Jubara et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2012, 2012:229 http://jis.eurasipjournals.com/content/2012/1/229

1

2 3 4 5

RESEARCH

Open Access

Adaptive transport layer protocol for highly dynamic environment Hala Eldaw Idris Jubara*, Sharifah Hafizah Syed Ariffin, Shiela N Fisal, Nurul Muazzah Abdul Latiff, Sharifah K Syed Yusof and Rozeha Rashid

6

Abstract

7 8

15

Computer and wireless communication require Internet accessibility at anytime and anywhere; this includes in a high-speed mobile station such as in speedy trains, fast moving cars as vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. However, wireless Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning in such an environment is more challenging. This increased the development of numerous schemes concerning the need of smooth handover of the mobile nodes. Conversely, transport layer (L4 in ISO layers) protocols such as stream control transmission protocol can support such a seamless handover in high-speed mobility users. This article highlights on the issues of moving users in mobile WiMAX networks. An adaptation of transport layer protocol of the high mobility vehicle that supports seamless handover can guarantee and maintain QoS for rapid handover rates. The results show an improvement of L4 protocol in terms of delay time and throughput in order to enable efficient and robust mobility aware protocols.

16

Keywords: Cross-layer, Handover delay, Adaptive mobility, High speed

9 10 11 12 13 14

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Introduction With more users moving around in need of Internet connection from their home to their office, vehicular ad-hoc network (VANETs) has increasingly become popular. However, to have infrastructure of 3G and 4G around VANET expands its usage by attaching the users to the backbone infrastructure for additional support and usage applications. Thus, in VANET there are two types of communication, which are vehicles-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I). V2V deals with communication between vehicles themselves, while V2Itransmits information between vehicles and the fixed infrastructure which are installed on the sides of the road. This infrastructure includes gateways or base stations that provide services such as Internet access. VANET is very similar to mobile ad-hoc network (MANETs). However, the network topology in vehicular networks is highly dynamic and the topology is often constrained by the road structure [1,2]. Furthermore, V2I is likely to encounter a lot of obstacles such as poor channel quality and connectivity due

* Correspondence: [email protected] UTM MIMOS CoE Communication and Information, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Technologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor 81310, Malaysia

to high moving speeds. Thus, there is a crucial need for effective protocols that take the specific characteristics of vehicular networks into account [3,4]. Most of the existing transport layer techniques proposed for mobility cannot deal with mobility on their own, since they depend on the network layer mobility management required by handovers. The main purpose is simply to minimize the degradation of transport layer performance caused by handovers. Some of the newly emerging protocols, such as stream control transmission protocol (SCTP), suggest the possibility of independent management of mobility by the transport layer. The multi-homing features of SCTP provide a basis for mobility support since it allows a mobile user to add new IP address, while holding the old IP address already assigned to itself [5-9]. When the vehicle moves fast in V2I from on base station to another; the current Internet session will experience long handover delay. To reduce this delay we proposed an enhancement over existing protocol known as seamless IP diversity-based generalized mobility architecture (SIGMA) as shown in Figure 1. SIGMA uses a location manager (LM) to reduce handover delay caused of diversity in the network as mentioned in Figure 1. Conversely, SIGMA experiences more handover delay and packet loss rate when the handover rate is high (high moving speed). A cross-

© 2012 Jubara et al.; licensee Springer. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

F1

Jubara et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2012, 2012:229 http://jis.eurasipjournals.com/content/2012/1/229

Page 2 of 8

Figure 1 SIGMA handover procedure.

79

layer design of transport layer (L4) and data link layer (L2) is proposed in order to optimize the performance of SIGMA. To exploit SIGMA IP diversity and overcome the weakness for high speeds, a cross-layer design makes L4 aware about the movement of the vehicle using the radio signal strength indicator (RSSI) of L2. The rest on the article is organized as follows. The following section presents the highly dynamic environments literature review, and the related works. An overview of vehicular network mobility management in terms of five requirements is detailed in “Vehicular network mobility management”. The cross-layer design of the high speed to overcome the problem statement is discussed in Section “Proposed transport layer adaptation for high-speed vehicle”. Section “Simulation topology” describes simulation topology and parameters. Section “Results and discussion” presents results of the protocol design mentioned, and the final section concludes the article.

80

Highly dynamic environments

81 82

Mobility management is one of the most challenging research issues for vehicular networks to support a variety of intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications. Some traditional mobility management schemes for Internet as MANET have to meet the requirements of vehicular networks, and characteristics of vehicular networks (e.g., high mobility). Therefore, mobility management solutions developed specifically for vehicular networks would be required.

62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78

83 84 85 86 87 88

Vehicular network mobility management

89

The mobility management in vehicular networks should guarantee the reachability to correspondent nodes (CN) in the Internet as well as the global reachability to mobile nodes (MNs). For this reason, the mobility management has confined requirements such as seamless mobility, fast handover, IPv6 support, high mobility speed, and movement detection [2,6,10]. VANET mobility requirements are summarized in Table 1.

90

Related studies

98

Mobility support for users and vehicular networks requires network connection as interactive and real-time applications become increasingly important. Therefore, many seamless-mobility approaches have been developed to avoid service disruption and minimize the awareness of service degradation while the mobile device is moving fast. The study of [1] proposed a cross-layer scheme called CEAL to support mobility of transport layer protocol mSCTP using data link layer primitives. The performance evaluation shows less handover delay in WLAN environments. In [11,13,14], various approaches that support seamless and lossless handover in the high-speed transportation system were described. The study of [11] exploits prediction technique to improve and optimize the performance in high-speed environments. Thus, there would be no problem regarding insufficient time in connection establishment as the speed increase. A study in [14] also suggested that 802.21 centric approaches used to exploit a

99 100

91 92 93 94 95 96 97

101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116

T1

Jubara et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2012, 2012:229 http://jis.eurasipjournals.com/content/2012/1/229

Page 3 of 8

t1:1 t1:2

Seamless mobility

Mobility of vehicles should be seamless regardless of vehicle’s location and wireless technology [1,11]. Moreover, accessibility and service continuity should be guaranteed

t1:3

Fast handover

Fast handover is needed for delay sensitive ITS applications (e.g., safety, Internet access, etc.). Fast handover is also a crucial requirement for wireless networks with small coverage area (e.g., WiFi network), since the vehicle with high speed spends short period of time at each point of attachment (e.g., Base station). Consequently high handover rate

t1:4

IPv6 support

The global reachability requires a comprehensive reliable routable IP address for each MN. IPv6 with large address space can support a unique address for all mobile devices in the vehicles. In addition, IPv6 also has better support of security and quality of service (QoS) which are the necessary requirements of ITS applications

t1:5

High mobility speed

The Internet access is expected to be constantly connected regardless of the movement speed. It is highly desirable to make these contents available and reliable regardless of time, place, fixed, or mobile. As the speed of vehicle increases, the successful probability of handover decreases as the handover execution time is increased

t1:6

Movement detection

Vehicle needs to detect the availability of different types of access networks (e.g., WiMAX base station) known as data link layer handover (L2), and obtain addresses in these networks for communication

t1:7

Location management

Location management scheme, which deals with the storage, maintenance, and retrieval of MN location information, is needed in VANETs [12]

117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154

Table 1 Mobility management flows

prior knowledge method where network information is gathered from both mobile terminal and network infrastructure to establish an earlier connection with the new subnet. In order to reduce the effect of service interruption in the high movement speed environment, the study of [13] propose a packet forwarding control scheme to select a common ahead point as the tunnel source to forward packets. Using this method, packets can be sent through a shorter delivery path during handover. The authors of [3] proposed network mobility protocol for VANETs NEMO protocol for VANET in highway. Since every car is moving in a fixed direction with high moving speed, the car adopting this protocol can acquire IP address from the VANET through the V2V communications. In [4], they presented a cross-layer handover scheme, called vehicular fast handover scheme, where the physical layer information is shared with the MAC layer, to reduce the handover delay. Using lower layer’s handovers, the transportation layer will not be aware of the handover which may cause packet loss and degradation of the network QoS. Transport layer-based approach such as mobile SCTP (mSCTP) influences the ability of SCTP to have multiple IP addresses per association. mSCTP utilizes a feature of SCTP, which allows an MN dynamically switch between available access networks thus affecting seamless handovers. The authors of [6] provide analysis that mSCTP can provide lower handover latency than mobile IP and give much smaller handover latency for vertical handover. Hierarchical transport layer mobility protocol which is a new proposed option that deals with the local and global mobilities to improve throughputs during the handoff period. This protocol exploits the dynamic address reconfiguration feature of SCTP and introduces an anchor mobility uniting order to complete more efficient handoff procedures. A novel error recovery mechanism associated with a handover was discussed in [8] where the error recovery time of this mechanism is analyzed and compared to that of the plain SCTP for handover cases. The previous work mainly

focuses on low or medium speeds. However, the needs to maintain a seamless communication in the high-speed situations is becoming highly attractive and challenging issue that needs to be tackled [3,4,11].

155 156 157 158

Proposed transport layer adaptation for high-speed vehicle 159

In this cross-layer design (SCTPcd) information from multiple protocol layers [data link (L2), network (L3), and transport (L4) layers] of the vehicle can effectively be exchanged to improve performance of the mobility management scheme. However, L2 and L4 mainly exchange messages to adapt the speed of the vehicle (L2) with SIGMA protocol design (L4). To evaluate the performance of this design, a network scenario of four BSs connected to CN via the Internet using two access routers (2ARs). This network using one SCTP association of SIGMA as mentioned in [5,15-19] as appears in Figure 2. In this scenario, the vehicle moves from serving BS (SBS) to the target BS (TBS) so the current running Internet communication will switch from SBS to TBS with same technology (WiMAX BSs). Long handover procedure may cause delay in data communication that leads to service disruption. On other hands, in the movement speed may give adverse impact to the network performance when using SIGMA protocol due to insufficient time to prepare for handover and therefore, high handover rate and packet loss. Thus, the cross-layer design handled these challenges much more efficiently using transport layer protocol SIGMA and available information from data link layer (RSSI). Figure 3 shows the state diagram of the cross-layer (SCTPcd) as vehicle moves from first state in SBS towards TBS along this time signal strength becomes low. Then vehicle inter through handover area state 2, at that time L2, sends to higher layers LinkStatusChange.ind message. State 3, the vehicle inside handover area and communication with SBS is stopped so it sends L2 messages to upper layer asking the number of BSs, LinkConnect.ind to TBS. Last is state 4, which is the finishing of handover, L2

160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 F2 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 F3 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191

Jubara et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2012, 2012:229 http://jis.eurasipjournals.com/content/2012/1/229

Page 4 of 8

Out of HO (V in the SBS)

L2-LinkStatusChanged.ind

Finish HO (V L2-LinkUp.ind in the TBS) L3-ReachabilityUp.ind

Enter HO (V at the end of SBS) In the HO area(V btn SBS & TBS) L2-PoAList.req/con

L2-LinkConnect.req/conf L3-AddrAdded.ind/rsp

Figure 2 Network scenario.

Vehicle on TBS Scan TBS RSSI low?

Y LinkStatus.ind L2>L3

Cross - layer between vehicle L2&L3&L4

PoAList.req/conf L2>L3 Addr Added.ind L3>L4 ADD IP

DHCP

SIGMA procedure ADD IP CN

Addr Added.ind/resp L4>L3 Linkconnect.req L3>L2 Linkdown.ind L2>L3 ReachabilityLost.ind L3>L4

Total disruption time

BS HO

LinkUp.ind L2>L3 ReachabilityUp.ind L3>L4 ASCONF new IP as primary

CN

Location registration.req/resp

DeleteIP/ACK

Figure 3 State diagram of the proposed cross layer design.

Jubara et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2012, 2012:229 http://jis.eurasipjournals.com/content/2012/1/229

192

receives LinkUp.ind to indicate signal strength going up

Page 5 of 8

negligible [20]. Finally, the total handover delay time during 214 the cross-layer design: 215

F4 193 and L3 message to inform of reaching network. Figure 4

shows the timing diagram of the proposed cross-layer to describe the flow of the handover messages between BS and vehicle (L2 handover) and vehicle and CN (L4 hand197 over SCTP). On another side, Figure 5 mentions the idea 198 of cross-layer handover with the L2 handover message of 199 BS, L4 of SCTP protocol and high-speed vehicle. 194

TotalhandoverdelayðTHO Þ ¼ L2 þ L4 ðASCONFSET  PRIMARY=DEL  IPÞ þ RTT

195 196

F5

200 Handover procedure of SCTPcd 201 Handover procedure of this cross-layer 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213

design is depicted in Figure 5. It contains handover delay of two protocol layers (L2) handover delay and (L4) handover delay. For data-link layer, the handover delay contains mobile WiMAX BS signaling messages to initiate (trigger) and execute the handover. However, most of L4 handover delay of SIGMA protocol using in this design is for SCTP’s Set Primary chuck as well as delete old IP (ASCONF SETPRIMARY/DEL-IP) messages of handover plus Round Trip Time (RTT) of messages between vehicle and CN (about 1–10 ms). Even so, the link delay to update LM does not affect handover delay for SIGMA so the time of location ranging request and response (REG.REQ/RSP) are SBS

Vehicle

PAR

where L2 data link layer delay, L4: Transport layer delay.

217

Simulation topology

218

To evaluate our idea, a simulation used was OMNET++ cooperatively with MATLAB. As shown in Figure 4, the vehicle is multi-homed node moving with speed of 70– 120 km/h along highway and connected to the Internet through wireless access point (WiMAX BS). The coverage area of each BS about 2000 m, and the overlapping region between two BSs is 200 m. Moreover, from the network side, each two BSs connected to one AR, and both of two ARs connect one MAP. This MAP directly joins this network to the Internet as Gateway. As shown in Figure 2, other part of the network connect the CN as a single-homed node sending traffic to the vehicle,

219

TBS

NAR

LM

DHCP Server

L2

L4

L3

L2

L3

L2

L3

L4

beacon

MOB_NBR-ADV Scanning LinkStatusChanged PoAList.req PoAList.conf

New IP add-REQ New IP add-RSP ASCONF chunk to indicate IP add ASCONF chunk ACK

AddrAdded.ind

AddrAdded.rsp LinkConnect.req MOB-MSHO-REQ

MOB-BSHO-RSP MOB-HO-IND

802.16e Entry procedure LinkUp.ind ReachabilityUp.ind

ASCONF chunk for new IP to set as primary Location REG-REQ Location REG-RSP ASCONF ACK chunk ASCONF chunk to delete OIP ASCONF ACK chunk Packet delivery

Figure 4 Timing diagram of the proposed cross-layer design.

ð1Þ

CN L4

220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230

Jubara et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2012, 2012:229 http://jis.eurasipjournals.com/content/2012/1/229

Page 6 of 8

Figure 5 Cross-layer design algorithm.

which corresponds to the services like file downloading or web browsing by mobile users. However, LM uses by 233 SIGMA as a network control entity. 231 232

235 236 237 238 239 240

Results and discussion The simulation scenario taking accounts the MS speeds between 1 and 40 m/s. 40 m/s (equals to 144 km/h), which is above the 100 km/h limit described in IEEE 802.16e for a seamless handover. When the vehicle is moving to the border of one BS in a certain speed, the signal quality of the SBS begins to degrade. Consequently,

241 242

Handover latency

246 247

As mentioned earlier when applies SIGMA in a scenario appear in Figure 2, SIGMA’s handover latency of is very nasty (15 ms of L2 delay) at a low speed of MN [15-17]. On other hand, mSCTP experiences more handover delay

300 mSCTP cross-layer design 250

handover delay (ms)

234

either the signal strength becomes low to initiate handover by sending (MOB-MSHO-REQ/RSP) messages. Alternatively, when the signal strength is below threshold (WiMAX standard 2 dB) and the actual process of HO would be executed as (MOB–HO–IND) sends.

200

150

100

50

0 15

20

25

30 speed (m/s)

Figure 6 SIGMA & cross-layer handover latency comparison.

35

40

243 244 245

248 249 250

Jubara et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2012, 2012:229 http://jis.eurasipjournals.com/content/2012/1/229

t2:1 t2:2 t2:3 t2:4 t2:5

Protocols

t2:6

SIGMA

6

0.9

6

t2:7

SCTPcd

9

9

4

Page 7 of 8

Table 2 Comparison of cross-layer and SIGMA throughputs for different speeds (15–40 m/s)

Load Condition

Speeds 15

40 8

Throughput (Mpbs)

2

251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265

in high-speed vehicle case. To eliminate these problems our proposed design uses SIGMA protocol cooperatively with mSCTP. However, using SIGMA in this design can be useful to drop duplication address detection delay using SIGMA’s LM without more delay when updating vehicle location. In addition, using SIGMA’s LM remains with no triangle routing problem of the packets’ route between CN and vehicle in case of the high-speed vehicle [13]. That’s because the CN always sends the packets directly to the vehicle’s current IP address through LM. The handover delay for this cross-layer design calculated from vehicle to CN. The disruption time due to L2 is about 10 ms and it is negligible for L3. For L4, it takes about 0.045 ms for ASCONF SET-PRIMARY/DEL-IP, then from Equation (1) the total disruption time: THO ¼ L2 þ L4 ¼ 10 ms þ 0:045 ms þ RTT ¼ 10:045 þ 10 ¼ 20 ms

The handover delay between vehicle and CN depend on RTT between both is about 20 ms. A comparison of 270 these protocols and proposed design handover delays F6 271 are shown in Figure 6. 268 267 269

0 SIGMA

cross-layer 1 vehicle

10 vehicles

Figure 8 Network load of the cross-layer design and SIGMA.

Throughput

In this scenario, the throughput is considering the vehicle communicating to IEEE802.16e. When the vehicle speed increases to the higher value (140 km/h for WiMAX BS), the communication time in one coverage area of BS about 67 s for SCTPcd and handover latency is about 25 ms. Thus for high-speed vehicle with a consecutive handover the vehicle cannot receive packets for 0.2 s due to handover, and then receives packets for 66.8 s. As a result, the throughput of SCTPcd is much better than other SCTP in the environment of highly dynamic handover. Table 2 lists the throughput of SIGMA versus cross-layer design in speed of 15–40 m/s. From Figure 7, the dropping probability is very high in SIGMA design compare with our cross-layer design that is because of the consecutive handover in a short period. Also, Figure 8 depicted the handover delay time when the

0.99 cross-layer SIGMA

0.98 0.97

droping probabity

0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.9 0.89 10

15

20

Figure 7 Dropping probability of the cross-layer design and SIGMA.

25 speed

30

35

40

272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 F7 286 287 288 F8

T2

Jubara et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2012, 2012:229 http://jis.eurasipjournals.com/content/2012/1/229

289 290

network load is high. To simplify the comparison, we test the simulation under network load of ten vehicles.

291 292

Conclusion Internet accessibility in high-speed vehicles as V2I is more challenging and raise the need of least delay. In this article, an adaptive algorithm was proposed on L2 to support seamless handover in high-speed vehicles that connecting to a CN through the Internet. Moreover, a proposed cross-layer design at L2 has adapted L4 SIGMA protocol for global reachability to network. The cross-layer design dynamically updates L4 of handover at the time when network parameters (RSSI, SNR) degrade to unacceptable level. The results show that our design achieves better performance about 90% when speed is higher than SIGMA protocol design.

293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303

Page 8 of 8

15. S. Fu, M. Atiquzzaman, Architecture and performance of SIGMA: a seamless mobility architecture for data networks. IEEE International Conference on Communications 5, 3249–3253 (2005) 16. S. Fu, M. Atiquzzaman, Handover latency comparison of SIGMA, FMIPv6, HMIPv6, and FHMIPv6. IEEE Proceeding GLOBECOM, 3809–3813 (2006) 17. P. Chowdhury, S. Reaz, T. Chun Lin, M. Atiquzzaman, Design issues for SIGMA: seamless IP diversity based generalized mobility architecture (Technical Report, 2006) 18. I. Aydin, C.C. Shen, Evaluating cellular SCTP over one-hop wireless networks. 2, 826–830 (2007) 19. Y. Han, F. Teraoka, SCTPfx: a fast failover mechanism based on cross-layer architecture in SCTP multihoming (AINTEC’08, Bangkok, Thailand, 2008), pp. 113–122 20. H. Jubara, S. Ariffin, Evaluation of SIGMA and SCTPmx for high handover rate vehicle. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl 2(7), 169–173 (2011)

349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362

doi:10.1186/1687-1499-2012-229 Cite this article as: Jubara et al.: Adaptive transport layer protocol for highly dynamic environment. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2012 2012:229.

363 364 365 366

304 Competing interests 305 The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 306 307 308 309 310 311 312

Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank all those who contributed toward making this research successful. Also, we would like to thank all the reviewers for their insightful comments. The authors wish to express their gratitude to Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia and Research Management Center (RMC), Universiti. Teknologi Malaysia for the financial support of this project under GUP research grant no: Q-J I 30000.71 23–02 J93.

313 Received: 30 March 2012 Accepted: 23 July 2012 314 Published: 23 July 2012 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348

References 1. Y. Han, F. Teraoka, An SCTP fast handover mechanism using a single interface based on cross-layer architecture. IEICE Trans 92-B(9), 2864–2873 (2009) 2. K. Zhu, D. Niyato, P. Wang, E. Hossain, D. Kim, Mobility and handoff management in vehicular networks: a survey. Commun. Mob. Comput 00, 1–20 (2009) 3. Y.S. Chen, C.H. Cheng, Network mobility protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks. IEEE in Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 1–6 (2009) 4. K. Chiu, R. Hwangy, Y. Chen, Cross-layer design vehicle-aided handover scheme in VANETs. Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput. 11(7), 916–928 (2011) 5. S.K. Sivagurunathan, J. Jones, M. Atiquzzaman, S. Fu, Y. Lee, Experimental comparison of handoff performance of SIGMA and mobile IP. Workshop on High Performance Switching and Routing (HPSR), 366–370 (2005). Hong Kong 6. D.P. Kim, S. Koh, Analysis of handover latency for mobile IPv6 and mSCTP. J. Inf. Process. Syst 4(3), 87–96 (2008) 7. D.P. Kim, S.J. Koh, S.W. Kim, Analysis of SCTP Handover by Movement Patterns (Springer, Berlin, 2005), pp. 521–529 8. M. Chang, M. Lee, H. Lee, Y. Hong, J. Park, An Enhancement of Transport Layer Approach to Mobility Support (Springer, Berlin, 2005), pp. 864–873 9. A. Ezzouhairi, A. Quintero, S. Pierre, Towards cross layer mobility support in metropolitan networks. Elsevier Computer Communications 33, 202–221 (2010) 10. M. Ratola, Which layer for mobility? in Comparing Mobile IPv6, HIP and SCTP, ed. by (Seminar on Internetworking, 2004), pp. 1–9 11. N. Yaakob, F. Anwar, Seamless handover mobility schemes over high speed wireless environment (International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Indonesia, 2007). Ref No.2 12. C. Ming, M. Shu, T.Z. Heng, PFC: a packet forwarding control scheme for vehicle handover over the ITS networks. Comput. Commun, 2815–2826 (2007) 13. Q.B. Mussabbir, W. Yao, Z. Niu, X. Fu, Optimized FMIPv6 using IEEE 802.21 MIH services in vehicular networks. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. VOL. 56(6), 3397–3407 (2007) 14. S. Fu, M. Atiquzzaman, Survivability evaluation of SIGMA and mobile IP. Wirel. Commun, 524–528 (2007)

Submit your manuscript to a journal and benefit from: 7 Convenient online submission 7 Rigorous peer review 7 Immediate publication on acceptance 7 Open access: articles freely available online 7 High visibility within the field 7 Retaining the copyright to your article

Submit your next manuscript at 7 springeropen.com

EURASIP-Adaptive Transport Layer Protocol for Highly Dynamic ...

EURASIP-Adaptive Transport Layer Protocol for Highly Dynamic Environment 0.807.pdf. EURASIP-Adaptive Transport Layer Protocol for Highly Dynamic ...

1MB Sizes 4 Downloads 267 Views

Recommend Documents

STCP: A Generic Transport Layer Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
Dept. of Computer Science. University of ... port layer protocol for energy-constrained sensor networks. We ... SYSTEM MODEL .... The nodes maintain a buffer.

Transport Layer Protocols.pdf
Transport Layer Protocols.pdf. Transport Layer Protocols.pdf. Open. Extract. Open with. Sign In. Main menu. Displaying Transport Layer Protocols.pdf.

Transport Layer Protocols.pdf
2.3.2 IPv6 PSEUDO-HEADER..................................................................................................................23. 2.4 Reliability and congestion control solutions............................................................

Electron-Transport Layer Made by Atomic Layer ...
Jul 17, 2012 - above 80% of their original values even after storage in air for thirty days. ... lution was prepared in a 1:1 mass ratio in 1,2-dichlorobenzene (20.

transport layer security pdf
Sign in. Loading… Whoops! There was a problem loading more pages. Retrying... Whoops! There was a problem previewing this document. Retrying.

Application Layer Transport Security Cloud Platform
and transport encryption system developed by Google and typically used .... identity. All communications between services are mutually authenticated. ALTS is designed to be a highly reliable, trusted system that allows for service-to- ..... attacker

Application Layer Transport Security Cloud Platform
transport encryption system that runs at the application layer, to protect RPC ... identity. All communications between services are mutually authenticated. ALTS is designed to be a highly reliable, trusted system that allows for service-to- ..... If

Cross-Layer Routing and Multiple-Access Protocol for ...
packet flows or real-time streams, we are able to provide quality of service guarantees for selected group of flows. Transmission power control in wireless ...

Cross-Layer Routing and Multiple-Access Protocol for ... - CiteSeerX
Requests are considered for store-and-forward service by allocating slots for ..... [21] S. M. Selkow, The Independence Number of Graphs in. Terms of Degrees ...

real time transport protocol pdf
There was a problem previewing this document. Retrying... Download. Connect more apps... Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. real time ...

Dynamic Auditing Protocol for Data Storage and ... - IJRIT
Authentication Forwarding Mechanisms to scale the usability of the servers by ... the broad range of both internal and external threats for data integrity [11].

Dynamic Auditing Protocol for Data Storage and ... - IJRIT
(TPA) to verify the correctness of the dynamic data stored in cloud. Here the .... analyze the audits (verification) performed by the verifier (TPA) and get a better ...

Effect of electron transport layer crystallinity on the ...
2Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea. 3National ... (Received 8 June 2011; accepted 31 July 2011; published online 19 August 2011) ... air-stable high work function metals such as Au for the top

System using transport protocol objects located at agent location to ...
Sep 24, 2008 - http://doWnload.com.com./300(Â¥2150410148311.html? ..... directed to the Internet are email products, instant messaging. (IM) products, video ..... IM user wishes to add an AOL contact, then the BellSouth. IM user would select ...

A Novel Dynamic Query Protocol in Unstructured P2P Networks
There are three types of architecture for peer-to-peer net- ... values. Controlled-flooding based algorithms are widely used in unstructured networks such as wireless ad hoc networks and sensor networks. Expanding Ring (ER) is the first protocol [3]

dynamic modeling of radionuclides fate and transport in ...
for filling i nevi table gaps in the input data for dose reconstructi on and radi ation risk ... 5. Specific β-activity in water of the Koksharov pond early in 1953;. 6.

Capping layer for EUV optical elements
Jun 28, 2000 - post-exposure bake WEB), development, a hard bake and measurement/ .... design program TFCalc (SoftWare Spectra Inc.) and veri?ed.

Mo_Jianhua_CL12_Relay Placement for Physical Layer Security A ...
Sign in. Page. 1. /. 4. Loading… .... PDF (d)=1 − dα. sedα. re. (dα. rd + dα .... In Fig. 2, we plot. PDF (d) and PRF (d) as functions of the relay position. We. find that ...

Capping layer for EUV optical elements
Jun 28, 2000 - alternative apparatusiwhich is commonly referred to as a step-and-scan .... energy-sensitive material to said second object table; irradiating said mask and ..... (e) is an optimized RhiMo/Be stock similar to example. 40 above;.

Mo_Jianhua_CL12_Relay Placement for Physical Layer Security A ...
Mo_Jianhua_CL12_Relay Placement for Physical Layer Security A Secure Connection Perspective.pdf. Mo_Jianhua_CL12_Relay Placement for Physical ...

Multi-Layer ANNs Multi-Layer Networks Built from ...
Say that the networks have “perceptron units” ... Note that for categorisation learning tasks,. – Each ti(E) will be 0, .... Squaring ensures we get a positive number.

Megastore: Providing Scalable, Highly Available Storage for ...
Jan 12, 2011 - Schemas declare keys to be sorted ascending or descend- ing, or to avert sorting altogether: the SCATTER attribute in- structs Megastore to prepend a two-byte hash to each key. Encoding monotonically increasing keys this way prevents h

meteor's data layer - GitHub
Full-stack JavaScript Framework for both Web and. Mobile. □. Built on top of the NodeJs. □. Open Source. □ ... Meteor doesn't send HTML over the network. The server sends data ... All layers, from database to template, update themselves ...

layer cake geology - Core
If the cake is large enough (or if multiple cakes are available), cut two slices of cake for .... By comparing several examples from the class data, it should be ... Oil companies, mining operations, and engineering geologists commonly make ...