Madras Agric. J. 91 (7-12) : 389-393 July-December 2004

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Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen on growth, yield, nitrogen uptake and economics of lowland rice U.VASANTHA RAO, Y. REDDI RAMU, C. RADHA KUMARI AND Dr. C. RAGHAVA REDDY S.V. Agricultural college, Tirupathi – 517 502, Andhra Pradesh Abstract: Combinations of organic sources of nitrogen have exerted variable influence on growth and yield of rice. Study on relative efficacy of organic sources of nitrogen in low land rice revealed that combination of 50% N through fertilizer and 50% N through different organic sources (Glyricidia leaf (GL), Poultry manure (PM), Farm yard manure (FYM) and Neem cake (NC) produced significantly higher growth and yield parameters than other combination treatments. The growth and yield parametrs were at the lowest with 100% N through organic sources (FYM N50 +GL N50) alone. Combinations of 50% N each through fertilizers and different organic sources (GL, PL, FYM and NC) recorded higher N uptake compared to the rest of the treatments,. Nitrogen supplied entirely through fertilizer registered the lowest soil fertility status. Maximum gross and net returns as well as high benefit cost ratio was obtained with 50 per cent substitution of inorganic nitrogen source with glyricidia leaf manure. Keywords: Nitrogen, Organic and Inorganic sources, Rice.

Introduction Rice is the staple food crop for about 40 per cent of the worlds population grown over an area of 43 million hectares with a production of 84.7 million tons (Siddiq, 2000). The productivity of rice in India, is 2.1 t ha-1 which is far below the other rice growing countries (South Korea 6.60 t ha-1, Japan 6.43 t ha-1). Among several factors responsible for low productivity, improper fertilizer management particularly nitrogen is one of the reasons. The nitrogen use efficiency in low land rice is extremely low, seldom reaches 40% (De Datta et al. 1968). Continuous use of chemical fertilizers without organic sources would lead gradual decline of organic matter content and native nitrogen status in the soil, which results in lower rice production. From the sustainability points of view, alternatives have to be found out the productive capacity of rice soils. In the face of continuing global energy crisis and progressively prohibitive cost of fertilizer nitrogen, there is a renewed interest towards sustainable low cost alternatives like organic manures. So there is a need to explore an alternative system nutrient supply. Among various organic manures

Glyricidia leaf is considered as the promising renewable, nutrient rich source and can be served as a substitute to cut down the costs of fertilizers input. (Anil Kumar and Mathew , 1994). Hence, it is necessary to find out the extent and possibility of substituting fertilizer nitrogen with less costly and more effective sources for sustainability and yield stability. Materials and Methods An experiment was conducted during rabi season of 1999 at S.V. Agricultural College, Farm, Tirupati. The experimental soil is sandy loam in texture has pH 7.8, organic carbon 0.27% and the available N,P and K were 181,20 and 105 kg ha -1. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design replicated thrice with ten treatments comprising of four organic sources (Farmyard manure (FYM), Poultry manure (PM), Neem cake (NC) and Glyricidia leaf manure (GL)) and an inorganic source urea (FN). All these sources were used in the combinations of 50 and 75 per cent of fertilizers N with 50 and 25 per cent each of organic sources (FYM, PM, NC and GL) to supply 100 per cent recommended N, along with 100%

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U. Vasantha Rao, Y. Reddi Ramu, C. Radha Kumari and Dr.C. Raghava Reddy

Table 1. Plant height (cm), leaf area index (LAI), number of tillers m-2 and dry matter production (kg ha-1) of rice as influenced by different combinations of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen. Treatment

Plant height (cm)

LAI

Number of tillers m-2

Dry matter production t ha-1

91.9 86.3 97.5 92.4 97.9 92.9 97.0 92.1 97.8 93.3 0.94 2.9

4.23 3.98 4.53 4.27 4.56 4.29 4.51 4.25 4.59 4.31 0.053 0.16

648 613 686 664 691 656 682 650 697 660 5.7 17

12.5 13.9 13.2 12.5 13.3 12.6 13.2 12.5 13.3 12.6 0.18 0.54

FN100 FYM N50+GL N50 FN50 + FYMN50 FN75 + FYMN25 FN50 + PMN50 FN75 + PMN25 FN50 + NCN50 FN75 + GLN25 FN50 + GLN50 FN75 + GLN25 SEm+ CD (P=0.05)

Table 2. Yield attributes and yield of rice as influenced by different combinations of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen. Treatment

Number of panicles m-2

FN100 FYM N50+GL N50 FN50 + FYMN50 FN75 + FYMN25 FN50 + PMN50 FN75 + PMN25 FN50 + NCN50 FN75 + GLN25 FN50 + GLN50 FN75 + GLN25 SEm+ CD (P=0.05)

384 363 404 386 406 388 401 384 408 390 2.69 8

Total grains panicle -1

Filled grains panicle -1

1000 grain weight (g)

Grain yield (kg ha-1)

88 81 93 88 93 89 93 88 94 89 1 3.2

76 73 83 77 83 77 83 76 84 78 0.97 2.9

20.5 20.0 21.2 20.6 21.3 20.7 21.2 20.5 21.4 20.8 1.10 0.3

5470 4928 5850 5497 5875 5522 5824 5474 5916 5548 78.7 234

Straw *Harvest yield index (kg ha-1) 6957 6405 7296 6968 7327 6994 7293 6962 7348 7004 86.5 257

44.0 43.4 44.5 44.1 44.5 44.1 44.4 44.0 44.6 44.2

* Data were not analysed statistically

N through fertilizer (FN100) and 100% N through organic source (FYM N50 + GL N50). All organic manures were incorporated ten days before transplantation of rice. The recommended dose of fertilizers were 120 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and

60 kg K2O per hectare. Entire quantity of phosphorus and potassium was applied basally through single super phosphate and muriate of potash respectively, after duly considering the P2O5 and K2O content of organic manures.

Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen on growth, yield, nitrogen uptake and economics of ....

Nitrogen was applied through urea in three split doses of 50 per cent as basal, 25 per cent at active tillering stage and the remaining 25 per cent at panicle initiation stage as per the quantities prescribed for different treatments. Nitrogen content in different organic manures was taken into consideration to adjust the quantities of different organic sources (FYM, PM, NC, GL) to supply nitrogen on equal nutrient basis as with urea. The test variety of rice was NLR-33359. The data obtained on various growth and yield parameters were statistically analysed by following the “Analysis of variance” for randomized block design as suggested by Panse and Sukhatme (1985). Results and Discussion Effect of organic sources of nitrogen on growth Conjunctive use of fertilizer N of different sources to supply equal quantity N and variable influence on growth parameters viz. plant height, leaf area, number of tillers and dry matter production of rice were significantly higher in treatment receiving 50% N through fertilizers and 50% through different organic sources (GL, PM, FYM and NC). Dry matter production is as a result of development of different organics (GL, PM, FYM and NC) was due to optimum use of inorganic and organic sources of N, which would have created favorable environment of N nutrition in the rhizosphere of low land rice. Fertilizer N would be available to the crop instantly and immediately after application, while organic N would be slowly mineralized. Thus, initial requirements of N would have met from the former sources and subsequent requirement of N from the latter source and thus providing N supply throughout the growing period. Such situation favours N uptake by rice at different growth stages. Timely availability of N under this situation (50% N through fertilizer and 50% N through different organics) would have facilitate better photosynthesis activity and promote the dry matter production. Increased growth parameters of rice crop with conjunctive of fertilizer N and organic sources has been established by Reddy (1997),

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Rao (1998), Dubey and Verma (1999), and Selvam (2000). Reduced stature of growth parameters with 100% N supplied through fertilizer (FN100) might be due to leaching loss of N as the soil is sandy clay loam in texture. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen on yield attributes and yield The beneficial effect with combined supply of 50% N each through fertilizer and different organic sources (GL, PM, FYM and NC) on growth parameters was subsequently reflected in improving yield attributes such as number of panicles per m-2, total number of grains per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle and grain weight (Table 2). Increased availability of nitrogen with 50% N through fertilizer and 50% N through different organics would be coinciding with peak nitrogen demand of crop growth stages (seedling establishment, active tillering and panicle initiation), due to which would have might in transformation of tillers to production of productive panicles and inflated the stature of other yield attributed. Poor performance of 100% N supplied through organic sources (FYM N50 + GL N50) alone is presumably due to slow mineralization of organic N and immobilization of soil available N, resulting in less supply of N at critical stages of crop growth leading to reduced yield attributes. The rate of mineralization of N from organic sources probably could not synchronize with N requirement of rice, which would have resulted in lower yield attributes. Present findings were in agreement were with results of Reddy (1996). The highest grain yield (5916 kg ha-1) was recorded with the combination of 50% N each though fertilizer and Glyricidia leaf manure (FN50 + GL N50), which was however comparable with the combination of 50% N through fertilizer and 50% N through other organic sources (PM, FM, and NC) but were significantly superior to the rest of the treatments (Table 2). The average increase in grain yield with supply of 50% N each through fertilizer

392

U. Vasantha Rao, Y. Reddi Ramu, C. Radha Kumari and Dr.C. Raghava Reddy

Table 3. Nitrogen uptake and Economics of lowland rice as influenced by different combinations of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen. Treatment

FN100 FYM N50+GL N50 FN50 + FYMN50 FN75 + FYMN25 FN50 + PMN50 FN75 + PMN25 FN50 + NCN50 FN75 + GLN25 FN50 + GLN50 FN75 + GLN25 SEm+ CD (P=0.05)

Nitrogen uptake (kg ha-1)

Gross returns (Rs. ha-1)

Net returns (Rs. ha-1)

Benefit cost ratio

99 96 100 100 111 101 109 100 112 102 1.2 3.5

35752 32278 38163 35917 38326 36077 38009 35778 38579 36236 562.9 1672

24958 19883 25780 24238 27600 25328 21382 22067 27773 25436 50.0 1485

3.31 2.60 3.08 3.09 3.57 3.35 2.29 2.61 3.57 3.35

and different organics (GL, PM, GYM and NC) over 100% N through organic sources and 100% N through fertilizer (F N100) was 16.0% and 6.8%, respectively. The conjunctive use of 75% N through fertilizer and 25% N through different organics (GL, PM, FYM and NC) resulted in 10.6% increase in grain yield over 100% N supplied through organic sources alone. The increased yield was due to cumulative effect of improvement in growth as well as yield attributes. Further, better performance of rice crop with 50% N each thorough fertilizer and different organics (GL, PM, FYM and NC) was also due to higher filled grains per panicle. Superior performance of rice with the integrated N supply as exhibited in the present study corroborates the findings of Roy et al. (1997), Arvind Kumar et al. (1998), Dubey and Verma (1999) and Selvam (2000). The yield reduction (4928 kg -1) in organic source (FYM N50 + GL N50) might be due to toxicity of accumulation of toxic chemicals released during anaerobic decomposition. Through anaerobic decomposition of excessive organic matter, soil redox potential drops, harmful substance such as organic acids are formed ans cause

root injury. These finding were in consonance with the results of Reddy (1996) and Dubey and Verma (1999). Significantly the highest straw yield was obtained with the combination of 50% N each through fertilizer and Glyricidia leaf manure (F N50 + GL N50), however it was comparable with other organic sources (PM, FYM and NC) in similar combination but were significantly superior to rest of treatments. This might be due to increased plant height, leaf area, tiller production and dry matter accumulation with those treatments. This is in confirmation with the findings of Bal et al. (1993), Dubey and Verma (1999) and Selvam (2000). Effect o organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen on Nitrogen uptake and economics Nitrogen uptake was progressively increased upto maturity irrespective of the treatments. The combinations of 50% N each through fertilizer and different organic sources (GL, PM, FYM, and NC) recorded the highest N uptake compared to the rest of the treatments availability of nitrogen in the rhizosphere coupled with enhanced dry matter production. Increased

Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen on growth, yield, nitrogen uptake and economics of ....

N uptake of crop with conjuctive of fertilizer N and Organic sources has been established (Roy et al. 1997). Higher net returns of Rs. 27,773/- and benefit cost ratio of 3.57 were obtained with the treatment FN50 + GL N50, Which was on par with FN50 + PM N50 combination, but were significantly superior to the rest of the treatments. Higher level of grain and straw yields associated with the above mentioned treatments has resulted in enhanced returns. Higher output was made possible with relativity cheaper sources of N (organic manures) with appropriate level of substitution (Table 3), which in turn has escalated the returns from rice production. Lower net returns and benefit cost ratio with FN50 +NC N50 and FN75 + NC N25 combinations were due to high cost of neem cake. The lowest net returns and benefit cost ratio with 100% N supplied through organic sources alone (FYM N50 + GL N50) might be due to distinctly lesser grain and straw yields which inturn has reflected the returns from rice cultivation. References Anil Kumar, K. and Mathew, J. (1994). Timing of green-leaf manuring in presence and absence of liming on growth yield and nutrient uptake in trasplanted rice (Oryza sativa). Indian J. Agron. 39: 630-633.

393

green manure in conjunction with fertilizer nitrogen in transplantd kharif rice. J. Maharastra Agric. Univ. 18: 237-240. De Datta, S.K., Mamaril, C.P. and Moomaw, J.C. (1968). Efficiency of fertilizer N for flooded rice. Transactions of the 9th International Congress of Soil Science, IV 67-76. Dubey, R.P and Verms, R.S. (1999) Integrated nutrient management in rice – rice – cowpea sequence under humid tropical Anadaman Islands. Indian J. Agron. 44: 73-76. Panse V.G and Sukhatme P.V. (1985). Statistical methods for agricultural workers. 4th Ed. Publised by ICAR, New Delhi, pp.539. Reddy, D.V.S. (1997). Nitrogen management through indigenious sources of nitrogen in rice based cropping system. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to ANGRAU, Hyderabad (A.P). Reddy, T.R. (1996). Studies on relative efficacy of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen in rice based cropping system. Ph.D. Thesis submitted ANGRAU, Hyderabad (A.P). Roy, H.K., Ajay Kumar, Sarkar, A.K., Prasad, R. Dubey, S.C. and Kumar, A.(1997) Yield, nutrient uptake , pest and disease incidence in upland rice as influenced by N, K and FYM application in acid sedentary soils. J. Potassium Res. 13: 131-136. Selvam, V.S. (2000). Sustainable planting methods and nitrogen management in relation to yield and quality of rice. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to ANGRAU, Hyderabad (A.P).

Arvindkumar, Sanker, A.K., Sigh, R.P., Sharma, V.N. and Kumar, A. (1998) Yield and trace metal levels in rice as influenced by fly ash, fertilizer and farm yard manure application. J. Eco-biol. 10: 123-132.

Siddiq, E.A.(2000). Rice –yawning productivity gaps. The Hindu Survey of Indian Agriculture. PP.39-44.

Bal, A.S., Patil, R.A., Khanvilkar, S.A. and Jadhav, S.N. (1993) Effects of FYM and glyricidia

(Received: October 2003; Revised; August 2004)

Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen on ...

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