G-IP Approach: Integrating Grid Based Wireless IP Sensor Networks with Internet for Next Generation Shu Lei, L.X. Hung, Wang Jin, Sungyoung Lee, Jinsung Cho Department of Computer Engineering Kyung Hee University, South Korea {sl8132, lxhung, wangjin, sylee}@oslab.khu.ac.kr, [email protected]

Abstract In the 4G paradigm, in order to provide ubiquitous accessibility for mobile users, all kinds of different heterogeneous networks are requested to be integrated into one pervasive network. Wireless sensor network as a new member of wireless network family should also be integrated with existing IP based Internet. With the emergence of Mobile IPv6, it is possible to provide IP address to every mobile user as well as the cluster head of sensor networks. By having these requirements and the facilities of IPv6, within this paper, we first time provide a possible approach to integrate grid based sensor network with current existing Internet. Meanwhile, by hiding the Grid IDs, instead using the global unique IP addresses for cluster heads, Internet users can request (access) the collected data (services provided by sensor networks) directly. And mobile node which is covered in sensor network can have global IP connectivity with good mobility support by using footprint approach.

1. Introduction Within the past few years, WCDMA and CDMA2000 that considered as two main techniques for 3G have been developed and used for commercial industries in several developed countries, such as South Korea and Japan. However, the limited transmission speed of 3G and the emergence of WiMAX give worldwide telecommunication industries the original motivations to invest into the fourth generation mobile communication. In the desired 4G paradigm [1], every mobile device will have global unique IPv6 address, all kinds of heterogeneous wireless networks and current existing IP based Internet should be integrated into one pervasive network to provide transparent pervasive accessibility and mobility for users. Internet users can seamlessly access and use the services provided by heterogeneous wireless networks without knowing what kind of wireless networks they are. And mobile users can move within wireless environment without services disconnection and data losing. Recently, wireless sensor networks as a new member of wireless network family have got numerous attentions from industries and research communities. In the survey paper [2] on sensor networks, authors present more than 15 projects are currently under developing in the world, such as the famous projects WINS, SINA, Smart Dust, and LEACH. Furthermore, in the new appeared pervasive computing paradigm [3], by using ubiquitous sensor networks as the underlying infrastructure, middleware which is considered as the key solution for realizing the ubiquitous computing paradigm has been invested in many famous research projects, such as Gaia, Context Toolkit, Aura, TOTA, etc [4]. Ubiquitous sensor networks play an important role to provide the seamless pervasive accessibility to users in our daily life. Intuitively, besides integrating wireless Ad hoc network with all IP based Internet [5], it is reasonable to integrate wireless sensor network with Internet to provide transparent pervasive accessibility and mobility for mobile users. In addition, since wireless sensor networks can also be considered as a data factory which can produce useful information for scientists and researchers, we can consider these created useful data as the services which should also be able to be accessed and utilized by worldwide users through Internet. In this paper, we are going to present our G-IP approach which mainly focuses on how we can integrate grid based homogeneous wireless sensor network with all IP based Internet. Meanwhile, we also present an improved network layer routing protocol for data transmission in our G-IP approach. In

next section, we present several scenarios where we can use G-IP approach as the solution. In section 3, we briefly review the working models of current IP based Internet and Data Centric based wireless sensor networks. In section 4, we present the design considerations and detailed steps for G-IP approach. Mobility support for mobile nodes is also discussed within this section. How to integrate cluster based heterogeneous sensor network as the extension of G-IP approach is discussed in section 5, namely C-IP approach. In section 6, we discuss the necessity for security management. Finally, we conclude this paper and propose the future work in section 7.

2. Scenarios for G-IP 2.1 Global IP Connectivity and Transparency Some scientists have a research program about a virgin forest which locates in the southwestern part of China. After having careful design, these scientists deploy many sensors into this virgin forest to collect related information for long term research. However, these scientists cannot stay in this forest for long time because the living environment is very hardy and the living cost is also very high. After deploying these sensors, scientists return their research institute to analyze the collected data sent by sensors through integrated sensor network and Internet. Within these deployed sensors some of them have the actuators, which sometimes need special operations from the remote scientists. Therefore, these sensors should be able to be remotely accessed and controlled by sending commands through the Internet and sensor network. Meanwhile, some other researchers who also want to use the services (data) that provided by this sensor network, they don’t need to know the detail information about this sensor network, or even don’t need to know that these services are provided by a sensor network. In other words, this sensor network should be transparent for these researchers. 2.2 Mobile Nodes within Sensor Networks Panda is a kind of far-between animal that only can be found in some virgin forest in the southwestern part of China. Scientists want to observe the living habit of panda so that they can protect this kind of animal from extinction. Sometimes, scientists must go into the forest to take some digital material about these pandas, such as image and video, etc. By attaching some sensors on the body of panda, the panda’s instant location information can be easily sent back to the base station. And scientists can easily query this location from the base station by using some mobile device. Once the location information is sent to the scientists, a new tracking path could be built up within the sensor network. In this scenario, these mobile sensor nodes should be efficiently tracked and can be assessed seamlessly.

3. Brief Review: IP Based Internet & Wireless Sensor Networks 3.1 IP Based Internet Before introducing G-IP approach, let us have a brief review about the working model of traditional IP based Internet. In nowadays Internet, every network entity such as personal computer, router, or printer has its own IP address for identifying itself from others. Commercial databases used to provide diverse

services for Internet users are stored in different computers. Internet users can access these services by using the IP addresses of those computers. However, the difficulty of remembering IP address for service motivates the using of Domain Name, which probably uses the name of this service. Internet users can easily use the Domain Name to access the corresponded service, with the assumption that this service’s domain name or IP address can be known by users in advance. We use the following figure to express the working model of IP based Internet.

Fig.1. Working model of traditional IP based Internet

3.2 Wireless Sensor Networks Data Centric approach which first time presented in paper Directed Diffusion [6] is considered as the typical working model for wireless sensor networks by today’s research community. The foremost different assumption from the IP based Internet working model is that users don’t know the exact location of their interested sensors or data in advance. In order to find the needed data, users request the base station to broadcast the Interest packet to all the sensor nodes of the sensor network to look for the data source. On the other side, the sensor nodes which have the needed data also broadcast the advertisement packet to tell other nodes that they have this kind of data. Once the Interest packet and advertisement packet meet each other in certain sensor node, the transmission path from the data source to the base station will be set up. If we consider the data provided by these sensor nodes as the services, we realize that the working approach of Data Centric is more like a Service (Data) Discovery approach. Even though Directed Diffusion is considered as the typical working model of sensor networks, it still has several distinct limitations in terms of the 4G paradigm: 1) Internet users cannot access the sensor nodes directly; 2) it is not transparent to Internet users, because whenever the Internet users want to access some special sensor nodes, they must know that is a sensor network in advance; 3) it has no mobility support for mobile sensor nodes.

4. G-IP Approach 4.1 Design Consideration By having the motivations to integrate wireless sensor networks with IP based Internet and the limitations of current Data Centric approach, we propose G-IP approach to integrate grid based wireless IP sensor networks with Internet for next generation. Since sensor network has many different nature constraints compared with IP based Internet, in order to achieve our purpose successfully, the following several items should be considered during our design. ‰

Global IP connectivity: Some sensor nodes should be able to be accessed and operated by Internet users directly by using IP addresses.

‰

Transparency: By using IP based approach, the sensor network should be transparent to

non-system-designer users. The users should be able to use the services provided by sensor network without knowing the underlying layer’s techniques in detail. ‰

Mobility support: Mobile sensor nodes and devices should be able to be tracked and accessed without any disconnection and information losing.

‰

Energy efficiency: In order to prolong the lifetime of whole sensor network, the energy should be consumed as efficiently as possible.

‰

Security management: Since the resource of sensor network is limited, the Internet users who want to users the services provided by sensor network must get the authentication and authorization in advance.

4.2 Steps of G-IP approach In order to simplify the problem for readers to easily understand this G-IP approach, we assume this sensor network is homogeneous and sensor nodes have the knowledge about their residential location. After deploying sensor nodes into the scientists interested area, we will have the following five steps: Step 1: Build up grids for sensor network We give the solution to build up the grids for sensor network in our previous research work CODE protocol [7]. The basic idea of CODE is to divide sensor network field into grids, and grids are indexed based on its geographical location. In order to make the sensor nodes which are not necessary for providing services stay in the sleeping mode, CODE is deployed about the GAF-basic protocol [8]. Figure 2 depicts the general model of CODE where the routing algorithm is implemented above GAF protocol. According to GAF, each grid contains one sensor node works as the coordinator or cluster head to intermediately cache and relay data. In figure 3, we give one example for grid formation. We assume that we have partitioned the network plane into virtual MxN grids (for example in figure 3 that is 3x2

Grid size CODE Routing

Network 1

GAF-basic IEEE 802.11

[1.1]

[2.1]

[0.0]

[1.0]

[2.0]

0

1

2

MAC 0

Fig. 2. CODE system model

[0.1]

Fig. 3. Grid indexing

grids). Each grid ID which has a typed [CX.CY] is assigned as follows: in the first row, from left to right, the grid IDs are [0.0], [1.0], and [2.0]. Likewise, in the second row, grid IDs are [0.1], [1.1], and [2.1] and so forth. To do this, based on the coordinate (x, y), each node computed itself CX and CY:

⎢x⎥ ⎢ y⎥ CX = ⎢ ⎥ , CY = ⎢ ⎥ ⎣r⎦ ⎣r⎦

(1)

where r is the gird size and ⎢⎣ x ⎥⎦ is the largest integer less than x. To know more information, readers can

refer to our previous paper [7]. Step 2: Data discovery and registration

After building up the grids, each coordinator begins to sense its local environment and reports the information about the sensed data to base station. For example, the sensor nodes within the grid [1.0] can sense the temperature data for its local environment, then the coordinator of this grid registers in the base station that grid [1.0] can provide some temperature information. By doing so, whenever the Internet users want to get some temperature data, base station can forward the Query packet to the grid [1.0] directly. Compared with Directed Diffusion (Data Discovery approach), the foremost advantage of our active data discovery and registration approach can let the base station know the exact location (grid ID) of data source in advance. In addition, because both data source and base station don’t need to send advertisement packet and Interest packet to whole sensor network for building up the transmission path, our active data discovery and registration approach can be more energy efficient than Directed Diffusion (Data Discovery approach). Step 3: Data & Grid ID & IP address & service mapping

After active data discovery and registration, base station comes to have data type information and gird ID for whole sensor network. In step 3, we assign global unique IP address for each grid in base station, and finally these IP addresses are physically deployed to every coordinator of every grid. Technically, it is possible to assign IPv6 address to every sensor node because IPv6 can provide enough IP address for whole sensor network. However, if we assign IP address to every sensor node, the cost for deployment and maintenance could be very high. Therefore, we only assign the IP address to each

Consistency Fig. 4. Hide the Grid ID to make the consistency for IP based Internet

grid’s coordinator to reduce the cost for setting up and management. Within each grid, once the coordinator changes its working role to be a normal sensor node, the remaining sensor nodes will elect a new coordinator, consequently the IP address of this grid will be relayed from the old coordinator to the new coordinator. Furthermore, we make the data, grid ID, IP address and service mapping in base

Fig. 5. Comparison between traditional sensor network working model and our G-IP approach

station as the left part of figure 4. By doing this kind of mapping, whenever the Internet users (scientists) want to get some service (a kind of data), they can easily find out its exact location through the corresponded IP address and Grid ID. However, we are trying to use IP address instead of Grid ID. Because once we can hide the Grid ID from Internet users, we can change the working role of base station from creating and sending commands to pasting and routing the remote commands which come from the remote users. In addition, we can have the consistency between traditional IP based Internet and our G-IP approach, as figure 4 shows. We compare the traditional sensor network working model and our G-IP approach in figure 5. By having the consistency with IP based Internet; Internet users can transparently and directly access and operate some special sensor nodes in sensor network. Step 4: Shortest path transmission

In order to reduce the energy consumption of data transmission, we need to find out the shortest path between the data source and base station. In our previous research work [7], we provide the solution to find out the shortest path in grid based sensor network, as figure 8 shows. Here we briefly describe the algorithm in figure 6, which we used to find out the next grid for Query dissemination. In this Figure,

Fig. 6. Pseudo-code of finding next grid ID algorithm

NODE is the current node handling the Query packet and src_addr contains the data source’s location. If NODE is the data source, it starts sending data along the Query dissemination path. Otherwise, it finds the next grid which is closest to the target to relay the Query. In case the next grid contains no node (so-called void grid) or the next grid’s coordinator is unreachable, it tries to find a round path. To do this, it first calculates the disparity δ CX , δ CY as: ∆ CX = p − > src _ addr.CX − NODE.CX , δ CX =

∆ CX ∆ CX

(2)

∆ CY = p − > src _ addr.CY − NODE.CY , δ CY =

∆ CY ∆ CY

(3)

Then, the next grid ID will be: NextGrid .CX = NODE.CX + δ CX

(4)

NextGrid .CY = NODE.CY + δ CY

(5)

The energy efficiency of our shortest path transmission protocol had already been proved in our previous research work [7]. The simulation result shows that our CODE protocol can have better performance compared with Directed Diffusion [6]. To know more simulation results, readers can refer to our previous paper [7]. We show one example for shortest path transmission in figure 7. Some Internet users want to query some data from grid [3.0]. From base station every coordinator calculates the next gird for the shortest path to disseminate the Query packet. The queried data can be sent back by using the same transmission path, [3.0] Æ [3.1] Æ [3.2] Æ [3.3] Æ base station.

Fig. 7. Shortest path transmission and mobility support

Step 5: Footprint approach for mobility support

In our previous work [7], we present a solution for supporting mobile base station (sink node). The basic idea of our previous solution is to rebuild a new transmission path once the sink node moves from one grid to another grid. As figure 8 shows that one sink node moves from grid [4.1] to [3.0]. The coordinator of grid [3.0] will recalculate the shortest transmission path for sink node.

Fig. 8. Example of our previous work

However, we realize that this solution has one drawback, which is before setting up the new transmission path the data that are still on the fly (in the coordinators [4.1]) will be lost. In order to

solve this problem, we create the footprint approach. As the figure 7 shows, in grid [2.1] one mobile device is tracked by the base station. After some time, this mobile device wants to move from gird [2.1] to grid [0.1]. During the moving the mobile device can leave a footprint to the coordinators in grid [1.1] and [0.1]. Therefore, the data which are still in the coordinator [2.1] can easily be forwarded to the coordinators [1.1] and [0.1] by following the footprint of this mobile device. And coordinator of grid [0.1] can rebuild up the transmission path as [0.1] Æ [1.2] Æ [2.3] Æ [3.3] Æ base station.

5. G-IP Extension: C-IP Approach In our G-IP approach we assume that the sensor network is homogeneous, so that we can easily set up the grids to describe our idea. However, in more general situation sensor network should be heterogeneous, and it is not possible to build up grids for heterogeneous sensor network. In order to inherit the advantages of our G-IP approach, we propose to use LEACH protocol [9] as the C-IP approach. In LEACH protocol, the heterogeneous sensor network is organized based on cluster instead of grid. Figure 8 depicts the steps of C-IP approach while comparing with G-IP approach. Similar with Grid-IP approach

Cluster-IP approach

1

Build up girds & elect coordinators

Build up clusters & elect cluster heads

2

Active data discovery and registration

Active data discovery and registration

3

Data & Gird ID & IP address & service

Data & Cluster ID & IP address &

mapping

service mapping

4

Coordinator

level

shortest

path

Cluster level shortest path transmission

transmission 5

Footprint (gird ID) approach

Footprint (Cluster ID) approach

Fig. 8. Comparison between G-IP approach and C-IP approach

G-IP approach, we only assign the IP address to each cluster head, and we also can have cluster ID and IP address mapping for transparency. One problem that should be solved here is that the LEACH protocol assumes all the cluster heads have the ability to directly send data back to base station but not use multi-cluster-head’s shortest path transmission. Because in more general case, not every cluster head can have the capability to communication with base station directly. We will propose another lifetime based real-time transmission protocol in cluster head level as the extension of LEACH to solve this problem in our future work.

6. Security Issues Because wireless sensor network’s nature characteristics, such as limited battery and low transmission speed, the Internet users who want to use the data that provided by sensor network should get authorization in advance, consequently, it need the management of authentication. Compared with IPv4, IPv6 have two distinct advantages: 1) it can provide more IP address than IPv4; 2) it can provide better security management. Since we make the IP consistency in our new approach for wireless sensor network, we can fully utilize the security mechanism that provide by IPv6 for further security consistency.

7. Conclusion & Future Work Pervasive network which is considered as the next generation of current networks requests us to integrate all kind of heterogeneous networks into one global network. Sensor network as a family member of wireless networks should also be integrated. To our best knowledge, in this paper we first time present the solution to integrate wireless sensor networks and IP based Internet for next generation paradigm. By using our proposed G-IP approach, we can change the working role of traditional sink node. In addition, we can provide the global IP connectivity and transparency to Internet users. A more active and efficient data discovery approach is also presented by using the Grid ID & Data (Cluster ID & Data) mapping. C-IP approach as the solution for more general sensor network is also discussed. In the future work, we are going to explore the C-IP approach in detail. Especially, we are going to solve the cluster head level’s multi-hop shortest path transmission problem.

Reference [1] Gary Legg, “Beyond 3G: The Changing Face of Cellular”, http://www.techonline.com/community/home/37977 [2] Ian F. Akyildiz, Weilian Su, Yogesh Sankarasubramaniam, and Erdal Cayirci, “A Survey on Sensor Netwroks”, IEEE Communications Magazine, August 2002. [3] Saha, D., Mukherjee, A. “Pervasive Computing: A Paradigm for the 21st Century”, IEEE Computer, Volume: 36 Issue: 3, March 2003 Page(s): 25 - 31 [4] N.Q. Hung, N.C. Ngoc, L.X. Hung, Shu Lei, and Sungyoung Lee, “A Survey on Middleware for Context-Awareness in Ubiquitous Computing Environments”, Korean Information Processing Society Review ISSN 1226-9182 July 2003. [5] Mounir Benzaid, Pascale Minet, Khaldoun Al agha, Cedric Adjih and Geraud Allard, “Integration of Mobile-IP and OLSR for a Universal Mobility”, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Wireless Networks 10, 377-388, 2004, Manufactured in The Netherlands. [6] C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, and D. Estrin, “Directed Diffusion: A Scalable and Robust Communication Paradigm for Sensor Networks”, Proc. ACM MobiCom’00, Boston, MA, 2000, pp. 56-67 [7] L.X. Hung, and S.Y. Lee, “A Coordination-based Data Dissemination for Wireless Sensor Networks”, Proceeding of International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP 05) Melbourne, Australia December, 14-17, 2004. [8] Bluetooth Project, http://www.bluetooth.com, 1999 [9] W.R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, “Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Mircrosensor Networks”, IEEE Proc. Hawaii Int’l. Cont. Sys. Sci., Jan. 2000, pp. 174-85

G-IP Approach: Integrating Grid Based Wireless IP ...

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