PHYSICAL REVIEW B 85, 205414 (2012)

Geometric constraints for orbital entanglement production in normal conductors Sergio Rodr´ıguez-P´erez and Marcel Novaes Departamento de F´ısica, Universidade Federal de S˜ao Carlos, S˜ao Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil (Received 2 March 2012; published 9 May 2012) We investigate entanglement production in a generic normal conductor, connected to two single-channel left leads and two single-channel right leads. We consider the joint statistics of the number of entangled pairs produced during a given time and amount of entanglement carried by them. We find a constraint that implies that more entangled states are less likely to be detected. Namely, if C is the concurrence and N is the squared norm of the entangled state, then production occurs only if N (1 + C) < 1. For the particular case of a chaotic cavity working as quantum entangler, we obtain explicit expressions for the joint distribution of C and N , both for systems with and without time-reversal symmetry. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.85.205414

PACS number(s): 73.23.−b, 03.67.Bg, 05.45.Mt

I. INTRODUCTION

Quantum entanglement has been one of the most intriguing phenomena predicted by quantum mechanics. Because of its essential role in new emergent technologies, such as quantum computation and quantum cryptography,1 as well as its own fundamental nature, physicists from many areas have concentrated their efforts trying to understand how entanglement can be produced, manipulated, and detected in real physical systems. With this aim in mind, many solid-state devices were studied in the past decade, in the context of quantum transport phenomena.2–12 In particular, it was realized that carriers can be entangled after scattering processes, even without a direct interaction between them.3 In principle, any normal conductor may orbitally entangle the scattered state of two incident carriers, if a left-right bipartition is established. Based on this idea, chaotic cavities were proposed as quantum entanglers.6 In this system, the outgoing state of two scattered electrons can be expressed as the superposition of three components: |scat  = |LL  + |RR  + |LR . Two of them are separable, corresponding to both electrons being scattered to the left or to the right. The other component, |LR , may be nonseparable and represents the state of one electron being scattered to the left and the other one to the right. The amount of entanglement in the |LR  component can be measured by its concurrence C. The average value and variance of C were considered first,6 and later its probability distribution was found.11,12 These previous works have not addressed the question about how likely it is that a state with given concurrence will be produced. Transport observables fluctuate from one sample to another because of interference effects and are described by statistical distributions. On the other hand, because of the quantum nature of the carriers only part of the incoming electron pairs are entangled after scattering. Production of entangled pairs is thus a temporal stochastic process, just like the transmission of charge in the context of full counting statistics.13–16 The number of entangled pairs produced in a fixed observation time is a random variable, and its mean value is proportional to the squared norm of the entangled component, N = LR |LR , of the scattered state. In this work, we consider a normal conductor working as quantum entangler, connected to two single-channel left leads and two single-channel right leads. We study the joint 1098-0121/2012/85(20)/205414(5)

statistical distribution, ρ(C,N ), of the concurrence and N . Interestingly, we uncover a geometric constraint that has important implications in entanglement production. Namely, ρ(C,N ) vanishes unless N (1 + C) < 1. Therefore, states with large concurrence are less likely to be measured, because they must have small norm. For the particular setup when the entangler is a chaotic cavity, we obtain explicit formulas for ρ(C,N ), depending on whether time-reversal symmetry is intact or broken. This paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II we present the general physical setup, including the dependence of C and N on the transmission eigenvalues. Section III is dedicated to some geometric constraints that affect ρ(C,N ). In Sec. IV we calculate explicitly this quantity for chaotic cavities. We also obtain the distribution of the squared norm and compare this result with numerical simulations. Finally, Sec. V is devoted to conclusions. II. PHYSICAL SETUP

Let us consider the system sketched in Fig. 1, which was designed following Ref. 6. A conductor is ideally connected to four leads. Each lead has just one open conduction channel. The left (right) leads are denoted by L1 and L2 (R1 and R2 ). A potential V is applied on the left leads, while the right leads are grounded. In this way, pairs of electrons with energies between the Fermi energy EF and EF + eV reach the conductor from the left. We assume that the temperature of the system and the voltage V are small enough to neglect the dependence on the energy of the scattering matrix,   r t S= . (1) t r The blocks r and t (r  and t  ) are 2 × 2, and their elements are probability amplitudes for reflection and transmission, respectively, for one electron coming from the left (right). The wave vector of a scattered pair can be represented as |scat  = |LL  + |RR  + |LR . Defining the vectors † † † † † bL(R) = (bL1 (R1 ) ,bL2 (R2 ) ), where bLj (bRj ) is the creation operator of one outgoing electron in the lead Lj (Rj ) at a fixed energy, and j ∈ {1,2}, the two first components are given by i † † (2) |LL  = bL rσy r T bL |0, 2

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©2012 American Physical Society

´ SERGIO RODR´IGUEZ-PEREZ AND MARCEL NOVAES

PHYSICAL REVIEW B 85, 205414 (2012)

is the joint distribution of the concurrence and the squared norm. This integral is solved by changing variables from τ1 ,τ2 to c,n. This change is not univocal: there are, in general, four pairs (τ1 ,τ2 ) corresponding to a given pair (c,n), and we must sum over all possibilities. The Jacobian of the transformation is cn |J (c,n)| =  , (9) 2 2 (1 − c )[1 − 2 n + (1 − c2 )n2 ]

V L1

R1 normal conductor

L2

R2

V FIG. 1. (Color online) A normal conductor is attached to four leads denoted by L1 , L2 , R1 , and R2 . Each lead has one open conduction channel. A potential V is applied on the left leads, while the right leads are grounded.

and i † † b tσy t T bR |0, (3) 2 R while the third component is i † † † † |LR  = [bL rσy t T bR + bR tσy r T bL ]|0. (4) 2 In equations (2)–(4), |0 is the state with no electronic excitations, the superscript “T ” accounts for the transposition operation, and σy is the second Pauli matrix, given by   0 −i . (5) σy = i 0 |RR  =

As a quantifier of the entanglement in the scattered state, we consider the concurrence of the projected state |LR . On the other hand, the squared norm N = LR |LR  quantifies the probability of the entangled state being produced. Both quantities can be expressed as functions of current correlators and depend only on the transmission eigenvalues, τ1 and τ2 , of the conductor.3,6 The concurrence is given by √ 2 τ1 (1 − τ1 )τ2 (1 − τ2 ) . (6) c(τ1 ,τ2 ) = τ1 + τ2 − 2 τ1 τ2 This formula rests only on the unitarity of the S matrix and the design of the system. It can, therefore, be applied to the generic device represented in Fig. 1. The denominator of Eq. (6) is the squared norm, n(τ1 ,τ2 ) = τ1 + τ2 − 2 τ1 τ2 .

where τ1,i and τ2,i are the solutions to c(τ1,i ,τ2,i ) = C, n(τ1,i ,τ2,i ) = N . These solutions do not always exist. In Fig. 2 we show the possible intersections between the contour curves defined by Eqs. (6) and (7) for three generic situations. The value C = 0 corresponds to the sides of the unit square. For 0 < C < 1 the contour curve has two branches, one above the diagonal τ1 = τ2 and one below it. Finally, these branches degenerate into the diagonal when C = 1. On the other hand, the value N = 0 corresponds to the points (0,0) and (1,1). For 0 < N < 1 the contour curve is a hyperbola with two branches, having τ1 = 1/2 and τ2 = 1/2 as asymptotes. For 0 < N < 1/2 there is one branch above the line τ1 = 1 − τ2 and one below it. For N = 1/2 the hyperbola degenerates into its asymptotes. For 1/2 < N < 1 there is again a hyperbola, this time with a branch above the line τ1 = τ2 and another one below it. Finally, N = 1 corresponds to the points (1,0) and (0,1). When N < 1/2 there are always four intersection points. However, there may be no intersections when N > 1/2. From Eq. (9) we can see that ρ(C,N ) > 0 only if the following inequality holds: N (1 + C) < 1.

(11)

States characterized by values of C and N that do not satisfy this inequality are never produced, regardless of the particularities of the conductor. In particular, very entangled states are less likely to be produced. The nature of this constraint is geometric and not statistical, i.e., it is imposed by the design of the device. IV. CHAOTIC CAVITIES

III. JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF C AND N

Let P (τ1 ,τ2 ) be the joint distribution of transmission eigenvalues, which are correlated random variables satisfying 0  τi  1. Then  1  1 ρ(C,N ) = dτ2 dτ1 P (τ1 ,τ2 ) δ[c(τ1 ,τ2 ) − C] 0

i

(7)

Neglecting temperature fluctuations and spin degeneracy, the average temporal separation between incoming pairs is equal to h/eV, and the total number of incoming pairs during a time T0 is eVT0 / h. Therefore the average number of entangled pairs produced during that time is eVT0 n(τ1 ,τ2 )/ h.

0

×δ[n(τ1 ,τ2 ) − N ]

and, therefore, the joint distribution is  ρ(C,N ) = |J (C,N )| P [τ1,i (C,N ),τ2,i (C,N )], (10)

(8)

Now, we will analyze the entanglement production in ballistic chaotic cavities. It is known that the statistical properties of this kind of system are universal. Particularly, when the cavity is ideally connected to leads, its scattering matrix belongs to the orthogonal, the symplectic, or the unitary circular ensemble, depending on the fundamental physical symmetries of the system.24 For the setup used in this paper, namely two channels on the left and two on the right (see Fig. 1), the statistical distribution of the transmission eigenvalues is20,21 Pβ (τ1 ,τ2 ) = Cβ |τ1 − τ2 |β (τ1 τ2 )β/2−1 ,

(12)

where β identifies the symmetries of the system and Cβ is a normalization constant. β = 1 and C1 = 3/4 when the spin

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GEOMETRIC CONSTRAINTS FOR ORBITAL . . .

PHYSICAL REVIEW B 85, 205414 (2012)

(a)

(b)

τ2

(c)

τ2

τ2

τ1

τ1

τ1

FIG. 2. Contour curves of concurrence (dashed line) and squared norm (solid line) in the (τ1 ,τ2 ) plane. There are three generic situations for their intersections. If N < 1/2 there are always four intersection points. This is represented in (a) for N = 2/5 and C = 4/5. If N > 1/2 there may be four points, as in (b), where N = 3/5 and C = 2/5, or no intersections if 1 + C > 1/N , as in (c), where N = 3/5 and C = 9/10.

rotation and the time-reversal symmetries are present (the orthogonal case), while β = 2 and C2 = 6 if the time-reversal symmetry is absent (the unitary case).19 Our analysis will be limited to these two cases. Inserting Eq. (12) into Eq. (10) and performing some algebra, we obtain that, in the presence of TRS, the distribution is: 3N ρ1 (C,N ) = √ , 2 1 − N (1 + C)

(a)

(13)

N (1 + C) = 1

while for broken TRS it is ρ2 (C,N ) = 

√ 12 N 3 C 1 − C 2

1 − 2 N + N 2 (1 − C 2 )

.

(14)

In both cases there is an integrable inverse-square-root singularity at the line given by N (1 + C) = 1. In Fig. 3, both distributions are plotted using tridimensional graphs. Note that no entangled states are produced beyond the curve defined by N (1 + C) = 1, indicated with arrows. However, a large part of the states are produced in the vicinity of this curve, in both cases. When Eqs. (13) and (14) are integrated over the squared norm, we reproduce the results obtained in Ref. 11 for the distribution of the concurrence. Similarly, the distribution of the squared norm is obtained integrating the joint distribution

ρ1

(a)

C

ρ1 (N )

N

N (1 + C) = 1

(b)

N (b)

ρ2 ρ2 (N )

C

N

FIG. 3. (Color online) Joint distribution of the concurrence and the squared norm, ρ(C,N ), for chaotic cavities: (a) in the presence of TRS; (b) when TRS is broken. Notice that ρ(C,N ) = 0 beyond the curve defined by N (1 + C) = 1, where there is an inverse-square-root singularity. Only values of ρ(C,N )  5 are showed, for clarity.

N FIG. 4. Statistical distributions of the squared norm for chaotic cavities. (a) Orthogonal case; (b) unitary case. Solid lines are analytical results and crosses are numerical simulations.

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´ SERGIO RODR´IGUEZ-PEREZ AND MARCEL NOVAES

PHYSICAL REVIEW B 85, 205414 (2012)

singular behavior of level curves in the space of transmission eigenvalues, was also used17,18 to explain the presence of nonanalyticities in the statistical distributions of cumulants of transmitted charge. On the other hand, the absence for nonanalyticities in the statistical distributions of concurrence and entanglement of formation11,12 can also be explained in the same way. We also consider the distribution of squared norm for states with at least a given value of concurrence, C  C0 . This is done by means of the quantity

(a) C0 = 0.3 C0 = 0.6

P1 (C0 , N )

C0 = 0.9

N (b)

Pβ (C0 ,N ) =

C0 = 0.3

1 Z



1 C0

ρβ (C,N )dC,

(17)

C0 = 0.6

P2 (C0 , N )

C0 = 0.9

N FIG. 5. Statistical distributions of the squared norm for states with concurrence greater than 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9. The orthogonal case is represented in (a) and the unitary case in (b). All distributions have been normalized. For clarity, distributions are represented only for ρ(N ) < 8.

over the concurrence. For the orthogonal case we get  √ √

ρ1 (N ) = 3 1 − N −  12 − N 1 − 2 N ,

V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

(15)

where  denotes the step function. The integration in the unitary case yields ρ2 (N ) = 3[2 N (1 − N ) + (1 − 2 N ) ln |1 − 2 N |].

where Z is a normalization constant. This function is also nonanalytic at N = 1/2. We plot Pβ (C0 ,N ) in Fig. 5 as a function of N for C0 = 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9. We find that, for both β = 1 and β = 2, the more entangled states have narrower distributions, so that N becomes closer to 1/2. For N > 1/2 there is a strict upper bound on the value of N , which has purely geometric origins as discussed (see Fig. 3). As C0 → 1, the distribution P1 (C0 ,N ) has a limiting value 3N of √1−2N (1/2 − N ). On the other hand, P2 (C0 ,N ) tends to δ(N − 1/2), which together with inequality Eq. (11) implies that maximally entangled states are not produced when TRS is broken, corroborating a result of Ref. 11.

(16)

In Fig. 4, the analytical results given by Eqs. (15) and (16) are plotted with solid lines. Numerical simulations, performed using the Hurwitz algorithm22,23 to generate 106 random matrices from the appropriate circular ensembles, are represented by crosses and show excellent agreement. Using Eqs. (15) and (16) we can calculate the mean value and the variance of the squared norm. We find N 1 = 35 for β = 1 and N 2 = 23 for β = 2. Breaking time-reversal symmetry, therefore, slightly increases the average production of entangled pairs. In any case, both values are above 50%, which is relatively high if we remember that two other components are produced. The variance is var(N )1 = 0.04 and var(N )2 = 0.02, so breaking time reversal symmetry induces a narrowing in the distribution. Interestingly, these distributions are not analytic at N = 1/2. The function ρ1 has a discontinuous derivative with a finite jump at this point, while ρ2 has infinite derivative. The origin of this behavior is again purely geometric. As we have seen, when N = 1/2 the line of constant N in the (τ1 ,τ2 ) plane, which is generally a hyperbola, degenerates into the lines τ1 = 1/2 and τ2 = 1/2. This kind of geometric argument, involving

We studied statistically the number of orbitally entangled electron pairs produced in a normal conductor during a fixed observation time, and its relation with the amount of entanglement carried by the pairs. Our analysis was based on the joint distribution of the concurrence C and the squared norm N of the left-right component of the outgoing state of the pair. For normal conductors having two open channels on each side, we found a general constraint: only those values of C and N satisfying N (1 + C) < 1 can be realized. Therefore, states with larger concurrence have smaller probability of being produced. For chaotic cavities, we obtained explicitly the joint probability distribution ρ(C,N ) and the distribution of N alone, which is not analytic at N = 1/2. The average value of N is above 50% in both cases, indicating that the entangled state is somewhat favored by the scattering process over separable ones. This work was limited to the first cumulant of the number of produced entangled pairs, i.e., the squared norm of the entangled component. A possible extension would be to study higher cumulants and their correlations with the concurrence. Decoherence effects, disregarded in this work, can also be taken into account.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by FAPESP. We thank a referee for suggesting the study of Pβ (C0 ,N ).

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PHYSICAL REVIEW B 85, 205414 (2012)

M. A. Nielsen and I. L. Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000). 2 N. M. Chtchelkatchev, G. Blatter, G. B. Lesovik, and T. Martin, Phys. Rev. B 66, 161320 (2002). 3 C. W. J. Beenakker, C. Emary, M. Kindermann, and J. L. van Velsen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 147901 (2003). 4 P. Samuelsson, E. V. Sukhorukov, and M. B¨uttiker, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 157002 (2003); 92, 026805 (2004). 5 A. V. Lebedev, G. Blatter, C. W. J. Beenakker, and G. B. Lesovik, Phys. Rev. B 69, 235312 (2004). 6 C. W. J. Beenakker, M. Kindermann, C. M. Marcus, and A. Yacoby, in Fundamental Problems of Mesoscopic Physics, edited by I. V. Lerner, B. L. Altshuler, and Y. Gefen, NATO Science Series II. Vol. 154 (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2004). 7 A. V. Lebedev, G. B. Lesovik, and G. Blatter, Phys. Rev. B 71, 045306 (2005). 8 A. Di Lorenzo and Yu. V. Nazarov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 210601 (2005). 9 J. C. Egues, G. Burkard, D. S. Saraga, J. Schliemann, and D. Loss, Phys. Rev. B 72, 235326 (2005). 10 D. Frustaglia, S. Montangero, and R. Fazio, Phys. Rev. B 74, 165326 (2006).

11

V. A. Gopar and D. Frustaglia, Phys. Rev. B 77, 153403 (2008). F. A. G. Almeida and A. M. C. Souza, Phys. Rev. B 82, 115422 (2010). 13 L. S. Levitov and G. B. Lesovik, JETP Lett. 58, 230 (1993). 14 W. Belzig and Yu. V. Nazarov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 067006 (2001). 15 A. Di Lorenzo and Yu. V. Nazarov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 046601 (2004). 16 M. Novaes, Phys. Rev. B 75, 073304 (2007); 78, 035337 (2008). 17 H.-J. Sommers, W. Wieczorek, and D. V. Savin, Acta Phys. Pol. A 112, 691 (2007). 18 F. A. G. Almeida, S. Rodr´ıguez-P´erez, and A. M. S. Macˆedo, Phys. Rev. B 80, 125320 (2009). 19 M. L. Metha, Random Matrices (Academic, New York, 1991). 20 H. U. Baranger and P. A. Mello, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 142 (1994). 21 R. A. Jalabert, J. L. Pichard, and C. W. J. Beenakker, Europhys. Lett. 27, 255 (1994). 22 A. Hurwitz, Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Goettingen, Math.-Phys. Kl. 71, 309 (1898). 23 P. Forrester, Log-Gases and Random Matrices (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2010). 24 C. W. J. Beenaker, Rev. Mod. Phys. 69, 731 (1997). 12

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Geometric constraints for orbital entanglement ...

May 9, 2012 - PHYSICAL SETUP. Let us consider the system sketched in Fig. 1, which was designed following Ref. 6. A conductor is ideally connected to four ...

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