AU1

1

G

2

Geometric Encoding

3 4

AU2

5

6

Synonyms

7

Global geometry; Local geometry; Spatial reorientation

8

AU3

Bradley R. Sturz Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA

9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Main Text Successful movement between locations first requires the determination of a direction of travel, and understanding the process of determining a direction is the central focus of orientation research. As shown in the top panel of Fig. 1, the general approach to understanding orientation involves training disoriented participants to respond to a particular location within a rectangular enclosure (left). Importantly, this location is often uniquely specified by a distinctive feature. Interestingly, tests in the absence of the distinctive features reveal that participants not only respond to the originally trained location but also to its 180 rotationally equivalent location (right). Responses to this 180 rotationally equivalent location are termed a rotational error. The occurrence of the rotational error is particularly interesting because it suggests that

participants learn something about the geometric shape of the enclosure itself during training, and such learning about the geometric shape of the enclosure during training is unneeded because it is neither necessary nor sufficient to determine the correct location. Specifically, the correct location is uniquely and sufficiently specified by the distinctive feature; yet in its absence, participants respond as if they learned the correct location with respect to the environmental shape, and the rotational error is suggested to occur because, in the absence of the distinctive feature, environmental geometry alone cannot disambiguate the correct from the rotationally equivalent location. The occurrence of the rotational error has been observed in ants, chicks, pigeons, fish, and primates – including human children and human adults. In human adults, the rotational error also occurs in a sensory modality other than vision. Specifically, blindfolded adults trained to respond to a particular corner of a rectangle designated by a unique texture respond to the trained and rotationally equivalent locations when the unique texture is absent. This occurrence across species and sensory modalities suggests that orientation via geometric cues may be ubiquitous and fundamental process in the animal kingdom. As a result, determining the nature of this geometric encoding – environmental points, lines, angles, and overall shape to determine a direction – has received considerable research attention, and manipulations of shape from training to testing have revealed two basic categories of geometric

# Springer International Publishing AG 2017 J. Vonk, T.K. Shackelford (eds.), Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_857-1

28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

2

Geometric Encoding

Geometric Encoding, Fig. 1

AU4

61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

cues used during reorientation: local geometric cues and global geometric cues. Both types of cues explain the presence of the rotational error but differ with respect to what is encoded about environmental geometry. As shown in Fig. 1 (bottom left), local geometric cues are independent cues such as wall lengths and corner angles that constitute the environmental shape. Thus, local geometric encoding would involve encoding the correct location during training as a location specified by short wall right, long wall left, and 90 corner angle. Such local geometric encoding during training explains the occurrence of the rotational error during testing because both the correct and rotationally equivalent locations are located at the right side of a short

wall, the left side of a long wall, and at a 90 corner angle. In contrast, global geometric cues (often derived from computational geometry) are dependent on the overall shape of the environment because they must be encoded from the overall shape of the environment. For example, the principal axis of space, which runs through the centroid and approximate length of the space is a summary parameter derived from the boundaries. Thus, global geometric coding with respect to the principal axis would involve encoding the correct location during training as the location specified by the left side of the principal axis. Such global geometric encoding during training explains the occurrence of the rotational error during testing because both the correct and rotationally

77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92

Geometric Encoding 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116

117

118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127

equivalent locations are located at the left side of the principal axis. Similarly, the medial axis of space which is a trunk and branch system that captures overall shape information is also derived from the boundaries. Thus, global geometric encoding with respect to the medial axis of space would involve encoding the correct location during training as the location specified by the terminal end of the trunk’s left branch. Such global geometric encoding during training explains the occurrence of the rotational error during testing because both the correct and rotationally equivalent locations are located at the terminal end of the trunk’s left branch. Despite recent debate about which global geometric cue may be encoded, it is clear that both local and global geometric cues are encoded and used for orientation. As importantly, it is also clear that a sense component (i.e., left or right) is part of this encoding process. Current research is continuing to manipulate aspects of the environment from training to testing to further illuminate the geometric cues used to reorient with respect to the environment.

Cross-References ▶ Cognitive Map ▶ Encoding ▶ Geometric Module ▶ Landmark ▶ Navigation ▶ Orientation ▶ Orienting ▶ Place Versus Response Learning ▶ Spatial Memory ▶ Spatial Relations

3

References

128

Bodily, K. D., Eastman, C. K., & Sturz, B. R. (2011). Neither by global nor local cues alone: Evidence for a unified orientation process. Animal Cognition, 14, 665–674. Cheng, K., Huttenlocher, J., & Newcombe, N. S. (2013). 25 years of research on the use of geometry in spatial reorientation: A current theoretical perspective. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20, 1033–1054. Kelly, D. M., Chiandetti, C., & Vallortigara, G. (2011). Re-orienting in space: Do animals use global or local geometry strategies? Biology Letters, 7, 372–375. Lubyk, D. M., Dupuis, B., Gutiérrez, L., & Spetch, M. L. (2012). Geometric orientation by humans: Angles weigh in. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19, 436–442. Miller, N. Y., & Shettleworth, S. J. (2007). Learning about environmental geometry: An associative model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 33, 191–212. Sovrano, V. A., & Vallortigara, G. (2006). Dissecting the geometric module: The association of metric and landmark information with sense in animals’ spatial reorientation. Psychological Science, 17, 616–621. Sturz, B. R., & Bodily, K. D. (2012). On discriminating between geometric strategies of surface-based orientation. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 112. doi:10.3389/ fpsyg.2012.00112. Sturz, B. R., Gurley, T., & Bodily, K. D. (2011). Orientation in trapezoid-shaped enclosures: Implications for theoretical accounts of geometry learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 37, 246–253. Sturz, B. R., Forloines, M. R., & Bodily, K. D. (2012). Enclosure size and the use of local and global geometric cues for reorientation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19, 270–276. Sturz, B. R., Gaskin, K. A., & Roberts, J. E. (2014). Incidental encoding of enclosure geometry does not require visual input: Evidence from blind-folded adults. Memory & Cognition, 42, 935–942. Sutton, J. E. (2009). What is geometric information and how do animals use it? Behavioural Processes, 80, 339–343. Tommasi, L., Chiandetti, C., Pecchia, T., Sovrano, V. A., & Vallortigara, G. (2012). From natural geometry to spatial cognition. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36, 799–824.

129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175

AU5

Geometric Encoding

troid and approximate length of the space is a. 85 summary parameter derived from the boundaries. 86. Thus, global geometric coding with respect to the. 87 principal axis would involve encoding the correct. 88 location during training as the location specified. 89 by the left side of the principal axis. Such global. 90.

233KB Sizes 1 Downloads 311 Views

Recommend Documents

Where's the orange? Geometric and extra-geometric ...
Jul 13, 2000 - degree of (geometric) topological enclosure of the located object by the reference object .... The child's role was to watch video scenes on a computer and tell a blindfolded .... the puppets would be hiding the objects and that it was

pdf file encoding
There was a problem previewing this document. Retrying... Download. Connect more apps... Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. pdf file encoding.

Phonics Encoding Decoding.pdf
There was a problem previewing this document. Retrying... Download. Connect more apps... Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. Phonics ...

pdf change encoding
Loading… Whoops! There was a problem loading more pages. Retrying... Whoops! There was a problem previewing this document. Retrying... Download. Connect more apps... Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. pdf change encoding. pdf chan

Where's the orange? Geometric and extra-geometric ...
Jul 13, 2000 - on other objects that were either the same or different (e.g. an apple on .... located object (e.g. an apple on top of other apples in a bowl), in was ...

Geometric Figures
A polygon with 5 sides and 5 angles. A polygon with 6 sides and 6 angles. A polygon with 8 sides and 8 angles. Three Dimensional Figures. A 3-dimensional figure has length, width, and height. The surfaces may be flat or curved. A 3-dimensional figure

Geometric Software -
Net profit was down 56.7% due to low other income (other income was high at Rs70m in 1QFY06 due to adjustment in the accounting policy for ..... Share Capital. 53. 54. 112. 112. 112. Share Premium. 112. 134. 101. 101. 101. Reserves. 603. 773. 990. 1,

geometric mean.pdf
Sign in. Loading… Whoops! There was a problem loading more pages. Retrying... Whoops! There was a problem previewing this document. Retrying... Download. Connect more apps... Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. geometric mean.pdf.

pdf encoding problem
Retrying... Download. Connect more apps... Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. pdf encoding problem. pdf encoding problem. Open. Extract.

Highway geometric design.pdf
b) Design the length of transition curve for a two lane highway in plain terrain, with. a design speed of 100 kmph and redius of 260 m. Assume any other data.

Finite Geometric Series.pdf
Retrying... Download. Connect more apps... Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. Finite Geometric Series.pdf. Finite Geometric Series.pdf. Open.

Narrow Bus Encoding for Low Power Systems
Abstract. High integration in integrated circuits often leads to the prob- lem of running out of pins. Narrow data buses can be used to alleviate this problem at the cost of performance degradation due to wait cycles. In this paper, we address bus co

Activity Guide - Encoding Color Images
the bits from this example. Step 2: 6-‐bit color. Tutorial Video: ​more bits per pixel for ... For example, to make a teal color (shown right) whose 12-bit value is: 001110101011 We can represent a 12-bit color in ... This is to avoid confusion w

Simultaneous Encoding of Potential Grasping ... - Semantic Scholar
stand how the brain selects one move- ment plan when many others could also accomplish the same result. ... ther a precision or a power grasp. When handle orientation and grip type informa- tion were concurrently ... rons encoding power or precision

Some Geometric Constructions
Dec 18, 2006 - Abstract. We solve some problems of geometric construction. Some of them cannot be solved with ruler and compass only and require the drawing of a rect- angular hyperbola: (i) construction of the Simson lines passing through a given po

Geometric Mean HW.pdf
Sign in. Loading… Whoops! There was a problem loading more pages. Retrying... Whoops! There was a problem previewing this document. Retrying.

Geometric Shapes Notes.pdf
Retrying... Download. Connect more apps... Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. Geometric Shapes Notes.pdf. Geometric Shapes Notes.pdf. Open.

Infinite Geometric Series.pdf
Retrying... Download. Connect more apps... Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. Infinite Geometric Series.pdf. Infinite Geometric Series.pdf. Open.

Highway Geometric Design.pdf
movillg vehicle is 0.95 m/sec2/sec. ... vehicle. Also list the various specifications for each as per IRC standards" (trO &{anks) ... List the various geometrie ... (i) Diamond interchange (ii) Half clover leaf and explain any TWO advantages of each.

JPEG2000 Image Encoding & Decoding -
Jan 14, 2015 - parameters which more closely mimic Kakadu. Following compression, each tool was used to decompress each JP2-encoded image back to.

Encoding Demonstrations and Learning New ...
Encoding Demonstrations and Learning New Trajectories using Canal Surfaces. ∗. S. Reza ... are fast and can be used in an online manner, but the repro- ..... ing the distance from each point on the directrix to the cor- responding points on the ...