Bio 111 Enzymes [email protected]    enzymes are catalysts:   increase the rate of a specific chemical reaction.  in biology, most enzymes are proteins (a few are RNAs)    a chemical reaction, where the reactant is called the “substrate”:  substrate + enzyme <­­>  enzyme­substrate complex ­­>  product + enzyme  S + E  <­­>  S non­covalently bound to E  ­­>  P + E    enzymes increase reaction rates by lowering the activation energy “barrier” between S and P  the enzyme gives the reaction an "easier path" from S ­­> P  a path from S ­­> P that travels via a lower energy intermediate form    some mechanisms by which enzymes lower activation energy:  proper orientation of substrate molecules  "strain" covalent bonds of substrate molecule    enzymes do NOT change a reaction’s thermodynamics: ∆G is unchanged, K​  is unchanged  eq​   enzyme­catalyzed reactions have non­linear saturation kinetics, where V = f([S],  K​ ,  V​ )  m​ max​       non­protein parts of enzymes:  required for many enzymes to function  participate in the catalysis mechanism  temporarily or permanently bound to the active site of the enzyme    2+​ 2+  cofactors = metal ions, e.g. Mg​ , Fe​ used by many enzymes that catalyze redox reactions    coenzymes = non­protein organic molecules, e.g.:  vitamin B6  coenzyme A = CoA, functions as an acetyl group carrier (a carrier of a two­carbon group)  NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, functions as an "electron carrier"   

vitamin B6

CoA

NAD 

Enzymes 2mar16.pdf

NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, functions as an "electron carrier". vitamin B6 CoA NAD. Page 1 of 1. Enzymes 2mar16.pdf. Enzymes 2mar16.pdf. Open.

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