pp - I wish I hadn’t + pp - I wish I had + pp

Agree ‫افك‬ٛ٠ Arrange ‫ورت‬٠ Decide ‫موه‬٠ Demand ‫طٍت‬٠ Expect ‫لغ‬ٛ‫ز‬٠ Learn ٍُ‫زؼ‬٠ Mean ‫ ثمصل‬/ ٕٝ‫ؼ‬٠ Offer ‫ؼوض‬٠ Refuse ‫وفط‬٠ Threaten ‫لك‬ٙ٠ Cause ‫َجت‬٠ Allow ‫َّؼ‬٠ Advise ‫ٕصؼ‬٠ Remind ‫نوو‬٠ Plan ‫قطػ‬٠ Try ‫ي‬ٚ‫ؾب‬٠ Help ‫َبػل‬٠ Swear َُ‫م‬٠ Hesitate ‫زوكك‬٠ Pretend ‫زظب٘و‬٠ Ex: - He decided to cancel the journey. - She agreed to help me. Enjoy ‫َزّزغ‬٠ Imagine ً١‫زق‬٠ Suggest ‫مزوػ‬٠ Practise ً‫ّبه‬٠ Deny ‫ٕىو‬٠ Own up ‫ؼزوف‬٠ Confess ‫ؼزوف‬٠ Admit ‫ؼزوف‬٠ Mention ‫نوو‬٠ Avoid ‫زغٕت‬٠ Spend ‫ٕفك‬٠ -ٟ‫ّع‬٠ Fancy ً١‫زق‬٠

:‫ صُ ِصذس‬to ‫ ثؼذ٘ب‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ ‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫* األفؼبي ا‬ Attempt ‫ي‬ٚ‫ؾب‬٠ Dare ‫غوؤ‬٠ Deserve ‫َزؾك‬٠ Hope ًِ‫أ‬٠ Long ‫ْزبق‬٠ Manage ُ‫زؾى‬٠ Pretend ‫زظب٘و‬٠ Promise ‫ػل‬ٛ٠ Want ‫ل‬٠‫و‬٠ Wish ّٕٝ‫ز‬٠ Force ُ‫وغ‬٠ Intend ٕٞٛ٠ Warn ‫ؾنه‬٠ Ask ‫َأي‬٠ Afford )‫زؾًّ(ٔفمبد‬٠ Tend ٌٝ‫ً ا‬١ّ٠ Seek ٝ‫َؼ‬٠ Resolve ُّ‫ص‬٠ Seem ٚ‫جل‬٠ Invite ٛ‫لػ‬٠

v + ing Finish ٟٙ‫ٕز‬٠ Prevent ‫ّٕغ‬٠ Give up ٓ‫لف ػ‬ٛ‫ز‬٠ Keep on ً‫اص‬ٛ٠ Carry on ً‫اص‬ٚٞ -‫َزّو‬٠ Recommend ‫ ثـ‬ٝ‫ص‬ٛ٠ I can’t help َٟ‫غ أْ إِغ ٔف‬١‫ال أٍزط‬ I can’t stand ‫ِخ‬ٚ‫غ ِمب‬١‫ال أٍزط‬ Postpone ً‫إع‬٠ Put off ً‫إع‬٠ Feel like ‫ؾت‬٠ Don't feel like ‫ؾت‬٠ ‫ال‬

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‫ ثؼذ٘ب‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ ‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫* األفؼبي ا‬ Risk ‫قبغو‬٠ Resent ‫ّْئي‬٠ Go ‫ن٘ت‬٠ Delay ‫إفو‬٠ Detest ٖ‫ىو‬٠ Resist َٚ‫مب‬٠ Go on ‫َزّو‬٠ Miss ‫فمل‬٠ Mind ‫ّبٔغ‬٠ Come ٟ‫أر‬٠ Involve َ‫َزٍي‬٠/ًّْ٠ Consider ‫ؼزجو‬٠ / ‫فىو‬٠

Keep ٝ‫جم‬٠ / ً‫ظ‬٠ Anticipate Dislike ٖ‫ىو‬٠ / ‫ؾت‬٠ ‫ ال‬Appreciate Quit ‫زون‬٠ / ‫لف‬ٛ‫ز‬٠ Cease Ex: - He suggested going to the cinema. - I feel like drinking coffee. - Fancy meeting you here.

‫لغ‬ٛ‫ز‬٠ ‫مله‬٠ ‫لف‬ٛ‫ز‬٠ / ‫لف‬ٛ٠

Propose ‫طٍت‬٠ / ٕٞٛ٠ Entail َ‫َزٍي‬٠ Adore ‫ؼْك‬٠

ٕٝ‫ اٌّؼ‬ٟ‫ظ ف‬١‫ش ثغ‬١‫ ِغ رغ‬to ٍٗ‫ِصذس لج‬ٚ‫ أ‬ing + ٗ‫ ثؼذ٘ب فؼً ث‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ ‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫* األفؼبي ا‬ Begin ‫جلأ‬٠ Start ‫جلأ‬٠ Prefer ً‫فع‬٠ Like / love ‫ؾت‬٠ Hate ٖ‫ىو‬٠ Continue ‫َزّو‬٠ ‫ْ فمظ‬٢‫ ا‬- ‫ حبٌخ خبصخ‬- ‫ٕخ‬١‫ ِٕبعجخ ِؼ‬ٌٝ‫ش إ‬١‫ش‬٠ ٗٔ‫ صُ ِصذس فب‬to ٖ‫* إرا جبء اٌفؼً ثؼذ‬ (A particular occasion / now) Ex: - He began to sing, when he arrived at the party. ٖ‫ ػبد‬/ ‫ دائّب‬- ‫ فىشح ػبِخ‬ٌٝ‫ش إ‬١‫ش‬٠ ٗٔ‫ فب‬ing ٗ‫ ثؼذٖ فؼً ث‬ٚ ً‫* إرا جبء ٔفظ اٌفؼ‬ (A general statement / In general) Ex: - He began singing when he was ten. to ‫ق ثـ‬ٛ‫ ِصذس ِغج‬ٚ‫ أ‬v + ing ‫ إرا جبء ثؼذ٘ب‬ٟٕ‫خزٍف اٌّؼ‬٠ ‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫*األفؼبي ا‬ to + ‫اٌّصله‬ ٍٗ‫فؼ‬٠ ُ‫ء ص‬ٌْٟ‫زنوو ا‬٠ * Remember v + ing

ٟ‫ اٌّبظ‬ٟ‫ء ف‬ٌْٟ‫زنوو أٗ فؼً ا‬٠ -

Ex: - He remembered to post the letter. - He remembered posting the letter. to + ‫اٌّصله‬

ً‫فؼٍٗ ِٓ األص‬٠ ٌُ ٗٔ‫ ا‬ٞ‫ء أ‬ٌْٟ‫فؼً ا‬٠ ْ‫ أ‬َٕٝ٠ -

* Forget ٍٗ‫ أٔٗ فؼ‬َٟٔٚ ‫ء‬ٌْٟ‫فؼً ا‬

v + ing Ex: - He forgot to lock the door. - He forgot locking the door. to + ‫اٌّصله‬

)ً‫فؼ‬٠ ‫ف‬ٍٛ – ‫فؼٍٗ ثؼل‬٠ ٌُ ( ‫ء‬ٌْٟ‫فؼً ا‬٠ ْ‫أٍف أ‬٠ -

* Regret v + ing

)ْ٢‫ٗ ا‬١ٍ‫أٍف ػ‬٠ٚ ‫ء‬ٌْٟ‫ء (فؼً ا‬ٌْٟ‫ٕلَ أٗ فؼً ا‬٠ ٚ‫أٍف أ‬٠ -

Ex: - I regret to tell you the bad news. - I regret telling you the bad news.

‫ئخ‬١ٌَ‫ أفجون األفجبه ا‬ٟٕ‫ؤٍف‬ٞ ‫ئخ‬١ٌَ‫ أفجوره األفجبه ا‬ٝٔ‫ آٍف أ‬-

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to + ‫( اٌّصله‬couldn’t ‫ب‬ٙ‫َزقلَ ِؼ‬٠ٚ ًْ‫ف‬٠ ٓ‫ك ٌى‬ٛٙ‫جني ِغ‬٠( ‫ي‬ٚ‫ؾب‬٠ * Try ًْ‫ف‬٠ ‫لل‬ٚ ‫ٕغؼ‬٠ ‫ي لل‬ٚ‫ؾب‬٠ / ‫غوة‬٠ -

v + ing

Ex: - I tried to stop him but he had already left. (I couldn't) - If you can't get up in the morning, try going to bed a bit earlier. to + ‫اٌّصله‬

) ‫فؼً ّئ آفو‬٠ ٟ‫لف ٌغوض ( ٌى‬ٛ‫ز‬٠ -

* Stop )ٍٗ‫فؼ‬٠ ‫ؼل‬٠ ٌُ ٞ‫ء ( أ‬ٌْٟ‫لف ػٓ فؼً ا‬ٛ‫ز‬٠ -

v + ing Ex: - He stopped to buy a newspaper. - He stopped buying a newspaper.

‫لح‬٠‫ عو‬ٞ‫ْزو‬٠ ٟ‫لف ٌى‬ٛ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬١‫بئ‬ٙٔ ‫لف ػٓ ّواء اٌغوائل‬ٛ‫ر‬

Relative clauses

ً‫ص‬ٌٛ‫ضّبئش ا‬

ٚ‫ش ػبلً أ‬١‫ غ‬ٚ‫ي ػبلً أ‬ٛ‫ ِفؼ‬ٚ‫ْ فبػً أ‬ٛ‫ّىٓ أْ رى‬٠ ‫ اٌجٍّخ‬ٟ‫ ضّبئش رحً ِحً وٍّخ ِىشسح ف‬ٟ٘ .ٖ‫ثؼذ‬ٚ ٍٗ‫اٌضّبئش لج‬ٚ ‫صً إٌّبعت ٌٍجٍّخ‬ٌٛ‫ش ا‬١ّ‫ االػزجبس ض‬ٟ‫ضغ ف‬ٌٛ‫جت ا‬٠ .ْ‫ صِب‬ٚ‫ِىبْ أ‬ Who ٞ‫اٌز‬ .ٗ‫ رصف‬ٞ‫ضغ ثؼذ اٌفبػً اٌز‬ٛ٠ٚ ً‫ ثؼذ٘ب اٌفؼ‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ٚ ً‫ رحً ِحً اٌفبػً اٌؼبل‬.‫ب‬١‫بئ‬ٙٔ ‫ب حشف جش‬ٍٙ‫ضغ لج‬ٛ٠ ‫ ال‬Who + ً‫فؼ‬ Ex: 1- Ali who cured my father is my friend. - Ali who is my friend cured my father. 2- I know Ahmed who is a football player. Whom ٞ‫اٌز‬ Whom + ‫ش‬١ّ‫ ض‬/ُ‫اع‬ .ً‫ ثؼذ٘ب اٌفبػً صُ اٌفؼ‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ٚ ً‫ي اٌؼبل‬ٛ‫ رحً ِحً اٌّفؼ‬.ً‫ص‬ٌٛ‫و ا‬١ّ‫ظؼٗ لجً ظ‬ٚ ٓ‫ّى‬٠ (with - from - to - about) ‫ ئما وبْ ثبٌغٍّخ ؽوف عو‬Ex: 1- The driver whom we were talking about had an accident. 2- The man whom I wanted to see was away on holiday. 3- The driver about whom we were talking had an accident. .‫ب‬١‫بئ‬ٙٔ‫ب ؽوف عو‬ٙ‫َجم‬٠ ‫ ٌىٓ ال‬ٟٕ‫ ٔفٌ اٌّؼ‬ٞ‫رإك‬ٚ whom ً‫ رؾً ِؾ‬who * - The driver who we were talking about had an accident. - The driver about who we were talking had an accident. X ‫اٌغٍّخ فطأ‬

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Which ٞ‫اٌز‬ ‫ اٌفبػً ثؼل٘ب‬ٚ‫ اٌفؼً أ‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ٚ ٗ‫ رصف‬ٞ‫ظغ ثؼل االٍُ اٌن‬ٛ‫ر‬ٚ ً‫و اٌؼبل‬١‫ي غ‬ٛ‫ اٌّفؼ‬ٚ‫*رؾً ِؾً اٌفبػً أ‬ (which) ً‫ص‬ٌٛ‫و ا‬١ّ‫ظؼٗ لجً ظ‬ٚ ٓ‫ّى‬٠ ‫* ئما وبْ ثبٌغٍّخ ؽوف عو‬ Ex: 1- I found the camera which you were looking for. 2- I bought a car which was expensive. - The car which I bought was expensive. 3- He bought a new car which he made an accident with. - He bought a new car with which he made an accident. :‫ظخ ٘بِخ‬ٛ‫ ٍِح‬.ُ٘‫ك‬ٛ‫ع‬ٚ َ‫ ؽبٌخ ػل‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٕٝ‫ ٔفٌ اٌّؼ‬ٜ‫ ٌزإك‬who - whom - which ً‫ ِؾ‬that َ‫ّىٓ اٍزقلا‬٠ :whom - which ً‫ب ئما ؽٍذ ِؾ‬١‫بئ‬ٙٔ that ً‫ظغ ؽوف اٌغو لج‬ٛ٠ ‫* ال‬ - The driver that we were talking about had an accident. Ex: 1- Ali that / who cured my father is my friend. 2- The driver that / whom we were talking about had an accident. 3- I found the camera that / which you were looking for. :‫ظخ ٘بِخ جذااااااا‬ٛ‫* ٍِح‬ :ٍٟ‫ئْ وبْ أص‬ٚ ٝ‫صً آفو ؽز‬ٚ ‫و‬١ّ‫ ظ‬ٞ‫َزقلَ أ‬٠ ‫ال‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ٌ‫علٔب اٌىٍّبد اٌزب‬ٚ ‫ ئما‬that َ‫* رَزقل‬ (all - any - only - it is - many - something - anything - nothing - none) (the tallest / the oldest / the most beautiful girl :ً‫ٓ ِض‬١ٕ‫ٓ أوضو ِٓ اص‬١‫ً ث‬١‫)صفخ رفع‬ٚ Ex: - This is all that I bought. Whose :‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫خ ا‬١‫رؾً ِؾً ظّبئو اٌٍّى‬ٚ ً‫و ػبل‬١‫ غ‬ٚ‫خ ػبلً أ‬١‫ رَزقلَ ٌٍٍّى‬(My / his / her / its / our / your / their / -’s - s' ) (whose) ً‫ص‬ٌٛ‫و ا‬١ّ‫ظؼٗ لجً ظ‬ٚ ٓ‫ّى‬٠ ‫ ئما وبْ ثبٌغٍّخ ؽوف عو‬.‫ب‬١‫بئ‬ٙٔ whose ً‫ ِؾ‬that ‫ ال رؾً وٍّخ‬Ex: 1- Huda whose father is a doctor is my friend. 2- My uncle whose house we live in travelled abroad. 2- My uncle in whose house we live travelled abroad.

33

Where ْ‫ رَزقلَ ِغ اٌّىب‬Where + place ْ‫( = ِىب‬in- on - at - to + which) Ex: 1- This is the hotel which we stayed in. (which) - This is the hotel where we stayed. (where) 2- I went to Sharm which I spent four days in. - I went to Sharm where I spent four days.

‫ ؽوف اٌغو الٍزقلإِب‬ٝ‫جم‬٠ ‫ٕ٘ب‬ ‫ٕ٘ب ؽنفٕب ؽوف اٌغو الٍزقلإِب‬

When When + time = (in - on + which - day - month - year) Ex: - September is the month which we go to school in. - September is the month in which we go to school. - September is the month when we go to school.

ِٓ‫ رَزقلَ ِغ اٌي‬-

:‫ذاااااااا‬١‫ ج‬ٟ‫ر‬٢‫* الحع ا‬ :‫ذ‬١‫غخ ٌٍزأو‬١‫رغزخذَ ٘زٖ اٌص‬ - It was + ‫ اعُ شخص‬+ that + ً‫ فؼ‬+ ‫ اٌجٍّخ‬ٟ‫ثبل‬ Ex: 1- It was Marconi that invented the Radio. 2- It was Zeweil that discovered the femtosecond. 3- It was William Shakespeare that wrote Macbeth. :‫اٌفبئمبد‬ٚ ٓ١‫ ٌٍفبئم‬:‫ظخ ٘بِخ جذا‬ٛ‫ٍِح‬ v to be ٗ‫ؾنف ِؼ‬٠ ٚ who / which ً‫صً ِض‬ٌٛ‫و ا‬١ّ‫ّىٓ ؽنف ظ‬٠ ًّ‫ ثؼط اٌغ‬ٟ‫* ف‬ .‫ف اٌضبٌش‬٠‫ اٌزصو‬ٝ‫زجم‬٠ ٚ Ex: 1- Cotton which is grown in Egypt, will be exported to Europe. - Cotton grown in Egypt, will be exported to Europe. 2- The food which was left in the kitchen has turned bad. - The food left in the kitchen, has turned bad.

34

1. Both ------ and

)ِٓ ً‫ ) و‬..... ٚ

.‫غخ اٌغّغ‬١‫ ص‬ٟ‫ْ ف‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ب‬ٙ‫اٌفؼً ِؼ‬ٚ ْ‫ صفزبْ ِقزٍفزب‬ٚ‫ٓ أ‬١‫ٓ ِقزٍف‬١ٍ‫ٓ ثفبػ‬١‫ٓ ِضجزز‬١‫ روثػ عٍّز‬Ex: 1- Both Ali and Hoda are doctors. 2- Hoda is both clever and beautiful. 2 - Neither -------------- nor

) ٝ‫ال ( ٌٍٕف‬ٚ - ‫ال‬ :ِٕٗ ‫ت‬٠‫زجغ اٌفبػً اٌمش‬٠ ‫ب‬ٙ‫ اٌفؼً ِؼ‬ٚ ٓ١‫ز‬١‫ٓ ِٕف‬١‫ روثػ عٍّز‬-

Ex: 1- Neither he nor I am a doctor. 2- He can neither read nor write. 3- He neither plays the match nor wins the cup. :َ‫ب‬ٙ‫غخ االعزف‬١‫ ص‬ٟ‫ ف‬nor ‫ثؼل‬ٚ ‫ظغ اٌفؼً ثؼل٘ب‬ٛ٠ ‫ي اٌغٍّخ‬ٚ‫ أ‬ٟ‫ ف‬Neither ‫* ئما عبءد‬ - Neither + ‫ فؼً ِغبػذ‬+ ً‫ فبػ‬+ ٍٟ‫ اٌفؼً األص‬nor + ‫ فؼً ِغبػذ‬+ ً‫ فبػ‬+ ٍٟ‫اٌفؼً األص‬ Ex: - Neither does he play the match nor does he win the cup. ‫وزٌه‬ٚ َ‫ب‬ٙ‫ اٌفؼً لجً اٌفبػً ثؼذ٘ب وبالعزف‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ ٓ١ٍ‫ اٌفبػ‬ٟ‫ٓ ف‬١‫ِخزٍفز‬ٚ ٓ١‫ٓ ِضجزز‬١‫* رشثظ جٍّز‬ - (V.to Be / V.to Have / ‫ ) أفؼبي ٔبلصخ‬ٟ٘ ‫ظغ وّب‬ٛ‫ر‬ ) do - did - does ( ٗٔ‫ٔعغ ِىب‬ٚ ٗ‫ فؼً آفو ٔؾنف‬ٞ‫أ‬ Ex: 1- I’m a teacher and so is he. 2- I have a car and so has he. 3- I play tennis and so does he. 3- and so

‫ظ وزٌه‬١ٌٚ *

4- and neither.

: َ‫ب‬ٙ‫ اٌفؼً لجً اٌفبػً ثؼل٘ب وبالٍزف‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ ٓ١ٍ‫ اٌفبػ‬ٟ‫ٓ ف‬١‫ِقزٍفز‬ٚ ْٟ‫ز‬١‫ٓ َ ٔف‬١‫ روثػ عٍّز‬Ex: 1- He isn't a teacher and neither am I. 2- I don’t play tennis and neither does he.

35

5 - In addition

ٌٟ‫ثبإلظبفخ ئ‬

- In addition + s + v, s + v + …….. ) ‫ ثؼذ٘ب جٍّخ وبٍِخ‬ٟ‫أر‬٠( Ex: - The city has a fine theatre; in addition it has an art museum. ٌٟ‫ثبإلظبفخ ئ‬ 6- In addition to v + ing - Besides , ً‫ فبػ‬+ ً‫ فؼ‬+ ………… - As well as noun / ُ‫اع‬ Ex: 1- In addition to the art museum, the city has a fine theatre. 2- As well as working late, he goes to the office on holidays. ‫ضب‬٠‫أ‬

7 - As well as = along with = together with

:ٌٝٚ‫زجغ فبػً اٌجٍّخ األ‬٠ ً‫اٌفؼ‬ٚ ‫ ثصفخ فبصخ‬ٌٝٚ‫ اٌغٍّخ األ‬ٍٝ‫ل ػ‬١‫ٓ ٌٍزأو‬١‫* روثػ عٍّز‬ Ex: 1- I as well as he am a teacher. 2- They as well as she are clever. also + ً‫ فؼ‬+ …. ‫عب‬٠‫ٌىٓ أ‬ٚ .... ‫ٌ ٘نا فمػ‬١ٌ * as well

8- ً‫ فبػ‬+not only + ً‫ فؼ‬+ ……….but

‫خ ثصفخ خبصخ‬١ٔ‫ذ اٌجٍّخ اٌضب‬١‫* رشثظ جٍّزبْ ٌزأو‬ ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ ثؼل فبػً اٌغٍّخ اٌضب‬also ٚ ْ‫ٓ اٌغٍّزب‬١‫ ث‬butٚ ٌٝٚ‫ لجً فؼً اٌغٍّخ األ‬not only ‫ظغ‬ٛ‫* ر‬ ‫خ اٌغٍّخ‬٠‫ب‬ٙٔ ٟ‫ ف‬as well ٚ Ex: - He succeeded. - His father gave him a present. (not only) - He not only succeeded but his father also gave him a present. as well :َ‫ب‬ٙ‫ْ ػالِخ اعزف‬ٚ‫ شىً عؤاي ثذ‬ٍٝ‫ضغ اٌجٍّخ ػ‬ٛ‫ي اٌجٍّخ ر‬ٚ‫ أ‬ٟ‫ ف‬not only ‫* إرا جبءد‬ - Not only + ‫ فؼً ِغبػذ‬+ ً‫ فبػ‬+ ً‫ اٌفؼ‬+.but ................... Ex: - He not only succeeded but his father gave him a present as well. - Not only did he succeed but his father gave him a present as well. 9 - Because / as + s + v + …….

)‫ ثؼذ٘ب جٍّخ وبٍِخ‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ٚ( ْ‫* أل‬

Ex: 1- He succeeded because / as / since he studied hard.

36

10- Because of v+ ing ‫* ثغجت‬ - Due to - Owing to ‫ صفخ‬+ ‫ف‬ٛ‫ص‬ِٛ , ً‫ فبػ‬+ ً‫ فؼ‬+ ......... - On account of - Thanks to ‫خ‬١‫ش ٍِى‬١ّ‫ ض‬+ noun / ُ‫اع‬ - Through Ex: - He succeeded owing to/due to / thanks to studying hard. / his hard study. ٟ‫* ٌى‬

11- So that - In order that - In the hope that - ً‫ فبػ‬+ ‫فؼً ِعبهع‬ ً‫ فبػ‬+ ٟ‫فؼً ِبظ‬

so that in order that in the hope that

+ ً‫ فبػ‬+ may + inf )‫(ِصله‬ + ً‫ فبػ‬+ might + inf.)‫(ِصله‬

may / might ً‫ فؼً ٔبلص آخش ِح‬ٞ‫ضغ أ‬ٚ ٓ‫ّى‬٠ * Ex: - He ran fast so that he might / could / would catch the train. 12- so as to - in order to - to - ً‫ فبػ‬+ ً‫ فؼ‬+

ٟ‫* ٌى‬ so as to in order to to

+

inf ) ‫( ِصذس‬

Ex: 1- We go to school in order to / to / so as to learn. 2- We get up early in order to / to / so as to catch the train. : ‫ ثؼذ٘ب جٍّخ وبٍِخ‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ ٚ ٟٕ‫ اٌّؼ‬ٟ‫دسثظ جًّربْ ِزٕبلضزبْ ف‬ٚ ٓ‫* ثبيسغُ ِـ‬ 13- Although - Though - Even though

+ ‫عٍّخ وبٍِخ‬ , ً‫ فبػ‬+ ً‫ فؼ‬+ ‫ي‬ٛ‫ ِفؼ‬, although though even though

‫عٍّخ وبٍِخ‬ ً‫ فبػ‬+ ً‫ فؼ‬+…… Ex: 1- Although he is rich, he is unhappy. 2- Although she is beautiful, she is unmarried.

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‫عٍّخ وبٍِخ‬ ً‫ فبػ‬+ ً‫ فؼ‬+ ‫ي‬ٛ‫ِفؼ‬ ‫عٍّخ وبٍِخ‬ ً‫ فبػ‬+ ً‫ فؼ‬+ ………

: ٟٕ‫ اٌّؼ‬ٟ‫رشثظ جٍّزبْ ِزٕبلضزبْ ف‬ٚ ٓ‫* ثبيسغُ ِـ‬ 14 - Despite - In spite of - With all - For all

V + ing ‫ صفخ‬+ ‫ف‬ٛ‫ص‬ِٛ ,

‫عٍّخ وبٍِخ‬ ً‫ فبػ‬+ ً‫ فؼ‬+ …….

‫خ‬١‫ش ٍِى‬١ّ‫ ض‬+ ُ‫اع‬ Ex: - In spite of being rich, he is unhappy. - In spite of his wealth / riches, he is unhappy. ٓ١‫ٓ ِزٕبلضز‬١‫* ( ٌىٓ) رشثظ جٍّز‬ 15- but - yet - however - nevertheless - ً‫ فبػ‬+ ً‫ فؼ‬+…...…

, but , yet , however , nevertheless

ً‫ فبػ‬+ ً‫ فؼ‬+……...

Ex: 1- Winter is cold, but, yet, however summer is hot. 2- He was blind, but , however, nevertheless he could find his way. .‫ِغ رٌه‬ٚ ‫ِؼٕب٘ب‬ٚ ‫عظ اٌجٍّخ‬ٚ ٟ‫ثؼذ٘ب ف‬ٚ ,however, ً‫د فبصٍخ لج‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ِٓ ‫* الثذ‬ Ex: 1- Mariam is rich, however, Jehan is poor. 2- She is beautiful, however, she is unmarried. ً‫ حبي صُ فبػً صُ فؼ‬/ ٗ‫ ثؼذ٘ب صف‬ٝ‫ي اٌجٍّخ رأر‬ٚ‫ أ‬However ‫* ئما أرذ‬ - However + ‫ حبي‬/ ‫ صفخ‬+ ً‫ فبػ‬+ ً‫ فؼ‬, ً‫ فبػ‬+ ً‫ فؼ‬+ ……………. Ex: - However high the tree is, he can climb it. .‫ش‬١‫ي وج‬ٚ‫عظ اٌجٍّخ ٌىٓ اٌحشف األ‬ٚ ٟ‫ ف‬However ٟ‫ّىٓ أْ رأر‬٠ * ______‫ __________عٍّخ وبٍِخ‬. However, S + v + …………….. Ex: - She is rich. However, she is miserable. 16- Whatever : ً‫ ثؼذ٘ب اعُ صُ فبػً صُ فؼ‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ ‫ي اٌجٍّخ‬ٚ‫ أ‬Whatever ‫* إرا أرذ‬ - Whatever + ُ‫ اعـ‬/ noun…… + ً‫ فبػ‬+ ً‫فؼ‬ Ex: - Whatever lies he tells, he is believed. - Whatever riches she has, she is miserable.

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17-Thus, so, therefore, hence, that’s why, consequently -ً‫ فبػ‬+ً‫ فؼ‬+….….

‫ رٌه‬ٍٝ‫ ثٕبء ػ‬/ ‫* ٌزٌه‬

ً‫ فبػ‬+ ً‫فؼ‬+..….

thus, so, therefore, hence, that’s why, consequently,

)ٜ‫ أداح رحً ِحً األخش‬ٞ‫خ (أ‬١ٔ‫ عجت اٌضب‬ٌٟٚ‫* رشثظ جٍّزبْ اٌجٍّخ األ‬ .ٓ١‫ظغ اٌغٍّز‬ٚ ‫ ئما ػىَٕب‬ٟٕ‫ اٌّؼ‬ٟ‫ ف‬because ‫* ػىٌ لبػلح‬ Ex: 1- He didn't have enough money, so he didn’t buy the computer. 2- He was very tired so, thus , therefore he couldn’t walk. 3- He worked hard, consequently he succeeded. Time conjunctions

17- Till / Until - The moment - When - After - Before - As soon as

‫خ‬١ِٕ‫اثظ اٌض‬ٚ‫اٌش‬

‫ـػ‬١َ‫ِعبهع ث‬ َ‫ِعبهع رب‬ ‫ػ‬١َ‫َِزمجً ث‬ present simple / Present Perfect , Future simple come / comes has - have come S + will + inf eat / eats has - have eaten arrive / arrives has - have arrived

Future simple S+ will + v

till / until the moment when after before as soon as

present simple / Present Perfect S+ ‫ـػ‬١َ‫ِعبهع ث‬

/ َ‫ِعبهع رب‬

Ex: 1- I’ll wait for him till / until he comes / has come. 2- He’ll phone you when he arrives / has arrived. 18- so ….. that ً‫ فبػ‬+ ً‫ فؼ‬+…… Ex:-

ْ‫* ٌذسجخ ا‬ So

ٗ‫صف‬

that + ً‫فبػ‬

He is so clever that he can pass the exam.

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+ ً‫ فؼ‬+……..

:َ‫ب‬ٙ‫غخ االعزف‬١‫ ص‬ٟ‫ ثؼذ٘ب اٌصفخ صُ اٌفؼً ف‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ so ‫* إرا ثذأد اٌجٍّخ ثـ‬ - So + ‫ صفخ‬+ ً‫ فؼ‬+ ً‫ فبػ‬+ that……………………… Ex: - So clever is he that he can pass the exam. 19- such a / an ……..that

ْ‫* ٌذسجخ أ‬

ً‫ فبػ‬+ ً‫ فؼ‬+…such a / an ٗ‫ صف‬+ ‫ف‬ٛ‫ص‬ِٛ that+ ً‫ فبػ‬+ ً‫ فؼ‬+… Ex: - He is such a clever boy that he can pass the exam. .َ‫ب‬ٙ‫غخ االعزف‬١‫ ص‬ٟ‫ف ) صُ اٌفؼً ف‬ٛ‫ص‬ِٛ + ‫ ثؼذ٘ب اعُ ( صفخ‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ such ‫*إرا ثذأد اٌجٍّخ ثـ‬ - Such a / an + ‫ صفخ‬+ ‫ف‬ٛ‫ص‬ِٛ + ً‫ فؼ‬+ + ً‫ فبػ‬+ that…………… Ex: - Such a clever boy is he that he can pass the exam. :‫ذا‬١‫ ج‬ٟ‫ر‬٢‫* الحع ا‬ - On + v + ing ‫ = ػٕذ‬When ‫ػٕلِب‬ - ‫ صفخ‬+ as + ً‫ فبػ‬+ ً‫ فؼ‬, s + v + ………………. - Being + ‫صفـخ‬, S + v + ………………….. Ex: 1- On seeing the police man, the thief ran away. 2- Having finished his work, he went out. 3- Cheap as the car was, he refused to buy it. 4- The day being hot, we decided to go for a swim. : َ‫ب‬ٙ‫ْ ػالِخ اعزف‬ٚ‫ شىً عؤاي ثذ‬ٍٟ‫ضغ اٌجٍّخ ػ‬ٛ‫خ ر‬١‫ر‬٢‫اد ا‬ٚ‫ ِٓ األد‬ٞ‫* إرا ثذأد اٌجٍّخ ثأ‬ Helping Seldom and so Scarcely Vainly and neither Hardly Little Never Rarely Always So No sooner Only Such Not only Neither ‫ٍإاي‬ nor ‫ٍإاي‬ On no condition Nowhere On no account Only when In no circumstances Only by / then Ex: - I have never seen such a boring film. (Never) 1- Never have I seen such a boring film. 2- Hardly did I meet him, I told him the details. 3- Not only did he buy a new car but he also built a house.

40

4- On no account should you walk home by yourself. 5- In no circumstances should you insult this polite man. 6- No sooner had the plane taken off than it crashed. 7- On no condition can we discuss this matter on any account. 8- Seldom do I see so many people keeping the environment clear. 9- Never have we enjoyed the latest show. 10- On no condition must people park here on any condition. The future perfect tense َ‫صِٓ اٌّغزمجً اٌزب‬ . ً‫ اٌّغزمج‬ٟ‫ٓ ف‬١‫ ِؼ‬ٚ‫لذ ِحذد ا‬ٚ ٟ‫ ف‬ٟٙ‫ٕز‬٠ ٚ‫صٗ أ‬ٚ‫زُ حذ‬٠ٚ ‫مغ‬١‫ؼجشػٓ حذس ع‬٠ Formation: ٓ٠ٛ‫اٌزى‬ -ً‫ اٌفبػ‬+ will / shall / might + have + p.p Ex: - I will have moved into a new villa in two weeks' time. - In five years’ time, the government will have built 500 schools. .َ‫ صِٓ اٌّغزمجً اٌزب‬ٟ‫ي ف‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٟٕ‫غخ اٌّج‬١‫* ص‬ shall Object (‫ي اٌغٍّخ‬ٛ‫ ( ِفؼ‬+ will + have + been + p.p + by +Subject )ً‫( اٌفبػ‬ might Ex: - By next June, he will have written his second novel. (active) - By next June, his second novel will have been written. ( passive) - She will have prepared the reports before he leaves. (active) - The reports will have been prepared before he leaves. ( passive) - By 2050, petrol cars will have been replaced by electric ones. Key words: - In + period of time ( ‫خ‬١ِٕ‫)فزشح ص‬ - in a year's time - in a week's time / in 2 months' time - in 3 years’ time. - By + exact time ( ‫لذ ِحذد‬ٚ) - By next July - By next May - By 2018 - By next year - This time + exact time ( ‫لذ ِحذد‬ٚ) - This time next year - This time tomorrow - This time next April

41

Modal verbs )ً‫ (ِٓ األفع‬:‫ اٌّضبسع‬ٟ‫حخ ِضجزٗ ف‬١‫ إلػطبء ٔص‬-1 1- should = ought to + ‫ = ِصله‬It is advisable / desirable to + ‫ِصله‬ Ex: - You should / ought to work hard. - You should / ought to look for a new job. - It is advisable to do your best to achieve your goal. 2- shouldn’t = oughtn’t to

)ً‫ٌ ِٓ األفع‬١ٌ ( :‫ اٌّضبسع‬ٟ‫خ ف‬١‫حخ ِٕف‬١‫ إلػطبء ٔص‬-2 + ‫ = ِصله‬It’s inadvisable/undesirable to + ‫ِصله‬

Ex: - You shouldn’t / oughtn’t to waste your time. - It is inadvisable to get up late. 3- (Late advice) ‫ؾخ ِزأفوح‬١‫ٔص‬ )ٍٗ‫فؼ‬٠ ٌُ ٕٗ‫ٌى‬ٚ ‫فؼً ونا‬٠ ْ‫ٗ أ‬١ٍ‫غت ػ‬٠ ْ‫ ( وب‬:ٟ‫ اٌّبض‬ٟ‫حخ ِضجزٗ ف‬١‫ إلػطبء ٔص‬-3 - should / ought to + have + pp = It was advisable / desirable to + ‫ِصله‬ Ex: - He was at home yesterday. He should have been at work. - He got low marks. He should have studied hard. 4- Blame ‫ ػزبة‬- ٌَٛ )ٍٗ‫ٌىٕٗ فؼ‬ٚ ٟ‫ اٌّبظ‬ٟ‫فؼً ونا ف‬٠ ‫ض اال‬ٚ‫ (وبْ ِٓ اٌّفو‬:ٟ‫ اٌّبض‬ٟ‫خ ف‬١‫حخ ِٕف‬١‫ إلػطبء ٔص‬-4 * - shouldn’t / oughtn’t to +have + pp = It was inadvisable / undesirable to +‫ِصله‬ Ex: - He shouldn’t have / oughtn’t have forgotten his mobile. - He missed the bus. It was inadvisable to get up late. 5-Necessity in the present: - must + ‫ِصله‬

)َ‫ اٌّعبهع ( ئٌيا‬ٟ‫هح ف‬ٚ‫و ػٓ ظو‬١‫ ٌٍزؼج‬-5 * ‫غ اٌضّبئش‬١ّ‫ِغ ج‬

- have to - have got to - need to

+ ‫ِصذس‬

- has to - has got to - needs to

+ ‫ِصذس‬

‫ِغ‬

‫ِغ‬

42

( I - They - We - You - ‫) اعُ جّغ‬

(He - She - It - ‫) اعُ ِفشد‬

Ex: 1- He is ill, he must / has to / has got to / needs to see the doctor. 2- They are late, they must / have to / have got to / need to take a taxi. )َ‫ظ إٌضا‬١ٌ ( ‫ اٌّضبسع‬ٟ‫سح ف‬ٚ‫* ػذَ ضش‬

6- Lack of necessity in the present - needn’t + ‫ِصذس‬

‫ِغ وً اٌضّبئش‬

- don’t have to - don’t need to - haven’t got to

+ ‫ِصذس‬

‫ِغ‬

(I - They - We - You - ‫) اعُ جّغ‬

- doesn’t have to - doesn’t need to - hasn’t got to

+ ‫ِصذس‬

‫ِغ‬

( He - She - It - ‫) اعُ ِفشد‬

Ex: 1- He isn’t ill, he needn’t / hasn’t got to / doesn’t have to / doesn’t need to see the doctor. 1- They aren’t late, they needn’t / don’t need to / don’t have to / haven’t got to take a taxi. 7- Necessity in the past:

)ٟ‫ (اٌياَ ِبظ‬ٟ‫ اٌّبض‬ٟ‫سح ف‬ٚ‫ش ػٓ ضش‬١‫* ٌٍزؼج‬

- had to + ‫ِصله‬ ‫غ اٌضّبئش‬١ّ‫ِغ ج‬ Ex: 1- He was ill; he had to see the doctor. 2- They were late; they had to take a taxi. )َ‫ظ اٌضا‬١ٌ( ٟ‫ اٌّبض‬ٟ‫سح ف‬ٚ‫*ػذَ ضش‬

8- Lack of necessity in the past:

- didn’t have to / didn’t need to + ‫ِصله‬ Ex: - He wasn’t ill, he didn’t need to see the doctor. - They weren’t late, they didn’t have to take a taxi. 9- Necessity in the future

)ً‫ اٌّغزمجً (اٌياَ َِزمج‬ٟ‫سح ف‬ٚ‫ش ػٓ ضش‬١‫* ٌٍزؼج‬

- will have to + ‫ِصذس‬ Ex: - You will have to go to school tomorrow.

43

10- Lack of necessity in the future

)َ‫ظ اٌضا‬١ٌ( ً‫ اٌّغزمج‬ٟ‫سح ف‬ٚ‫ش ػٓ ػذَ ضش‬١‫* يٌزؼج‬

- won’t have to + ‫ِصذس‬ Ex: - You won’t have to go to school tomorrow. 11- Prohibition ُ٠‫اٌزحش‬ Mustn’t )ٗ‫ػ ث‬َِّٛ ‫و‬١‫ء غ‬ّٟ / ‫ ظوه‬ٚ‫ ا‬ٜ‫ٗ أم‬١ٍ‫زورت ػ‬٠ ٗ‫ء ئْ فؼٍز‬ّٟ / ْٛٔ‫ ظل اٌمب‬/ ‫ه‬ٛ‫ ِؾظ‬/ ‫ع‬ِّٕٛ(:َ‫ش ػٓ رٌه ثبعزخذا‬١‫ّىٓ اٌزؼج‬٠ - It’s forbidden / prohibited /banned ‫ه‬ٛ‫ ِؾظ‬/ ‫ع‬ِّٕٛ = It isn't permitted ‫ػ‬َِّٛ ‫و‬١‫غ‬ - It's not allowed to + ‫= ِصله‬You aren’t allowed to +‫ = ِصله‬It’s against the law. Ex: 1- You mustn’t smoke here, it’s forbidden, prohibited, banned. 2- Smoking is forbidden here. It’s against the law. 3- You mustn’t park here, it’s not allowed to park here. 12- Could have + pp )ً‫فؼ‬٠ ٌُ ٕٗ‫ٌى‬ٚ ‫فؼً ونا‬٠ ْ‫ اٍزطبػزٗ أ‬ٟ‫ (وبْ ف‬ٟ‫ اٌّبظ‬ٟ‫و ػٓ اٌملهح ف‬١‫ رَزقلَ ٌٍزؼج‬Ex: - I could have traveled by plane but I didn't. - She could have bought the blouse, but she didn't.

.

13- Couldn't have + pp )‫فؼً ونا‬٠ ْ‫ اٍزطبػزٗ أ‬ٟ‫ىٓ ف‬٠ ٌُ( ٟ‫ اٌّبظ‬ٟ‫س ّئ ف‬ٚ‫ رَزقلَ ٌزؼجو ػٓ اٍزؾبٌخ ؽل‬Ex: - Adel couldn't have scored the goal yesterday. He was injured. - Hoda couldn't have caught the train. She got up late. ‫ػٕذِب ٔجذ ثبٌجٍّخ‬ It is advisable / desirable It is inadvisable/ undesirable It was advisable / desirable It was inadvisable / undesirable It is necessary It isn't necessary It was necessary

:‫ذا‬١‫ ج‬ٟ‫ر‬٢‫الحع ا‬‫ب‬ٙٔ‫ٔضغ ِىب‬ٚ ‫ب‬ٙ‫ٔحزف‬ should / ought to + ‫ِصله‬ shouldn’t / oughtn’t to + ‫ِصله‬ should have + PP shouldn't have + PP must + ‫ب‬ٙ‫ار‬ٛ‫أف‬ needn’t + ‫ب‬ٙ‫ار‬ٛ‫أف‬ had to + ‫ِصله‬

44

It wasn’t necessary didn’t have to / didn’t need to + ‫ِصله‬ It will be necessary will have to + ‫ِصله‬ It won’t be necessary won’t have to + ‫ِصله‬ It’s banned /forbidden / prohibited mustn’t + inf ‫ِصله‬ Ex: 1- It is necessary for him to get up early. - He must / has to / needs to / has got to get up early. 2- It was necessary for them to clean the house. - They had to clean the house.

Causative ‫خ‬١‫اٌجٍّخ اٌغجج‬ ّٗ‫ْ روش اع‬ٚ‫ٌىٓ لبَ ثٗ شخص آخش د‬ٚ ‫ إٔٔب ٌُ ٔمُ ثبٌؼًّ أٔفغٕب‬ٍٝ‫ إرا أسدٔب أْ ٔؼجش ػ‬ٕٗ٠ٛ‫رى‬ ً‫ فبػ‬+ V. to Have ‫ وً األصِٕخ‬ٟ‫ ف‬+ )‫ء‬ٟ‫ي (ش‬ٛ‫ ِفؼ‬+ ‫ف اٌضبٌش‬٠‫اٌزصش‬ :‫ش لٍت‬ٙ‫حفع ػٓ ظ‬٠ٚ ُِٙ ‫ي‬ٚ‫* جذ‬ ‫صِٓ اٌجٍّخ‬ ‫ػ‬١‫ِعبهع ثَـ‬ ‫ـػ‬١َ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ ‫ِعبهع َِزّو‬ ‫ َِزّو‬ٞ‫ِبض‬ َ‫ِعبهع رب‬ َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ِبظ‬ ) ‫أفؼبي ٔبلصخ ( ػْوح‬ Have to - Has to Hade to Am Is . going to Are . about to Was . to Were - (Be) supposed to - Need to - Needn't -Appear to- Seem to -Will have to

V. To Have

ٗ‫ ِؼ‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ ٞ‫اٌز‬

have - has had am having - is having - are having was having - were having have had - has had had had ُ٘‫ ثؼل‬have ‫ْ وٍّخ‬ٚ‫أفن‬٠ ً‫ فؼ‬34 ٍُٙ‫و‬ can have - could have - shall have - should have - will have - would have - may have - might have - must have ought to have - have to have - has to have - had to have are about to have - is to have - is about to have - am to have - are to have - was about to have - were about to have - is going to have - (be) supposed to have - need to have - needn't have - appear to have - seem to have - will have to have

45

Ex: 1- The barber cuts my hair. - I have my hair cut. 2- The barber cut my hair. - I had my hair cut. 3- The worker is building my house. - I'm having my house built. 4- She was cleaning my house. - I was having my house cleaned. 5- The mechanic has repaired my car. - I have had my car repaired. 6- The mechanic had repaired my car. - I had had my car repaired. 7- The mechanic will repair my car. - I will have my car repaired 8- The mechanic is going to repair my car. - I’m going to have my car repaired. 9- He got someone to clean his flat. - He had his flat cleaned. Exercises: 1- The builder is building my house. 2- The worker has watered my garden. 3- The barber had cut my hair. 4- The dustman is going to dust my house. 5- The barber will cut my hair.

(I) ( had ) ( I'm ) ( have ) (I) ( had ) (I) ( have ) (He had)

‫ك‬١‫ف‬ٛ‫ اٌز‬ٌٟٚ ‫هللا‬ٚ ‫ط‬ٚ‫ذاس‬١‫ػبطف ِحّذ ػ‬ ‫خ‬٠‫ض‬١ٍ‫شاٌٍغخ اإلٔج‬١‫ِؼٍُ خج‬

(I) (I) (I) (I) (I)

‫أدػ‪١‬خ ِأص‪ٛ‬سح‬ ‫ػٕذ اٌّزاوشح‪:‬‬ ‫اٌٍ‪٠ ُٙ‬ـب ُِ َؼٍِــُِّ آكَ ػٍّّٕ‪٠ٚ ..ٟ‬ب ِف‪ّ١ٍٍ ُّٙ‬بْ ف‪ ,,ّّٟٕٙ‬اٌٍ‪ ُٙ‬ال ٍ‪ٙ‬ـً ئال‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اٌؾيْ ئما ّئذ ٍ‪ٙ‬ال‪ .‬فَ‪ ٌٟ ًّٙ‬أِو‪٠ ٞ‬ب‬ ‫ِب عؼٍزٗ ٍ‪ٙ‬ال‪ٚ .‬أٔذ رغؼـً‬ ‫أهؽُ اٌواؽّ‪,,ٓ١‬‬ ‫ثؼذ اٌّزاوشح‪:‬‬ ‫اٌٍ‪ ُٙ‬ئٔ‪ ٟ‬اٍز‪ٛ‬كػزه ِب ؽفظذ ‪ِٚ‬ب ف‪ّٙ‬ذ فو ّكٖ ٌ‪ ٟ‬ػٕل ؽبعز‪ ٟ‬ئٌ‪١‬ـٗ‬ ‫ئٔه ػٍ‪ ٝ‬وً ّ‪ٟ‬ء لل‪٠‬و‪,,‬‬ ‫‪ َٛ٠‬االِزحبْ‪:‬‬ ‫اٌٍ‪ ُٙ‬ئٔ‪ ٟ‬ر‪ٛ‬وٍذ ػٍ‪١‬ــه ‪ٍٍّٚ‬ذ أِو‪ ٞ‬ئٌ‪١‬ـه ال ِـٍغـأ ‪ِٕٚ‬غ‪ِٕ ٝ‬ه ئال‬ ‫ئٌــ‪١‬ه‪,,‬‬ ‫ػٕذ دخـ‪ٛ‬ي اٌمـبػخ‪:‬‬ ‫هة أكفٍٕ‪ِ ٟ‬لفً صلق‪ ٚ ,‬أفوعٕ‪ِ ٟ‬قوط صلق‪ ٚ ,‬اعؼً ٌ‪ِٓ ٟ‬‬ ‫ٌلٔه ٍٍطبٔب ٔص‪١‬وا‪,,‬‬ ‫لجً اٌجذء ثبٌحــً‪:‬‬ ‫هة اّوػ ٌ‪ ٟ‬صله‪َ٠ ٚ ,ٞ‬و ٌ‪ ٟ‬أِو‪ ٚ ,ٞ‬اؽًٍ ػملح ِٓ ٌَبٔ‪ٟ‬‬ ‫‪٠‬فم‪ٛٙ‬ا ل‪,,ٌٟٛ‬‬ ‫ػٕـذ إٌغ‪١‬ــبْ‪:‬‬ ‫اٌٍ‪٠ ُٙ‬ب عبِغ إٌـبً ف‪ َٛ٠ ٟ‬ال ه‪٠‬ت ف‪١‬ـٗ اعّؼٕ‪ ٟ‬ثعبٌّز‪,,ٟ‬‬ ‫ػٕذ االٔز‪ٙ‬بء‪:‬‬ ‫اٌؾّل هلل اٌن‪٘ ٞ‬لأـب ٌ‪ٙ‬نا ‪ِٚ‬ـب وٕـب ٌٕ‪ٙ‬زل‪ٌٛ ٞ‬ال أْ ٘لأب هللا‪,,‬‬