Efficient Multi-Ranking Based on View Selection for Content Based Image Retrieval Fan Wang, Qionghai Dai and Guihua Era a Department

of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R.China ABSTRACT

This paper proposes an efficient multi-ranking algorithm for content based image retrieval based on view selection. The algorithm treats multiple sets of features as views, and selects effective ones from them for ranking tasks using a data-driven training algorithm. A set of views with different weights are obtained through interaction between all the views by both self-enforcement and co-reduction. The final sets of views are quite small and reasonable, yet the effectiveness of original feature sets is preserved. This algorithm provides the potential of scaling up to large data sets without losing retrieval accuracy. Our experimental retrieval results on real world image sets demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our framework. Keywords: Multi-ranking, Image retrieval, View selection

1. INTRODUCTION With the explosion of digital images on both personal computers and Internet, the retrieval task in image data sets, especially ranking tasks in content based image retrieval (CBIR), is attracting more and more attention.1, 2 CBIR is known to suffer from the semantic gap between low-level visual features and high-level human concepts, and recently most of the works has been done to bridge this gap, by looking for effective descriptions of images and introducing relevance feedback. Many kinds of features have been proposed recent years. The commonly used features are mostly on low level or mid level. Typical ones of these features ranges from visual features such as histogram, texture, and regional features, to context feature such as text frequency of the image tagging or URL. In multi-modal settings, there are even non-visual and non-textual features, such as auditorial or sensor data. So many sets of features available, but we just cannot use all of them, since both indexing stage and search stage will be extremely low efficient if we use features with too high dimensions. Moreover, since features have different physical meanings, traditional feature selection methods3, 4 which concatenate the feature vectors together, and select subset from them, is unreasonable. By doing this, the specific information contained in each group of features is discarded. For example, given a 100-dimensional feature with first 64 dimensions as color histogram and the next 36 as word frequency in image URL, we will have no idea about how to handle them together, such as calculate the distance. Also, feature selection by directly searching from the huge configuration space of all the features is prohibitively expensive, and can be proven NP hard. Actually, now that there is a natural organization of features, why not maintain this structure, and try to analyze all the features together on top of it, rather than flatten them down into a vector? In this paper, we regard each type of the features as different “views” towards the image, i.e., color histogram view observes the image from the global color distribution perspective, while texture observes the image from the texture view point. We connect these views to each other on a network, and let them communicate by sending out and receiving messages. The network evolves while the nodes (views) compete with each other by both self-enforcement and co-reduction. Finally, views can be selected according to their importance. Further author information: (Send correspondence to Fan Wang) Fan Wang: E-mail: [email protected], Telephone: 86-10-62788613-830

To let the views interact on each other and further utilize the information of views, multi-view learning algorithms have been proposed and studied for several years. There comes some significant proposals, i.e. CoTraining,5 Co-Testing,6 Co-EM,7 Co-retrieval.8 However, these methods’ performance drops dramatically if the views have not been selected appropriately, for there are very strict conditions to perform these multi-view learning algorithms. Therefore, view selection is crucial for efficient multi-view learning. Except for feature selection, another well-know tool to bridge the gap between high-level concepts and lowlevel features in CBIR is relevance feedback, in which the user has the option of labeling a few of images according to whether they are relevant or not. The labeled images are then given to the CBIR system as complementary queries so that more images relevant to the user query could be retrieved from the database. In recent years, much has been written about this approach from the perspective of machine learning.9–12 It is natural that the users will be more willing to see satisfied retrieval results only by once or twice feedback instead of many times of labeling. This limits the amount of available labeled data, and here comes the demand of semi-supervised learning algorithm, which can reduce the amount of labeled data required for learning and better exploit the labeled information. Therefore, we integrate view selection into a multi-view semi-supervised learning framework. In our system, each feature set is defines as a view, and each images can be described from many different views. Semi-supervised learning is used on each view to obtain a ranking result of all samples. By imposing the natural prior that features from a same physical meaning should stay together, we narrow down the search space of searching from configuration space of all possible features to all possible views. By selecting views based on their collaborative behavior, the total size of the features set is reduced so the speed of learning algorithm is guaranteed. Moreover, the selected views can maintain the properties required in multi-view learning, so the retrieval results are not undermined. Co-Training5 approach is a special case of our framework when there are only two views, in which case view selection problem is not considered. The algorithm proposed in this paper can make use of more views, and can select useful ones to improve efficiency while maintaining effectiveness. The following of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 gives a detailed description of our algorithm framework; Section 3 presents evaluation results on real world image retrieval applications; Section 4 concludes the paper and shows several of our future research directions.

2. EFFICIENT MULTI-RANKING BASED ON VIEW SELECTION 2.1 Inter-View and Intra-View Interaction Structure For any image, we have n sets of features to describe different aspect of it. Each set of features is regarded as a view, and we totally have n views: vi (x), i = 1, ..., n. We build a graph G = hV, Ei by taking views as nodes to represent the interactive relationship between the views. Each of the nodes is connected by two directed edges: edge wij points from node vi to node vj , and edge wji the opposite. There are two kinds of connections on the graph: Connection between different nodes denotes inter-view competition, and connection from the same node denotes intra-view interaction, or self-enforcement. For instance, edge wij denotes the information contribution of node vi to node vj . When there is a strong edge wij between two nodes, the ranking result of the previous node vi will contribute much to the ranking result of node vj ; while when edge wij is weak, node vi can give little information to node vj . As for edge wii , it represents the ability of node vi for the ranking task. All the connections are collected into a matrix W with its elements denoting the weight of the directed edges.

2.2 Multi-Ranking Framework The multi-ranking framework will be adopted in both the training stage and testing stage. In training stage, after the view interaction matrix W is initialized, the ranking results can be obtained based on the training data, and accordingly the matrix W is modified, which will be detailed in Section2.3. In testing stage, a group of views that will perform optimally is selected according to the trained W , and the multi-ranking process is implemented on these selected views for retrieval, described in Section2.5. We integrate ranking algorithm13 on the interactive structure above, and propose Multi-Ranking for ranking based on multiple views. In this framework, every node sends out message according to current status. The message passes to other nodes on the graph according to the weight of the edges. Each node that receives the message will update its own status, and send out message to others. By iterating in this way, we can model the relationship between views, yet restricting each set of features in a single view. In this framework, the ranking results are obtained from each view by basic ranking function R. Since we regard image retrieval as a ranking task, R is the basic function in our framework. The ranking function R takes some labeled data, and predicts the relative ranking score of a newly input image. Any ranking algorithm with this characteristic can be integrated into this framework. In our experiments, the ranking algorithm of label propagation13 is adopted, but our framework can be generalized to any other ranking function. The algorithm is presented in Algorithm1. Suppose we have got the interaction matrix W between views, an optimal interaction sub-matrix W ∗ should be generated from W , by maximizing the sum of elements(Step 2). Then in each loop, a view is randomly selected based on relative importance of all views, and the ranking result is calculated on it. This result is then transferred to the other views randomly based on the weighted connection between current view and other views. The above steps are iterated for several times, till there are sufficient interaction and message passing between the views via the graph, and the ranking result of the views will settle to a stable state. Therefore, the last updated ranking result of each view might be more reasonable after many times of iteration. We output the combined ranking score weighted by the importance of views based on their weights as final ranking result. Algorithm 1 Multi-Ranking framework 1: Input: View interaction matrix W ; number of views needed k; labeled set XL ; unlabeled set XU ; Ranking algorithm R; loop randomization pass N1 and N2 . PP ∗ 2: Select from W a submatrix W ∗ of size k × k such that Wij is maximized. i

j

3: for 1 ≤ k1 ≤ N1 do 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12: 13: 14:

Calculate Di =

n P

j=1

Wij∗ .

Sample i from distribution proportional to Di over [1, 2, ..., k]. Calculate ranking result Ri on XU using algorithm R(XL , vi ) trained by sample set XL on view vi . for 1 ≤ k2 ≤ N2 do Sample j from distribution proportional to Wij∗ over [1, 2, ..., k]. if j 6= i then Calculate ranking result Rj on XU using algorithm R(XL , vj , Ri ) trained by sample set XL on view vj with input initial ranking Ri . end if end for end for Output: Ranking results of each view Ri , final ranking results R by combining Ri weighted by Di , i = 1, ..., k.

2.3 View Selection Based on Multi-Ranking This is the training stage for our algorithm. Through view selection stage in Algorithm2, matrix W which records interaction relationship between views are learned.

For all the training data, we randomly divide them into two parts L and U . This random division process is implemented for N0 times to avoid being trapped in the local extremum. In each iteration, L as the labeled set, is used in the ranking function to provide the ranking result of unlabeled set U . After the multi-ranking algorithm is performed, the final ranking results of U are obtained, and they are compared with the ground truth to adjust the W . Step 9 enforces nodes that can perform well by themselves, while Step 11 enforces the connection between nodes i to j when i can help j perform well and they two does not have high redundancy. This training process is carried out randomly through sampling to get W , and finally an optimal subset of views are obtained, whose relationships are recorded in W ∗ . In Algorithm2, the similarity between two ranking results s(Ri , Rj ) is calculated as X s (Ri , Rj ) = |rjk − rjk | e− min(rjk ,rjk ) .

k

Algorithm 2 View Selection for Multi-Ranking 1: Input: Training data X with ground truth ranking R∗ , Graph G with n views vi , i = 1, ..., n, Ranking algorithm R, total loop randomization pass N0 . 2: Initialize edge weights Wij = n1 , ∀i, j; 3: for 1 ≤ k ≤ N0 do 4: Randomly divide the training set X into two non-overlapping parts: L and U . 5: Perform multi-ranking in Algorithm 1 based on L and U . Ranking results Ri , i = 1, ..., k are obtained. 6: for 1 ≤ i ≤ n do 7: for 1 ≤ j ≤ n do 8: if j == i then 9: Calculate similarity si = s(Ri , R∗ ) between Ri and R∗ , set Wii ← si Wii . 10: else Calculate similarity sij = s(Ri , Rj ) between Ri and Rj , and similarity sj = s(Rj , R∗ ) between Rj 11: s W and R∗ , set Wij ← jsijij . 12: end if 13: end for 14: end for 15: end for PP ∗ 16: Select from W a sub-matrix W ∗ of size k × k such that Wij is maximized, output W ∗ . i

j

2.4 Manifold ranking algorithm on each view Since these features are mostly general low-level feature, we use Euclidean distance as the distance measure between any two images xi , xj : ½ kxi − xj k2 if kxi − xj k2 < ε d(xi , xj ) = ∞ otherwise where ε is a positive threshold to assure the sparsity of the distance matrix. Since the images in positive set P have been labeled relevant, we set the distance between each of them as zero, that is, d (xi , xj ) = 0, ∀xi , xj ∈ P . Under the assumption that the images lay on smooth manifolds embedded in image space, and the labeled data is limited, we use a semi-supervised algorithm L to learn the hypothesis in each view. The original method proposed in 13 is as follows: T

Given a set of point X = {x1 , · · · , xq , xq+1 , · · · , xn }, f = [f1 , · · · , fn ] denotes a ranking function which T assigns to each point xi a ranking value fi . The vector y = [y1 , · · · , yn ] is defined in which yi = 1 if xi has had a label and yi = 0 means xi is unlabeled.

A connected graph with all the images as vertices and the edges weighted by the matrix B where £ ± ¤ Bij = exp −d2 (xi − xj ) 2σ 2 if i 6= j and Bii = 0 otherwise. d (xi − xj ) is the distance between xi and xj . B is normalized by S = D−1/2 BD−1/2 in which D is a diagonal matrix with its (i, i)-element equal to the sum of the i-th row of B. All points spread their ranking score to their neighbors via the weighted network. The spread is repeated until a global stable state is achieved. This label propagation process actually minimizes an energy function with a smoothness term and a fitting term. The smoothness term constrains the change of labels between nearby points, and the fitting term forces the classifier not to change too much from the initial label assignment. It has been proved that this iteration −1 algorithm has a closed form of solution f ∗ = (1 − αS) y to directly compute the ranking scores of points.13 From this formula we can discover that the final result has no relationship with the initial f0 and is just determined by y. Down to the case of our problem, there are another two issues to take into consideration. Firstly, the scale of our problem is very large, so we prefer using sparse graph B. That is, Bij is set as zero if xi and xj is far away enough. Secondly, at the beginning of learning in one view, all the examples have been assigned ranking scores by the other view. The examples tending positive have values close to +1, while those tending negative have values near -1. In these scores, some could be changed, but those marked as +1 or -1 by the user in relevance feedback should not be changed since they are absolutely fixed. That means we have prior knowledge about the confidences of the labels proportional to their respective absolute values. Considering that yi stands for whether the example has a label in the standard semi-supervised algorithm, which can also be regarded as the confidence, T we set y = [y1 , · · · , yn ] as the ranking scores obtained from the other view. Since initial f0 is not crucial in iteration, it can also be set as equal to y at the beginning. −1

Based on the predefined parameters, perform f ∗ = (1 − αS) y. Here alpha is a parameter in (0, 1), which specifies the relative contributions to the ranking scores from neighbors and the initial ranking scores. At last, each point xi is ranked according to its final ranking scores fi∗ (largest ranked first).

2.5 Apply in Image retrieval Application on image retrieval is the testing stage of our algorithm. After the training stage, the view interaction matrix W has been trained sufficiently. the needed number of views is k, we then select from W a subP P Suppose matrix W ∗ of size k ×k such that Wij∗ is maximized. W ∗ denotes the interactive matrix of the optimal set of i

j

k views, which is much smaller than the original size. These corresponding k views are the optimal combination among all these views, i.e., they will perform the best when integrated together according to their interaction factors. The Multi-Ranking Algorithm 1 is performed on these views to get the final ranking scores. The ranking results Ri , i = 1, ..., k corresponding to each image on each view are eventually obtained, and combined according to the weights Di , i = 1, ..., k, then we get the final ranking results, i.e., the final retrieval results. If relevance feedback is involved, we obtain more and more labeled data, and can be used to improve the ranking algorithm, thus help improve the performance of the whole multi-ranking framework.

3. EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION The image database used in our experiments includes 10000 real-world images of COREL gallery. All the images belong to 100 semantic concept categories and 100 images in each category. There are totally 21 sets of features treated as views, typical ones includes color histogram, color moments, color coherence, coarseness, directionality, wavelet texture, etc. We randomly select 50 images from each category as training samples, and use Algorithm2 with N0 = 10 to get an optimal subset of views with k = 5. The rest images are used for testing. In each round of the outer loop, we randomly divide the training data in half into L and U . We finally get the whole interaction matrix W and optimal interaction matrix W ∗ .



























































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Figure 1. Comparison of average P20 at different round of relevance feedbacks.

We compare our method (4. Multi-ranking with View Selection) with methods: 1. Manifold Ranking13 with all features concatenated as a single view; 2. Multi-ranking without view weighting; 3. Multi-ranking with view weight, but without view selection. Each experiment is performed for 1000 times, that is, 10 images are selected from in each category. To simulate the real query process, the images are randomly selected from each category as the queries. The system makes the judgment and gives the feedback automatically to simulate the user’s action. Whether two images are relevant or not is determined automatically by the ground truth. The retrieval accuracy is defined as the rate of relevant images retrieved in top 20 returns, defined as P20 . There are totally four rounds of relevance feedback, and P20 of each round in the four methods is presented in Fig. 1. Fig. 1 shows our method outperforms methods 1 and 2. This is due to the proper integration of different views by both view weighting and interaction. We can also achieve comparable results with method 4, although most of the views are discarded, since most useful ones are kept. The average time costs of these four methods are presented in Fig. 2. It is obvious that we can save more time in building graphs online by using much fewer features, which is crucial for large scale problems. The P20 after four times of feedback is plotted together with the times cost in Fig. 3, to help with a better and clearer comparison. It can be concluded that our proposed method can achieve comparable retrieval accuracy with much less time cost.

4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK This paper proposes an efficient multi-ranking algorithm for content based image retrieval based on view selection. The core idea is to organize the features as views, and let them interact with each other collaborative by passing messages. Views that can either perform well by themselves, or help others, are favored. An optimal



































































































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Figure 2. Comparison of average time cost.































 























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Figure 3. Average P20 vs. average time cost.

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combination of views for ranking tasks is decided by analyzing the relationship between the views obtained through a data-driven training process. The proposed multi-ranking algorithm based on view selection shows comparable performance and much less time cost in our experiments, which demonstrates the validity of the view interaction mechanism. Our framework is not dependent on a specific ranking algorithm, thus other ranking algorithms can also be integrated into it. Furthermore, this framework can be also extended to classification scenarios as “multiclassification”, by replacing the ranking function as a classifier.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work is supported by the project of NSFC (No.60772048), the Distinguished Young Scholars of NSFC (No.60525111), and the key project of NSFC (No.60432030).

REFERENCES 1. M. S. Lew, N. Sebe, C. Djeraba, and R. Jain, “Content-based multimedia information retrieval: State of the art and challenges,” ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications and Application 2(1), pp. 1–19, 2006. 2. A. Smeulders, M. Worring, A. Gupta, and R. Jain, “Content-based image retrieval at the end of the early years,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 22, pp. 1349–1380, Dec. 2000. 3. H. Liu and H. Motoda, Feature Selection for Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, USA, 1998. 4. P. Mitra, C. A. Murthy, and S. K. Pal, “Unsupervised feature selection using feature similarity,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 24(3), pp. 301–312, 2002. 5. A. Blum and T. Mitchell, “Combining labeled and unlabeled data with co-training,” in Proc. of the Workshop on Computational Learning Theory(COLT), pp. 92–100, 1998. 6. I. Muslea, S. Minton, and C. Knoblock, “Selective sampling with redundant view,” in Proceedings of National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 621–626, 2000. 7. K. Nigam and R. Ghani, “Analyzing the effectiveness and applicability of co-training,” in Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Information and Knowledge, pp. 86–93, 2000. 8. R. Yan and A. Hauptmann, “Co-retrieval: a boosted reranking approach for video retrieval,” in IEE Proceedings of Vision Image Signal Processing, 152(6), pp. 888–895, 2005. 9. K. Tieu and P. Viola, “Boosting image retrieval,” in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 228–235, 2000. 10. S. Tong and E. Chang, “Support vector machine active learning for image retrieval,” in Proceedings of ACM Conference on Multimedia, pp. 107–118, 2001. 11. N. Vasconcelos and A. Lippman, “Learning from user feedback in image retrieval systems,” in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 1999. 12. X. S. Zhou and T. Huang, “Comparing discriminating transformations and svm for learning during multimedia retrieval,” in Proceedings of ACM Conference on Multimedia, pp. 137–146, 2001. 13. D. Zhou, O. Bousquet, T. Lal, J. Weston, and B. Sch¨olkopf, “Learning with local and global consistency,” in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 16, 2003.

Efficient Multi-Ranking Based on View Selection for ...

scaling up to large data sets without losing retrieval accuracy. ... of digital images on both personal computers and Internet, the retrieval task in image data.

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