USO0RE39925E

(19) United States (12) Reissued Patent

(10) Patent Number: US RE39,925 E (45) Date of Reissued Patent: Nov. 27, 2007

Mitchell et a]. (54)

FAST JPEG HUFFMAN ENCODING AND

5,227,789 A

*

DECODING

5,550,541 A

*

8/1996

5,652,582 A

*

7/1997 Truong et a1.

341/65

5,686,915 A * 11/1997 Nelson et a1.

341/65

_

(75) Inventors: g2“er Mgchellshl/ionginlgma C3193); . azes oun 1sco _

(73)

Assignee:

_





5,808,570 A

*

ms)’ Nell M‘ Leeder’ Apex’ NC (Us)

6,040,790 A *

International Business Machines

6,130,630 A

7/1993 Barry et a1. ................ .. 341/65

9/1998

Todd .............. ..

Bakhmutsky

.

.............. ..

341/51

341/65

3/2000 Law .......................... .. 341/65

* 10/2000 Grohs et a1. ................ .. 341/51

Corporation, Armonk, NY (US) * cited by examiner

(21) Appl. No.1 10/824,613 (22) Filed:

Apr‘ 15’ 2004

Primary ExamineriRexford Barnie

Related US. Patent Documents

Reissue of; (64) Patent No.1 Issued: Appl. No.1

6,373,412 Apr. 16, 2002 09/736,445

Filed:

Dec. 15, 2000

(51)

Int. Cl.

H03M 7/40

Assistant ExamineriLam T‘ Mai

(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firmiwhitham, Curtis, ChristoiTerson & Cook, PC; William H. Steinberg

(57)

ABSTRACT

HuiTman encoding, particularly from a packed data format, . . . . . . 1s slmpli?ed by us1ng tWo dllferent table formats depending

(2006 01) '

on code length. HuiTman tables are also reduced in siZe

(52)

us. Cl. ............................ .. 341/65; 341/51; 341/61

Ihereby- Decoding is Performed in reduced time by testing

(58)

Field of Classi?cation Search ................. .. 341/ 65, 341/ 51, 61

for the length of Valid Hu?man Codes in a compressed data stream and using an offset corresponding to a test criterion

See application ?le for Complete Search 11151013’-

yielding a particular test result to provide a direct index into

(56)

References Cited

Huffman table symbol Values While greatly reducing the siZe of look-up tables used for such a purpose.

U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 4,396,906 A

*

8/1983 Weaver ..................... .. 341/65

ENCODE

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U.S. Patent

Nov. 27, 2007

Sheet 6 0f 16

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COMPRESSED DATA

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U.S. Patent

Nov. 27, 2007

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US RE39,925 E

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US RE39,925 E

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US RE39,925 E 1

2

FAST JPEG HUFFMAN ENCODING AND DECODING

possible to separate the image structure the eye can see from

the image structure that is imperceptible. The DCT thus provides a good approximation to this decomposition to allow truncation or omission of data which does not con

Matter enclosed in heavy brackets [ ] appears in the original patent but forms no part of this reissue speci? cation; matter printed in italics indicates the additions made by reissue.

tribute signi?cantly to the viewer’s perception of the ?delity of the image. In accordance with the J PEG standard, the original mono

chrome image is ?rst decomposed into blocks of sixty-four pixels in an 8x8 array at an arbitrary resolution which is

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

presumably sufficiently high that visible aliasing is not produced. (Color images are compressed by ?rst decompos

This application is related to US. patent applicaton Ser. No. 09/736,444 ?led concurrently herewith, assigned to the Assignee of the present invention and which is hereby fully

ing each component into an 8x8 pixel blocks separately.) Techniques and hardware is known which can perform a

DCT on this quantized image data very rapidly, yielding sixty-four DCT coefficients. Many of these DCT coefficients

incorporated by reference.

for many images will be zero (which do not contribute to the image in any case) or near-zero which can be neglected or

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

omitted when corresponding to spatial frequencies to which

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention generally relates to image compres sion for diverse applications and, more particularly, in

20

combination with a structure for storing Discrete Cosine

so-called zig-zag pattern which approximately corresponds

Transform (DCT) blocks in a packed format, performing Huifman entropy encoding and decoding in accordance with

to an increasing sum of spatial frequencies in the horizontal and vertical directions tends to group the DCT coefficients

the JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) standard. 2. Description of the Prior Art

25

corresponding less important spatial frequencies at the ends of the DCT coefficient data stream, allowing them to be compressed efficiently as a group in many instances. While the above-described discrete cosine transformation

Pictorial and graphics images contain extremely large amounts of data and, if digitized to allow transmission or

processing by digital data processors, often requires many millions of bytes to represent respective pixels of the image

the eye is relatively insensitive. Since the human eye is less sensitive to very high and very low spatial frequencies, as part of the JPEG standard, providing DCT coefficients in a

30

and coding may provide signi?cant data compression for a majority of images encountered in practice, actual reduction

or graphics with good ?delity. The purpose of image com pression is to represent images with less data in order to save

pression is not optimal, particularly since equal precision for

storage costs or transmission time and costs. The most

representation of each DCT coefficient would require the

effective compression is achieved by approximating the original image, rather than reproducing it exactly. The J PEG

in data volume is not guaranteed and the degree of com

same number of bits to be transmitted (although the JPEG 35

standard, discussed in detail in “JPEG Still Image Data

Compression Standard” by Pennebaker and Mitchell, pub lished by Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993, which is hereby

compression developed by DCT coding derives largely from increased efficiency in handling zero and near-zero values of the DCT coefficients although some compression is also

fully incorporated by reference, allows the interchange of images between diverse applications and opens up the

capability to provide digital continuous-tone color images in multi-media applications. JPEG is primarily concerned with images that have two spatial dimensions, contain gray scale or color information, and possess not temporal dependence, as distinguished from

40

The concept of entropy coding generally parallels the concept of entropy in the more familiar context of thermo 45

entropy is a measure of the predictability of the content of

environment of a collection of data of arbitrary size and 50

independent of the meaning of any given quantum of information or symbol. This concept provides an achievable lower bound for the amount of compression that can be

It is often the case that data compression by a factor of twenty or more (and reduction of transmission or processing

achieved for a given alphabet of symbols and, more fundamentally, leads to an approach to compression on the 55

which are noticeable to the average viewer.

One of the basic building blocks for JPEG is the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). An important aspect of this trans form is that it produces uncorrelated coefficients. Decorre lation of the coefficients is very important for compression because each coefficient can be treated independently with

dynamics where entropy quanti?es the amount of “disorder” in a physical system. In the ?eld of information theory,

any given quantum of information (eg symbol) in the

any arbitrary degree of data compression is accommodated. time by a comparable factor) will not produce artifacts

achieved through quantization that reduces precision. Accordingly, the JPEG standard provides a second stage of compression and coding which is known as entropy coding.

the MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) standard. JPEG compression can reduce the storage requirements by more than an order of magnitude and improve system response time in the process. A primary goal of the JPEG standard is to provide the maximum image ?delity for a given volume of data and/or available transmission or processing time and

standard allows for the DCT values to be quantized by ranges that are coded in a table). That is, the gain in

premise that relatively more predictable data or symbols contain less information than less predictable data or sym bols and the converse that relatively less predictable data or symbols contain more information than more predictable data or symbols. Thus, assuming a suitable code for the

60

purpose, optimally efficient compression can be achieved by

out loss of compression efficiency. Another important aspect

allocating fewer bits to more predictable symbols or values (that are more common in the body of data and include less

of the DCT is the ability to quantize the DCT coefficients

information) while reserving longer codes for relatively rare symbols or values.

using visually-weighted quantization values. Since the human visual system response is very dependent on spatial frequency, by decomposing an image into a set of waveforms, each with a particular spatial frequency, it is

65

As a practical matter, Huifman coding and arithmetic coding are suitable for entropy encoding and both are

accommodated by the JPEG standard. One operational dif

US RE39,925 E 3

4

ference for purposes of the JPEG standard is that, While tables of values corresponding to the codes are required for

Huffman tables Which can then be used for decoding. Therefore, at least tWo bytes of table data must often be accessed per code Word. Moreover, since sixteen bit Huffman code lengths are alloWed, a prior art method of decoding Would access a Huffman table With a 216 entries for the symbol values and 216 entries for the code length. These entries must be computed each time a Huffman table is speci?ed or changed. Up to fours DC and four AC tables could be needed to

both coding techniques, default tables are provided for arithmetic coding but not for Huffman coding. However, some particular Huffman tables, although they can be freely speci?ed under the J PEG standard to obtain maximal coding ef?ciency and image ?delity upon reconstruction, are often used indiscriminately, much in the nature of a default, if the

image ?delity is not excessively compromised in order to avoid the computational overhead of computing custom

decode and interleaved baseline four-component image. For hardWare With small on-chip caching or RAM, such large tables Will degrade performance because extra processing

Huffman tables.

It should be appreciated that While entropy coding, par ticularly using Huffman coding, guarantees a very substan tial degree of data compression if the coding or conditioning tables are reasonably Well-suited to the image, the encoding, itself, is very computationally intensive since it is statisti cally based and requires collection of statistical information regarding a large number of image values or values repre senting them, such as DCT coef?cients. Conversely, the use of tables embodying probabilities Which do not represent the

image being encoded could lead to expansion rather than

cycles are needed With every cache miss or RAM access.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

20

of Huffman encoding and decoding Which is enhanced

compression if the image being encoded requires coding of many values Which are relatively rare in the image from Which the tables Were developed even though such a cir cumstance is seldom encountered.

through use of a packed intermediate data format.

25

It is for this reason that some Huffman tables have

length of a code Word, storing the length and the code Word 30

cantly increased and greater image ?delity optimally maintained for a given number of bits of data by custom Huffman tables corresponding to the image of interest but may be achievable only With substantial computational

burden for encoding. Another inefficiency of Huffman coding characteristically

35

40

45

50

Will be better understood from the folloWing detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention With reference to the draWings, in Which: FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating Huffman table speci?ca tion syntax in accordance With the JPEG standard, FIG. 1A depicts the Huffman coding of AC DCT coeffi cients or DC DCT coe?icient differences,

Huffman symbol occurring more than half the time is greatly 55

FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary Huffman table speci?cation and entropy encoded image data in accordance With the JPEG standard, FIGS. 3 and 4 are typical tables of Huffman codes appropriate for luminance and chrominance DC DCT coef

?cient difference values, respectively,

symbols. Additionally, this processing is achieved through 60

FIGS. 5 and 5A are schematic representations of altema tive hardWare embodiments usable in the practice of the

invention,

entropy coded image data and may change With every image. Complexity of access to data in tables is aggravated by the fact that Huffman codes are of variable length in order to allocate numbers of bits in accordance With the predict ability of the data or amount of data contained in a particular symbol or value. To increase response speed it has been the practice to compute and store look-up tables from the

Huffman code, combining one of a plurality of offsets corresponding to the length With the valid Huffman code to form an index, and accessing a symbol value in a Huffman table using the index. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

reduced.

use of coding tables Which must be transmitted With the

method of Huffman decoding compressed data is provided

The foregoing and other objects, aspects and advantages

vidual Zero-valued coef?cients. Thus the likelihood of a

Huffman decoding also requires a substantial computa tional burden since the compression ef?ciency derives largely from a variable length code that requires additional processing to detect the ending point of respective values or

number and the image data comprise a number of bits greater than the predetermined number of bits. In accordance With another aspect of the invention, a a plurality of test criteria to determine a length of a valid

nature of the technique of assigning Huffman codes to be used to represent the most frequently occurring and most predictable value even though the information contained therein may, ideally, justify less. For example, if the rate of occurrence of a single value rises to 75%, the ef?ciency of Huffman coding drops to 86%. As a practical matter, the vast majority of DCT coef?cients are (or are quantiZed to) Zero and substantial inef?ciencies are therefore frequently encountered in Huffman encoding of DCT coefficients or DCT coef?cient differences. For the AC coef?cients, the JPEG committee solved this problem by collecting runs of Zero-valued coe?icient together and not coding the indi

in a ?rst format When a number of bits of said number and said code Word are less than or equal to a predetermined number of bits, and storing an index to the seed value, an offset and the code Word in a second format When the

including steps of testing bits of a data stream With each of

is encountered When the rate of occurrence of any particular value to be encoded rises above 50% due to the hierarchical respective coded values and the fact that at least one bit must

In order to accomplish these and other objects of the invention, a method of Huffman encoding symbols is pro vided comprising steps of de?ning a seed value for the ?rst occurrence of a code of a given length in a table, storing a

effectively come into standard usage even though optimal

compression and/or optimal ?delity for the degree of com pression utiliZed Will not be achieved. Conversely, compres sion ef?ciency of Huffman ending can usually be signi?

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a technique of Huffman encoding and decoding Which can be accomplished in much reduced time With reduced pro cessing resources and hardWare. It is another object of the invention to provide a technique

FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of some additional details of a hardWare embodiment usable in the practice of

the invention, 65

FIG. 7 is a How chart shoWing a preferred form of

computation of comparison values and Huffman table pointer data in accordance With the invention,

US RE39,925 E 6

5

alWays de?ned). To speed this process, look-up tables may

FIG. 8 is a How chart showing the methodology of the

invention in decoding compressed data including Huffman

also be provided to index into the Vi]. ?elds of the Huffman

encoded R/S values,

tables Which may reduce the number of operations to ?nd a

particular Vlj value but requires additional memory

FIGS. 9A, 9B and 9C are a How chart depicting a

resources and presents an additional computational burden

preferred feature of the process of FIG. 8,

to develop larger numbers of table entries, as alluded to above. Application of the marker segment syntax Will noW be

FIG. 10 illustrates a packed intermediate data format from

Which Huffman encoding can be rapidly performed, FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an encoder in accordance

explained in connection With the exemplary Huffman tables

With the invention,

of FIG. 2. As introduction it should be understood that the

FIG. 12 illustrates initialization of the encoder tables, and FIG. 13 illustrates a preferred implementation of a portion of FIG. 11.

result of quantization and discrete cosine transformation (DCT) in the compression process is a sequence of DCT coef?cients in raster scan order. Zero-valued coefficients are

roughly grouped by accessing them in zig-zag order and

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION

further compression (and enhancement of other transforma

tion processes including entropy coding) obtained by pack ing data in accordance With run and size (R/S) data as

Referring noW to the draWings, and more particularly in FIG. 1, there is shoWn a diagram of the Huffman table speci?cation syntax in accordance With the JPEG standard included in the above referenced Pennebaker et al publica

disclosed in the above incorporated, concurrently ?led related application. Runs are the length of consecutive strings of zero-valued AC DCT coef?cients and the size is

tion at page 393. The illustrated syntax is referred to as a marker segment Which is used to de?ne one or more

the number of bits necessary to specify a non-zero DCT

Huffman coding tables Which Will be thereafter used to perform Huffman entropy encoding or decoding. The same

signi?cant four-bit nibble of a byte and the size or S value is speci?ed as the less signi?cant four-bit nibble of the same

syntax is used Whenever neW parameters or table values are

coef?cient. The run or R value is coded as the more

25

segments applied to start of frame (SOF) and start of scan (SOS) blocks of code are often referred to as headers.

The marker segment in accordance With the JPEG standard, as shoWn in FIG. 1 alWays begins With a tWo byte code beginning With a byte-aligned hexadecimal “FF” byte folloWed by a non-zero byte specifying the function of the marker, such as “FFDB” representing “de?ne quantization table” (DQT) or “FFC4” representing “de?ne Huffman tables” (DHT). Speci?cally as applied to the “de?ne Huff

man tables function, the folloWing tWo bytes specify the length of parameter ?elds, Lh provided in the marker seg ment. A bit in the ?rst nibble of the folloWing byte, Tc, speci?es the class of the immediately folloWing table as DC or AC (“0” or “I”) and bits in the next folloWing nibble, Th, speci?es the name of the table. Up to four tables each of DC and AC tables are permitted and the marker segment can be

ences and AC DCT coef?cient values are not fully speci?ed

by the R/S values. HoWever, encoding only the R/S vales in 30

35

40

byte is represented by tWo hexadecimal-coded digits repre senting tWo respective nibbles thereof. The ?rst marker in FIG. 2 is “FFD8” representing a start

45

50

a speci?cation of a quantization table. It should be under stood that the value of a quantized SCT coe?icient need not represent a range of values of ?xed size but, rather, each can represent a range of values of differing size than others. This table is developed from an analysis of the DCT coef?cients corresponding to the original image in a manner not impor tant to an understanding of the invention and Will be used

subsequently to “dequantize” the DCT coefficients during reconstruction of the image. The third marker is “FFC4” Which represents the begin

Will be represented, particularly if the image precision is eight bits Which, after quantization yields coef?cients of, at 55

ning of a marker segment specifying one or more Huffman

tables. The folloWing tWo bytes “01 A2” are hexadecimal

code for four hundred eighteen Which is the number of bytes

folloWing bytes, VLl to V16, L16 are the actual values corresponding to each Huffman code, in order of the respec tive frequency/likelihood of occurrence (including instances Where more than one code of a given length are provided).

shoWn in FIG. 1A is suf?cient to contain all of the original DCT coef?cient information While providing very substan tial data compression as Will be discussed beloW, While complying With the JPEG standard in all particulars. For clarity, FIG. 2 is shoWn right-justi?ed in sixteen columns such that tWo byte markers extend to the left. Each

of image (SOI). The second marker is “FFDB” representing

The next sixteen bytes specify the number of codes of each hit length, Li, that Will be included in the folloWing table to correspond to the maximum bit length alloWed

most, eleven bits and all code lengths Which are not repre sented in image data Will be coded as hexidecimal “00”. The

accordance With the JPEG standard and concatenating or appending to each code the actual bits of a positive AC DCT coef?cient or DC DCT coef?cient difference values and bits modi?ed according to a suitable convention for negative AC DCT coef?cient or DC DCT coef?cient difference values as

used to de?ne or rede?ne any or all of the tables.

under the JPEG standard (but is otherWise arbitrary). As a notation convention, the number of one-bit codes is 1.1 and the number of sixteen-bit codes is L16. Not all bit lengths

R/S byte. It should be recognized that DC DCT coef?cient differ

to be changed. Marker segments alWays contain an integral number of bytes (sometimes achieved by adding bits of a given logical value at the end of the segment) and marker

prior to the next marker “FFDA” representing start of scan 60

It should be recalled that entropy coding such as Huffman

coding assigns the feWer bits to values With greater fre

(SOS) Where the length of a parameter list is speci?ed beginning With the number of components (eg R, G or B, grey scale, luminance/chrominance, etc., and folloWed by compressed data schematically indicated by “ . . . ”.

quency or likelihood of occurrence and many of the DCT

The next byte contains tWo nibbles representing Tc and Th

coef?cients could be zero. Therefore, the JPEG standard provides for many as eight Huffman tables each having as many as 256 entries (and assures that the mapping of particular Huffman codes to particular DCT coef?cients are

and de?ning the table as DC table 0 since both nibbles are zero. Since these are DC tables and only one DC DCT coef?cient is provided per block, there are no run lengths and the ?rst nibble of each byte is zero While the second nibble

65

f y 1003 YES

Dec 15, 2000 - independent of the meaning of any given quantum of information or ..... complying With the JPEG standard in all particulars. For clarity, FIG.

1MB Sizes 3 Downloads 382 Views

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Do you have observations taken while your food was burning? Do you have the temperature of the water, measured every 10 seconds while burning, displayed in a table? Do you have all your calculations typed with explanations? Do you explain what types

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